Ama-perennials abizwa ngokuthi izitshalo zomhlobiso we-herbaceous ebusika emhlabeni ovulekile. Lapho kukhula izimbali zisetshenziswa, ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zisadinga indawo yokukhosela ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi ebandayo. Futhi, lapho unakekela ama-perennials, kuyadingeka ukubheka ezinye izimo maqondana nezidingo zokukhanya, umswakama nokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Usebenzisa izincomo ezidingekayo, ungashintsha ingadi yakho ibe yi-oasis yezimbali enhle.
Lapho utshala futhi unakekela izimbali zaphakade, kufanele kubhekwe izici ezintathu ezibalulekile.
1. Isithunzi sihlukile.
Amanzi, kepha ungachichimi.
3. "Umdabu" wenhlabathi yesitshalo ngasinye.
Imvelo ihluke kakhulu kangangokuba kuyo ungathola izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingejwayelekile kakhulu ezinezakhiwo ezimangalisayo. Umsebenzi womsebenzi wegadi omuhle, osuselwa olwazini lwezimpawu zemvelo zezitshalo, ukukhetha ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zezilwane ezifanele zona. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi ngezimpawu zemvelo zezitshalo ezitshaliwe kungumyalo wokuqala womgcini wegadi.
Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi impilo yesitshalo inqunywa yizinto ezinhlanu zezemvelo: ukukhanya, ukushisa, amanzi, umsoco nomoya we-oxygen.
Into yokuqala engatshalwa ngumgcini wegadi ukunakekela lapho kukhula izithombo zezinsuku ezikhethekile ukukhethwa kwezitshalo eziqinile zasebusika zaseRussia ezimaphakathi ezingadingi indawo ekhethekile ebusika.
Eheha kakhulu, kepha, ngeshwa, izitshalo ze-thermophilic, i-dahlias nama-gladioluses, umlimi uyaphoqwa ukuba abambe futhi agcine endaweni efudumele ekwindla.
Ezinye izitshalo zikhula kahle kuphela uma umlimi ezenzela izimo ezidingekayo. Isibonelo, i-alpine edelweiss - uhlobo lwesifanekiselo sezindawo eziphakemeyo ezintabeni zase-Alps - ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, kepha kuphela emhlabathini onamadwala anamathele; I-Perovskia idinga ungqimba olunesihlabathi olunamandla. UGoniolimon ukhetha izindawo ezinamadwala ezinelanga. Futhi ngokungafani naye, uJeffersonia kanye neqabunga le-fern bakhula kangcono emthunzini ojulile. Ama-trillum adinga umthunzi ojulile kanye nenhlabathi yamahlathi.
Ukunakekelwa kwasekuqaleni: ukukhanya nokushisa
Izitshalo zingabantwana belanga. Imisebe yelanga kuphela, amandla ayo, evumela izitshalo ukuba zibe khona. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo, ezivame ukuba ngamahlathi, ezikhula futhi ziqhakaze ngisho nasethunzini elijulile. Okusho ukuthi, imvelo ihluke kakhulu kangangokuba kuyo ungathola konke okuthakazelisa umlimi. Ngokuqondene nokukhanya, amaqembu amathathu ezitshalo ahlukaniswa.
Lapho unakekela izimbali zisetshenziswa, khumbula ukuthi izitshalo ezinezithombe eziningi azikubekezeleli ngisho nokuncipha okuncane. Njengomthetho, lezi yizakhamizi zogwadule, ama-steppes (ama-tulips, ama-irises, njll.), Izimila (ama-cornflowers, ama-geraniums, ama-ruffles) namadwala (amatshe esisekelo, amasoseji, njll.).
I-Shade-yokubekezelela ingakhula elangeni nasethunzini elithile. Bafika esivandeni sethu bevela emahlathini angavamile, bevela emahlathini amahlathi nemiphetho (iminduze, ama-phloxes, ama-daylilies, njll.).
Ama-shady azizwa kabi ekukhanyeni okukhanya kwelanga. Lezi yizakhamizi zamahlathi ama-oki avaliwe namahlathi angenalutho ayizithulu (izinselo, abathengi, ama-anemones, ama-trionum, ama-fern amaningi, njll.).
Noma kusuka kulokhu kuhlukaniswa okusondele kakhulu, kuyabonakala ukuthi zombili izitshalo ezikwazi ukubekezelela umthunzi futhi zithanda ukukhula zingakhula emthunzini. Kepha isithunzi sehlukile.
Isithunzi esiminyene, esiminyene esiqeshini esivamile sensimu senzeka ngaphansi kophahla lwamapulangwe asendulo, ayevame ukutshala; ohlangothini lwasenyakatho obukhulu, amahlathi amakhulu afana ne-chokeberry bush, ama-lilacs aseHungary, ama-snowdrops, ama-hawthorn kanye nezihlahla ze-coniferous; ohlangothini olusenyakatho lwezakhiwo ezinde, lapho imisebe yelanga ingashoni. Ezindaweni ezinjalo hhayi ukukhanya okuncane kuphela, kodwa futhi kwakhiwa i-microclimate ethile, okungukuthi, ehlobo kukhona amaconsi okushisa nsuku zonke ambalwa, umswakama womoya ophakeme uqhathaniswa nezindawo ezinelanga. Ebusika kuhlala kuneqhwa eliningi futhi kuncibilika kancane. Yilezi zimo ezithanda ukukhula nokukhula kwezimbali ezinjalo.
Isithunzi esikhanyayo sakhiwa ngaphansi kophahla lwezihlahla ezinomqhele onqabile, ovulekile, njenge-ash ash, i-sea sihlahla sivame ukutholakala kanye ne-cherry. Kuyathakazelisa ukubheka ama-bulbous angenasibindi aqhakaza (tulips, hazel grouse, daffodils, muscari, crocuses), i-doronikums ende ye-rhizome (doronicum, i-plantain doronicum), ikhava lomhlaba elihlala ligcwele: isiphethu se-omphalodez, i-periwinkle, i-anemone shrub, kanye nezihlahlana ze-anemic. Emhlabathini omanzi, onsundu, ngaso sonke isikhathi - entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, futhi ehlobo, lapho kukhula amaqabunga amakhulu kuso, iKamchatka lisichiton iyamangaza futhi iyathandeka. Kepha umbono ongijwayele kakhulu ongasoze wakhathaza ihlathi eliqhakazayo ungangikhohlwa.
Kubukeka emthunzini okhanyayo weminduze (ikakhulukazi izinhlobo), i-phlox eshaqekile, i-geranium ebomvu igazi, ukushiswa kwe-ozhikovy.
Ama-Roger angaba ukugqamisa kwemibhede yezimbali emthunzini okhanyayo, nasezitshalweni ezinde - i-elecampane enhle ne-meadowsweet Kamchatka. Uma kungenzeka, kufanelekile ukuhlobisa ingadi ngezitshalo ezimangalisa ezinjengamabhungane ne-onoklea. IPenumbra yenzeka kumasayithi ohlangothini olusempumalanga nangasentshonalanga lwezakhiwo kanye nasemaphethelweni ehlathi. Lapha, imisebe yelanga iwela ezitshalweni kungaba ekuseni (okuyinto evumayo), noma ntambama. Izimo ze-Microclimatic emthunzini okhanyayo kanye nasendimeni eyinqayizivele azihlukile kakhulu kulezo ezikhaleni ezivulekile, kepha noma kunjalo, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwansuku zonke kukhishwe. Mhlawumbe, ezitshalweni eziningi zezimbali, ikakhulukazi ezibekezelela umthunzi, kusesimweni esinqunyiwe lapho kwakhiwa khona izimo ezihamba kahle kunazo zonke: i-astilbe, iminduze ne-phlox, i-lyatris, ama-primroses kanye nama-daisies, Sebawoti ne-aquilegia, ama-dicenters, ama-daylilies kanye nama-swimsuits - lolu hlu olungaphelele lwezilimo ezikhula kahle emthunzini oyingxenye. Akukaziwa-ke, kepha kuzinzile emasikweni ethu esimo sezulu nawo kuyathakazelisa - i-cuff ithambile, isikhundla sinezimbali ezinkulu.
Ngakho-ke, isithunzi asikho nhlobo ezimeni ezedlulele zezitshalo zezimbali, udinga ukucabanga kuphela bese ukhetha okunezinhlobonhlobo zazo kahle.
Kwizitshalo, hhayi kuphela inani lezinto ezikhanyayo, kodwa futhi nesilinganiso samahora amnyama nelanga (i-Photoperiodism). Ngokusho kwalesi sikhombisi, bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:
- izitshalo zezinsuku ezimfushane (i-chrysanthemums, izihlahlana kanye ne-aster yase-Italy) zivela ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu, ngakho-ke, ziyaqhakaza ekwindla phakathi kosuku olufushane;
- izitshalo zosuku olude, izwe lakubo okuyizifunda zasenyakatho;
- Abathathi hlangothi - iningi labo livela emahlathini.
Izinga lokushisa lomoya nenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa nokutshala ama-perennials kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yezitshalo, ngoba izinqubo ze-metabolic zenzeka kuphela ezimeni ezithile zokushisa.
Ukutshala ama-mesophytes, ama-xerophytes, ama-hydrophytes nama-hygrophytes
Amanzi adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yezitshalo, ngoba angama-90% amanzi. Ngokwesidingo samanzi, izitshalo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu amane. Ama-Hydrophytes, noma izitshalo zasemanzini, zikhula kuphela emanzini. Ama-Hygrophytes, noma izitshalo ezi-hygrophilous zezindawo ezinomswakama, zidinga umswakama ngokweqile emhlabathini - lezi yizinhlobo zamamayipi omanzi, ogwini lwezindikimba zamanzi. Ukubukwa kwamaqembu ahlukene kuhluke kahle. Ngakho-ke, ezinhlotsheni ezi-hygrophilous futhi ezilinganiselayo, iqabunga leqabunga lincane, ngaphandle kokuqunjelwa; uhlelo lwezimpande alukhethiwe, lubanzi, kuvame ukuba nama-rhizomes amade noma ama-stolons (ama-anemones, ama-tiara, ama-zelenchuk, njll.).
I-hygrophilous ethambile (i-mesophytes) - Izitshalo zeHabitat ezinomswakama wenhlabathi olinganiselayo, lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlobo eziningi ezikhula emahlathini, ezintabeni nasezindabeni eziphakemeyo. Iningi lezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ezikhula ngempumelelo kumibhede yezimbali enkabeni yeRussia lingeleqembu le-mesophytes, is. Libonwa ngesidingo esilinganiselwe somswakama.
Emvelweni, bahlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama ojwayelekile womhlaba, okungukuthi, bayizitshalo zamahlathi nezimbali. Zihlukahlukene ngohlobo lwezinhlelo zezimpande: ngaphambili, izimpande ziphezulu, azibuthakathaka; owesibili - onamandla, ojulile. Amaqabunga ahlukahlukene, kepha, njengomthetho, mncane, aluhlaza, ngaphandle kwe-pubescence. Kunezindlela eziningi zokushintshana, zombili kuma-hygrophytes nama-xerophytes. Ngakho-ke, ama-tulips ngesikhathi sezimila nezimbali adinga umswakama omuhle, kepha ungabekezeleli umswakama owedlulele ekugcineni kwenkathi yokukhula, ikakhulukazi ehlobo phakathi nesikhathi sokuphumula. Futhi kunezibonelo eziningi ezinjalo.
Ama-Suckers (xerophytes) ingaba namaqabunga okubukeka okumnandi (i-stonecrops, i-regrowth) noma i-spiny (morin, i-bluehead), i-pubescent (isikhwama esinoboya), isikhumba (i-thyme) noma encane, inzima (feather utshani). Izimpande zazo zivame ukuya ngokujulile, induku (kachim, kermek) noma i-fibrous (feather utshani). Leli qembu linezinhlobo eziningi zokushintsha, ngakho-ke izitshalo ezibekezelela isomiso kuphela ezifakwe kuhlu olungezansi. Isibonelo sezitshalo ezibekezelela isomiso yizinhlobo zezitshalo ezidume ngokuthiwa i- "tumbleweed" (goniolimon, katran, kachim, kermek).
Lapho kukhula ama-perennials, khumbula ukuthi ama-xerophytes, noma ama-hooters omile, akhetha izindawo ezomile, azikwazi ukubekezelela umswakama owedlulele, adinga inhlabathi ekhanyayo kahle, njengoba eza emasikweni asuka ogwadule, emaqeleni nasezindongeni ezomile. Izinhlobo zesikhashana ziyahlukaniswa futhi: ama-hygromesophytes, ama-xeromesophytes, njll.
Izitshalo ze-Aquatic (hydrophytes). Izitshalo eziningi zasemanzini ezinamathiselwe enhlabathini zinesistimu eqinile yezimpande (iqebelengwana leqanda, umnduze wamanzi); ezitshalweni ezintantayo, izimpande cishe azikakhiwa. Iningi lazo likhiqiza kabusha ikakhulukazi ngotshani, kufaka nobusika ama- "turion" ebusika, liwele phansi kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Ngemuva kokubunjwa kwabo, isitshalo somama siyafa. Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zamaqabunga ziyabonakala uma amaqabunga entantayo ehluka kakhulu kulawo angaphansi kwamanzi. Isibonelo, ngebhotela lamanzi - amaqabunga angaphezulu aphelele, futhi afakwe ngaphansi - anqunywa emabeleni amancanyana.
Indawo enhle yezitshalo zasemanzini nezasogwini yichibi lemvelo elinamanzi ahlala etholakala emfuleni noma entwasahlobo. Kepha ngokuya usebenzisa amachibi amancane. Emiphongolweni (imiphongolo kufanele ifakwe ulayini ngendwangu engangenisi manzi), emikhombeni, iziqukathi ze-ceramic zitshala izitshalo zasemanzini ezihlobisa ingadi yakho ihlobo lonke.
Izitshalo ezithanda umswakama (ama-hygrophytes). Ngokwemvelo, bahlala endaweni enomswakama omningi emhlabathini (osebeni lwamanzi, amanzi ezikhukhula, izindawo zemifudlana, njll.).
Imvamisa zinesistimu yezimpande eminyene, e-fibrous, amaqabunga amakhulu athambile, phakathi kwawo kunezitshalo eziningi ezinde.
Inhlabathi yokutshala nokunakekela izimbali zisetshenziswa
Lapho kukhula izimbali zisetshenziswa ezweni, isimo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuhambisana nezidingo zemvelo nemibandela yendawo yokutshala. Akekho umlimi endaweni evulekile ongashintsha ubude bosuku, amandla esikhathi sokushisa nomswakama. Kepha kunesici esibalulekile empilweni yezitshalo esitholakala kumthethonqubo - lezi yizimo zenhlabathi. Inhlabathi ihlaziywa ikakhulukazi yizimpawu ezimbili:
I-Soil physics: ubukhulu, ukubumbeka nokwakheka kwemishini (ubumba, umthamo, isihlabathi)
Amakhemikhali enhlabathi: ukuba khona kwezinto ezidingekayo ekudleni kwezitshalo - phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium kanye nezinto zomkhondo; usawoti kanye ne-acidity yenhlabathi.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali enhlabathi kungashintshwa ngokufaka umanyolo kanye no lime; ngokomzimba - ngokungeza isihlabathi, humus, Peat. Umqondo "wenhlabathi engadini" usho izinkomba ezijwayelekile, okungukuthi, ungumhlabathi ocebile ongathathi hlangothi. Into ebalulekile yezemvelo, enquma umsebenzi obalulekile wezitshalo, umthamo womoya ojwayelekile womhlabathi. Le nkomba inqunywa ngokubonakalayo. I-loosy sandy loamy, inhlabathi e-loamy ihlanganiswe njalo nomoya-mpilo, okuvumela izimpande zezitshalo ukuthi zamukele kahle izakhi zomzimba. Kukhona i-oksijini encane enhlabathini yezinhlanganisela ezihlanganisiwe, futhi ikakhulukazi eyenziwe kabusha, izinqubo ze-anaerobic (i.e., ngaphandle komoya-mpilo), ukukhula kwe-microflora eyingozi, futhi umsebenzi wezimpande ezondlayo uyavinjwa. Cishe phakathi kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe, izinhlobo zezitshalo ziyaqabukela zikhula kahle enhlabathini ebunjiwe kakhulu. Iningi lazo lihlukaniswa yisistimu yezimpande e-fibrous futhi izithandwa ngumswakama. Inkomba ebalulekile yekhwalithi yenhlabathi yi-acidity yayo. Inhlabathi ihlukaniswe i-acidic (pH ngaphansi kuka-6); hlangothi (pH = 6-7) kanye ne-alkali (pH enkulu kune-7).
Izitshalo eziningi zokuhlobisa ukhula kahle enhlabathini ejwayelekile engadini. Kepha amasiko amaningana adinga izimo ezithile.
Ngakho-ke, maqondana ne-acidity, izitshalo ezi-calciferous ziyahlukaniswa ("zothando" lime - pH 7-8). Kepha izitshalo eziningi azisabeli kahle kuk lime ngokwedlulela; zikhula kahle emhlabathini wenhlabathi.
Isilinganiso sezitshalo zokukhanyiswa kwenhlabathi sithole ukubaluleka okukhulu lapho sizikhetha ukuze zilinywe ezimweni zasemadolobheni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi inhlabathi engaphansi yedolobha iqukethe usawoti omuningi. Izitshalo ezithwala usawoti omningi enhlabathini zibizwa ngokuthi ama-halophytes. Futhi yize izitshalo ezinjengalezi zingatshalwa kakhulu, umuntu usengabona inqwaba yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezivame ukukhula zikhulise ngosawoti omncane. Njengomthetho, lezi yizitshalo ze-steppes, i-semi-desert, ulwandle ugu: i-asters (i-Italian, i-shrubby, i-New English, i-New Belgian), i-cornflowers (i-steppe), i-goniolimon, i-goldenrod, i-irises (izinhlobo eziphansi), i-katran, kachim, kermek, utshani bezimpaphe, i-larchis, i-mertensia, fescue, stonecrops, umhlonyane.
Inhlabathi yehlathi. Iqembu elithile lenziwa izitshalo ezikhula kahle enhlabathini yamahlathi. Inhlabathi yamahlathi ajwayelekile ibonakala ngokuqina okuphezulu, ukuzala okulinganiselayo, akujulile futhi kubonakaliswa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-microorganisms. Izitshalo zenhlabathi yamahlathi azithandi umanyolo, zombili i-organic (ikakhulukazi umquba) kanye namaminerali. Banelisekile ngenhlabathi yemvelo, engacebanga, into esemqoka ngasikhathi sinye ukugcina izihlahla ezinamandla ekwindla. Ukungcola okunjalo kuzovikela inhlabathi ekuqandeni kanzima, ekushiseni ngokweqile nasekuguguleni komoya. Entwasahlobo, emva kokubola, izakhi zomzimba kanye nezinto eziphilayo zizongena emhlabathini nazo. Imfucumfucu eyinqabayo, noma ingaphelele, nokho ukulingisa udoti wehlathi, umgadi oyinhloko wokuzala kwenhlabathi yamahlathi: insimu ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo enomhlaba iyindawo lapho iningi lezimpande zezitshalo zamahlathi zitholakala khona. Ukuhlinzeka ngokulondolozwa minyaka yonke kwamaqabunga awileyo ezihlahleni, umlimi uzokwakha izimo ezinhle zokukhula kweqembu lonke lezitshalo ezidinga inhlabathi yamahlathi.
Inhlabathi enamadwala. Iqembu elikhethekile lakhiwa ama-petrophytes, okungukuthi, izitshalo ezikhula kahle emhlabathini onamatye, kwi-talus nasemadwaleni. Iningi lazo zixhumene nezintaba ngemvelaphi yazo. Eminyakeni yamuva, maqondana nokudalwa okukhulu kwama-rockeries, izingadi zamatshe amatshe kanye nokutshala okufanayo, kwaqala ukuthandwa izitshalo ezinjalo. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi izitshalo ezingalwi nesomiso ezakha imicamelo, amasodishi, izihlahla ngazinye. Uhlelo lwezimpande lubaluleke kakhulu, lungena ngokujulile phakathi kwamatshe (i-alyssum, i-gerbil, njll.), Luvame ukuqhakaza izimpande (i-poppy yasemuva, i-primrose enhle yakusihlwa). Phakathi kwama-petrophytes, ayatholakala yi-bulbous (anyanisi weKaratavsky, i-crocus, njll).
Ngezansi ungathola izithombe zokutshala nokunakekela ama-perennials engadini:
Izici zezimbali nezitshalo ezikhula njalo ezweni
Kubantu abamatasatasa abangenalo ithuba lokuchitha isikhathi esiningi benakekela imibhede yezimbali, sincoma ukuthi sinciphise izitshalo ezijwayelekile, futhi abathandi bengadi bangatusa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo zezimbali, kufaka phakathi amasiko amasha avinjezelwa yi-botanists ehamba phambili yezwe.
Enye yezici zokukhula kwama-perennials ukuthi awukwazi ukuphikisana nemvelo. Udinga ukutshala kuphela lezo zitshalo ezizokhula ngokuqondile kusayithi lakho, hhayi izinhlobo kuphela ezithandekayo noma zangaphandle ezithandwa nguwe. Yize kunjalo, wonke umqadi wengadi uyazi ukuthi izitshalo ezibuthakathaka, ezigulayo, ezingakhuli kahle azinakuba zinhle futhi azenzi "ukhaphethi" omuhle.
Izitshalo eziningi zasendle zingahanjiswa ezweni, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kufanele ulandele imithetho engeke ilimaze imvelo.
1. Ungalokothi ubambe izitshalo lapho zimbalwa.Kuyadingeka ukuthola amathiki nezindawo zamafern, lapho kungathathwa khona isitshalo esisodwa noma ezimbili.
2. Bumba izitshalo ezincane ezingcono.
3. Kungcono ukuthatha izitshalo ezivela emvelweni engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo. Zibonakala kahle ngalesi sikhathi, hhayi njengasentwasahlobo, lapho amaqabunga engakajiki.
4. Akunconyiwe: bhala izinhlobo ezithile (lokhu kungaba izinhlobo ezingandile), izitshalo zokufakelwa ngaphambi kuka-Agasti (kungenzeka zingabi nesikhathi sokuthatha izimpande ngaphambi kobusika); thatha inani elikhulu lamakhophi.
Khumbula: uma isitshalo sikwazi ukwakha uthango - sikubumba iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu. Futhi uma sikhula njengesihlahla esihlukile, khona-ke engadini yezimbali kufanele kube ngotshani abodwa, bodwa.
