"Yisikhathi esidabukisayo! I-eye yamehlo!" Ukukhwehlela nokuthimula kuzwakala kuzo zonke izinhlangothi! Kunesizathu esisodwa kuphela - i-ragweed, eyaziwa ngezincwadi njengokudla okukhohlisayo konkulunkulu, iyaqhakaza. Izakhamizi zamazwe amaningi zivame ukukubiza ngokuthi uthuli lukaSathane. Yisiphi lesi sitshalo esiphenduke inhlupheko yabantu, safika kanjani kithi, futhi kungenzeka yini ukubhekana naso ngempumelelo? Masithole izimpendulo zemibuzo sindawonye bese sisebenza ngecebo lokuhlanganyela, ngoba i-ambrosia kuphela ayinakunqotshwa! Lokhu kuyinto yokuqala okufanele uyikhumbule ngalo wokhula oluyingozi.
Ukuqapha - I-Ambrosia! Ungawuqeda kanjani ukhula olunobungozi empilweni?
Kungani i-ragweed iyingozi kakhulu kubantu?
Abantu abangaphezulu kuka-80% banokuhlaselwa yizifo ezenziwa yileli gciwane, futhi indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwama-ejenti abangelwa ukungezwani komzimba i-ragweed.
Ukungezwani komzimba kubantu abadala nasezinganeni kungenzeka ngokushesha, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kudlula isikhathi "sokuqongelela" (kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2), bese kuthi isimo esibi sokungazwani masinyane sivele, kuholele ku-asthma. Kwenzeka kimi: iminyaka emi-2 yokulwa nombungu ezweni - ngaphandle kwemiphumela yezempilo ebonakalayo, futhi ku-3 - uhlobo olunzima kakhulu lwesifo sombefu. Ngonyaka wesithathu, umakhelwane nentombi yakuleliya lizwe nabo bagula.
Iyiphi ingozi ekhethekile ye-ragweed? Ama-granules ama-microscopic ama-granules ama-pollen we-raleed azodala ukukhwehlela okushesha, kepha kuzovela igebe emasosheni omzimba amanye amagciwane angawasebenzisa. Izithelo ezivele zingama-25 zempova esebenzayo kumamitha ayi-1 cubic omoya zibangela ukuhlaselwa yi-allergy (ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo, ukuqothuka, impumulo egelezayo, njll. Ngokunikezwa ukuthi isitshalo esisodwa sakha izinhlayiya ezimbalwa zempova ezisebenzayo eziyizigidi eziningana, ukulimala kwempilo yomphakathi kungaqhathaniswa nenhlekelele yomhlaba wonke.
Umuntu ophilile ngokuphelele angaba igwala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa uma umoya ugcwala impova kusuka ezitshalweni eziqhakaza izimbali ezi-ragweed. Futhi lolu hlobo lokungezwani komzimba alwenzeki.
Imininingwane yokucatshangelwa! Ukusuka ngonyaka ka-2000 kuya maphakathi no-Agasti, eMoscow kanye nesifunda, inani eliphakeme lokuvumbulula emoyeni labonwa ngesilinganiso sezinhlayiya zempova esebenzayo ezi-8-15. Kumuntu onesifo sokugoma esinciphile, ukubonakaliswa kokungezwani komzimba kuqala ngokuhlanganiswa kwezithelo ezingama-4 zempova nge-1 cube eyodwa. indawo.
Umuntu ophilile ngokuphelele angaba igwala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa uma umoya ugcwala impova kusuka ezitshalweni eziqhakaza izimbali ezi-ragweed.
Ezemvelo Ambrosia
Ukulimala kwe-ragweed akugcini lapho kudala izinkinga ezinkulu ebantwini. Ukuqina kwawo kuphezulu kangangokuba angaguqula inhlabathi ibe ngumhlabathi oyinyumba ongakulungele ukukhula ezinye izilimo.
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwelabhorethri yokuhlola, i-ragweed ukwenza i-1 kg yento yayo eyomile ithatha ithani lamanzi, i-1.5 kg ye-phosphorus kanye ne-16 kg ye-nitrogen evela enhlabathini nakwezinye izitshalo. Ubuningi bezitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha abuvumeli elangeni. Umthunzi omnyama, "ukudla okulambile" kwezakhi zomzimba kunciphisa kakhulu isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yamakhambi okugcotshwa, ukuxubeka, futhi "nokubulala" izilimo zemifino, ikakhulukazi eziniselwa. Amahlumela ama-1-2 amancane ngesikhathi sokufudumala ayakwazi ukukhula afinyelela kumamitha ayi-3 -4 wotshani.
Lapho izilwane ezilengayo zidla i-rveleed eqhumayo, ubisi nemikhiqizo kuyo kuthola iphunga elibi elingathandeki, ukunambitheka okubabayo.
Ukusuka kulwazi olufushane olungenhla luthi "imidwebo" yesitha, engaphansi kokuqothulwa. Thola ukuthi i-ragweed yafika kanjani ezwenikazi lethu.
Ngabe i-ragweed ivele kuphi kithi?
I-Ambrosia ingeyoqembu lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezifakiwe. Izwe langempela lalesi simeleli sezitshalo zokhula yiNyakatho Melika. Lapho sesifikile nemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseMelika sayiswa eYurophu ngo-1873 ngembewu ebomvu ye-clover, ukhula lwaqala ukusabalala ngokunensa, kuwo wonke amazwe ezwekazi lase-Euro nase-Asia.
Impova yase-Ambrosia incane kaningana kunembewu ye-poppy. Ngomoya olungile, linqoba ibanga ukusuka ezifundeni eziseningizimu kuya eMoscow ngezinsuku ezimbalwa. Esimweni sezulu esipholile nesizolile, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kuthatha i-4-6 km ukusuka endaweni yokukhula. Ngenxa yesilinganiso sokusabalala kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, indawo ebanjiwe kuzwekazi le-Euro-Asia ifinyelele kumahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5.
Ngo-1914, i-ragweed yaqala ukutholwa e-Ukraine. Njengoba kunezitha zemvelo ezingaphezu kuka-600 ezweni phakathi kwezitshalo nezinambuzane, ezikhaleni ezintsha kuqhutshekwa nezinkinga eziningi eziphikisayo. E-Russia, i-ragweed iqale ukubonakala ezifundeni eziseningizimu (iKrasnodar Territory), isimo sezulu esihambelana nezidingo zokhula kwezemvelo ezweni lakubo futhi ngokuqhubekela phambili iye enyakatho nasempumalanga, kubandakanya nezindawo eziseMpumalanga Ekude.
E-Russia, i-ragweed yenziwa yaba ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo kuzo zonke izifunda eziseningizimu, esifundeni iBlack Sea, esifundeni iVolga, eCaucasus, ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude, Isifunda saseMoscow futhi iqhubekela phambili enyakatho nasempumalanga, ivumelana nezimo zezulu zesimo sezulu ngokushesha.
I-Leafwort Ambrosia (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., 1753).
I-Holrosametal ambrosia (Ambrosia psilostachya DC).
Ambrosia amathathu (i-Ambrosia trifida L.).
Ngabe zonke izinhlobo ze-ragweed zizobhujiswa?
I-Ambrosia ku umndeni we-astrov (I-Aste-ra-ceae) kuqokonyiswa ngokuhlukile genus Ambrosia (I-Ambrosia).
Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-50 zesitshalo esisodwa noma esidala, kepha ezwekazini i-Euro-Asia, kubandakanya neRussia, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezitshalo eziyimpova eziyingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu:
- Leaf Ambrosia (I-Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., 1753);
- Ambrosia amathathu (Ambrosia trifida L.);
- I-Holosome ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya DC).
Zonke zibangela ukungahambi kahle komzimba, zikhipha ukhula zodwa futhi zingaphansi kokubhujiswa. Kepha izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala ze-ragweed zikhula minyaka yonke futhi, ngokuvamile, kulula ukuzilawula, kanti uhlobo lwesithathu lungapheli, izimpande zalo zobusika zingene emhlabathini futhi lapho zikhethiwe, izimpande ngazinye zakha isitshalo esisha.
I-ragweed yaphenduka izishintshashintsha kakhulu ezimweni ezintsha zokuphila, futhi yiyo ehlasela izikhala ezintsha. Umkhawulo wobunzima be-ambrosia izitshalo ezi-1-2 ngemitha eyodwa. m isikwele.
Ukuchazwa kwe-botanical ragweed ragweed
Leaf Ambrosia - Ukhula lonyaka, oluvikela imvelo. Igcina amandla okuphinde aqine ngemuva kokucheba okungu-4-5. Isikhathi sokukhula siqala ngokufudumeza umoya ufike ku- + 6 ... +10 ° C futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube yiqhwa lokuqala. Kwakha isisindo sendiza kusuka ku-0-0-0.3 kuya ku-2,5 m ukuphakama.
Izimpande zigxiliwe, zijula ziye kumamitha ayi-1. Ezinyangeni ezimbili, izimpande zijula ziye kumamitha ayi-1. "Iphampu enamandla" ipha umswakama kuyo yonke iphrofayili yomhlaba, inikeze isixazululo sezakhi ngaphezulu komhlaba, sikhula ngokushesha ngemuva kokugunda, isisindo. Isiqu se-ragweed siqondile, siluhlaza okotshani ngama-grooves amancane, ama-pubescent. Amagatsha kahle.
Nakani! Ukwembeka okungatheni kwesisindo sasemoyeni kufaka isandla ekwandeni kweziqu ngeziqu ngesikhathi sokuphakama.
Amaqabunga e-ragweed aluhlaza omnyama wezinhlobo ezimbili. I-Upper - enesihlahla esicishe sibe siqinile, esifushane. Izitshalo ezisencane zine-cessess. Amaqabunga aphansi aphindwe kabili, ahlukaniswe amaqabunga amade. Ingxenye engenhla yamaqabunga amaqabunga ngaphandle kwama-pubescence, isibani esingaphansi, simbozwe ngombala okhanyayo, enikeza ishidi umbala ohlaza okotshani.
Ngokubukeka, inqwaba yemifino ifana nensimbi yokwelapha nabalimi abangenalwazi, lezi zitshalo zivame ukudideka. Isiza ukuhlukanisa izitshalo ngephunga lazo. Umhlonyane unephunga elibi lomhlonyane obabayo, futhi i-ragweed ine-wormwood-musty, igcwele, ikakhulukazi eduze kwenhlabathi.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2 kusuka ekuveleni kwezithombo, i-ragweed iqala ukuqhakaza. Izimbali zihlala izinyanga ezingama-2-3. Izimbali azikhohlakali, zincane, zinamabala amahlanu. Ngokuya kombala we-corolla, izimbali zisukela ku-greenish, grey to yellow.
Izimbali ze-raleed zowesilisa nabesifazane ziqoqwa kubhasikidi ohlukile. Izimbali zesibindi zamadoda ziqoqwa obhasikidi bezimbali ezi-5-25 eziphuzi, ezakhiwe zaba ama-inflorescences abukeka njengama-spike akhiwe eziqongweni zeziqu. Obhasikidi babesifazane banezimbali eyodwa. Kuqoqwe amabhasikidi amancane angu-2-3. Zitholakala kwisisekelo sama-inflorescence wesilisa, kwesinye isikhathi kuma-axils amaqabunga apical. Izimbali zinde futhi zihlala kusuka kuJuni kuya ku-Okthoba, kuye ngesifunda. Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokuqhakaza nezikhathi zalo kungu + 22 ... +24 ° C. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, izitshalo zakha inani elikhulu lempova ye-allergenic, equkethe i-ragweed. Usayizi wokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu uncane izikhathi eziningana kunembewu ye-poppy.
Izithelo ze-ragweed - ama-achenes ama-obovate noma anombala omfushane, onsomi ngombala ompunga onama-spine ayi-4-6. Izithelo uvuthwe ngaphambi kuka-Agasti. Isitshalo esisodwa ngesikhathi sokukhula sakha imbewu engu-25 kuye kwezingama-150. Imbewu engavuthiwe (ngisho nokuvuthwa kobisi) nayo igcina ukusebenza nokukhula. Uma sebengaphezulu komhlaba (4-5 cm), bangakwazi ukumila ngokushesha noma ukumila ngonyaka olandelayo. Imbewu ewela ungqimba lwe-10-15 cm ayiqhumi, kodwa ihlala isebenza iminyaka engaba ngu-40 futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele iyamila bese iqala ukukhula ngokushesha.
I-Ambrosia trifid ne-holobellate ihluke kumhlonyane ngezici ezihlukile zesakhiwo sangaphandle. E-tripartite, ngokungafani nomhlonyane, iqabunga leqabunga linamasheya ama-3-5. I-Ambrosia enezingxenye ezintathu ivame ukuvimba izilimo zemifino, amadlelo, ithanda ukukhula futhi ithuthukise enhlabathini evundile.
Kuma-roltaceous ragweed, kukhiqizwa isigqi esingaphansi komhlaba esinezimpande ezingaphansi kwesakhiwo esisebenza ngempumelelo emhlabathini bese siqala ukuhlaza izimbali entwasahlobo. Lapho ihlukaniswe izingxenye, ngamunye wabo wenza isitshalo esihlukile.
Imbewu yeminyaka engama-40 ibuye ibuye ihlume.
Izindlela Zokulawula I-Ambrosia
Ubunzima bokulwa ragweed
Kumjikelezo wempilo, i-ragweed iye yathuthukisa izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele eziyisiza ukuba iphile emzabalazweni wesikhala sokuphila:
- i-ragweed ikhiqiza inani elikhulu kakhulu lembewu elihlala lisebenza kuze kube yiminyaka engama-40, futhi kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokuvuthwa kusuka kubisi kuya kokugcwele;
- I-Ambrosia isakazeka ngokuzitshala kuphela futhi ngembewu edinga isimo sokuphumula sezinyanga ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-6, ezitholakala ngokumba ekwindla ngokuphuma kwemali yokugcina. Eminyakeni elandelayo, lapho ingena ezimweni zemvelo ezamukelekayo, iyavela futhi ikhula ngempumelelo;
- ukugunda okungafanele kwe-ragweed (ngaphezulu kwentamo yezimpande) ngesikhathi sokukhula kunomthelela ekukhuleni okuthe xaxa kanye nokuxinaniswa kwenqwaba yesisindo sasemoyeni;
- ukungena ngokujulile empandeni esemqoka ye-ragweed - ipompo enkulu enikeza isitshalo ngomswakama kanye nezakhi zomzimba;
- i-biomass ekhula ngokushesha ifihla ukukhula kwezinye izitshalo, futhi "ukudla okulambile" kwezakhi zomzimba ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga ngesikhathi esifushane kuyazibhubhisa.
I-Ambrosia ingokhula oluyingozi kangangokuba emzabalazweni wokubhujiswa kwalo ngokuphelele kuyadingeka ukufaka ukubhujiswa kwalo ngokomzimba, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali (angavumelekile ezindaweni ezise-dachas nasezindaweni ezihlangeneyo) kanye nokuqothulwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Izindlela zokulwa ne-ragweed zingahlukaniswa izinhlobo eziningi:
- ukucekelwa phansi komzimba;
- izindlela ze-agrotechnical;
- ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.
Ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba kwe-ragweed
Indlela eyamukelekayo futhi evamile yamakhethini ehlobo kanye nezindawo eziseduze nayo ukhula ngesandla. Ukubhujiswa ngomshini kukhula, okuncishiswa kungagxiliwanga ekumbeni ngalo kanye nezimpande (uma kungewona okokugcina, kepha izitshalo ezihlukile).
Ukucheba Okuningi. Ngokucheba okungama-1-2, lesi sitshalo esisha sakha amahlumela amasha angama-5 kuya kwangama-20. Ukuqeda ukhula, udinga ukwenza okungenani u-5-6 ukugunda. Ukucheba okusha kwe-ragweed kusigaba sokuqalwa noma (ezimweni ezibucayi) ukuswakama okukhulu. Izitshalo azinaso isikhathi sokwenza imbewu, okuthi noma sezakhiwe kancane zinvele zikwazi ukukhula. Isitshalo esihlala siguqunga siyaphela bese sifa ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo.
Ukuzisika kwentamo. Uma lesi sitshalo sigawulwa ngaphezulu kwentamo yezimpande (indawo lapho impande idlulela khona esiqwini), khona-ke amahlumela amancane aqala ukukhula engxenyeni yesiqu, futhi isitshalo sikhula ngokuphepha, futhi sihlwanyelwe kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zempilo entsha. Uma usika phansi impande, khona-ke okuseleyo "kuzosebenza" ngokuphepha, ukuhlinzeka isitshalo ngamanzi nezakhi. Ukusika intambo yempande ye-ragweed kwenziwa kangcono kakhulu nge-hoe, kodwa futhi ungasebenzisa umlimi wesandla. Ngokuqaliswa okuyikho kwale nqubo, inani lezindlela zokwelapha lingancishiswa laya ku-3 ngesizini.
Ukunisela okuvusa inkanuko nokulawulwa kokhula ngentambo emhlophe noma isigaba sokuqala seqabunga esiluhlaza.
Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical zokubhujiswa kwama-ragweed
Indlela enhle kakhulu yokwehla kwezolimo ekubhujisweni kwama-ragweed esakhiweni yindlela yokuqothula ukhula nezinye izitshalo.
Indlela Yokwenza Uthango zonke izingosi zamahhala, kufaka phakathi ingadi kanye ne-berry, izindawo eziseduze. Ungasebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu zommbila nezingapheli, i-foxtail, i-alfalfa, i-fescue, i-rump engenamafutha, i-seedgrass engenazimpande, i-sainfoin, njll. Utshani obukhula ngokweqile buzokulwa ngokoqobo ukhula lonyaka. Izitshisi zemvelo ezakhiwe zinefudu eliminyene zizosula indawo enamagatsha anamanzi, futhi ukunakekela utshani obunotshani kulula kakhulu kunokuzabalaza okuluhlaza okhula ngohlobo “oluhlwabusayo”.
Umphumela omuhle uyanikeza ukulungiswa kwenkundla yesimusiderates. Isibonelo, iSarepta lwesinaphi (Isikhungo Sezwe Eseningizimu Yezwe LaseSayensi Yezwe LaseRussia) susa amasimu wokhula yedwa.
Kudingekile zungeza kahle izitshalo ekushintsheni kwezitshalo futhi sifeze zonke izidingo zobuchwepheshe bezolimo, obuzophungula kancane kancane amasheya wokuhluma imbewu yokhula, kufaka phakathi i-ragweed.
Amakhemikhali wokubhujiswa kwama-ragweed
Indlela ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukubulala i-ragweed nge-herbicides. Muva nje, imakethe ibuye yaqala ngokubulala ukhula izizukulwane ezintsha, okuthi, ngokubhubhisa ukhula, nazo uqobo zibole enhlabathini ngesikhathi esifushane ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa okuphephile kwezitshalo zomhlaba kanye nezilwane. Izinto ezinjalo zifaka i-AmbroMag, Tornado, iSiphepho Forte, i-Roundup, njll.
Kungcono ukusebenzisa ama-herbicides ezindaweni ezinama-ragweed nolunye ukhula ngaphandle kwendawo yendawo - emigwaqweni, emazweni ashiywe, inkatho engenamuntu, njll. Izinyathelo ezizwakalayo ziyadingeka lapho ukuvimbela ukusakazwa kwembewu evuthiwe.
Khumbula! Ezindaweni ezinamakhaya, amadlelo, ngenkathi kusezweni, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi ayenqatshelwe.
Usebenzisa ama-herbicides, qaphela kakhulu futhi uqaphele, landela zonke izidingo zokupakishwa noma ezinye izincomo zomuntu ngamunye. Ungakhohlwa ngezindlela zokuhlanzeka zokuvikela wena.
Mfundi Othandekayo! Siyethemba ukuthi i-athikili yethu izokuvumela ukuthi ubonge ubuqili be-ragweed, futhi izindlela ezihlongozwayo zokubhujiswa kwalo zizonikeza umphumela oyifunayo. Asingabazi ukuthi ngamunye wethu uqhamuke futhi wasebenzisa izindlela zakhe zokulawula ukhula ngaphandle kokuzilimaza wena namalungu omndeni wakho, inhlabathi nezitshalo ezitshalile. Yabelana nathi ngezimfihlo zakho, ezizokusiza ukuthuthukisa amasu amasha asebenzayo futhi ususe umhlaba wethu kuma-ragweed ayingozi.
