I-Ladybug noma ibhungane le-mary yeentombi

Kubo bonke abantu bomhlaba, lezi zinambuzane zijabulela uzwela olukhulu nothando. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngamagama ama-coccinellid emazweni ahlukene - ahlonipha njalo futhi anothando. I-Marienkaefer (bug virgin mary) - eJalimane, e-Austria, naseSwitzerland. I-Ladybird (intokazi) - eNgilandi, USA, Australia, South Africa nakwamanye amazwe akhuluma isiNgisi. ILorita, iChinita, iTortolita, iMariquita - eLatin America. Vaquita de San Antonio (U-Lady Anthony) - e-Argentina. I-Slunecko (ilanga) - eCzech Republic naseSlovakia. ISonechko (ilanga) - e-Ukraine naseBelarus. I-Bobo Surkhon (ugogo obomvu onentshebe) - eTajikistan. Igama elithi "unkulunkulu" egameni lesi Russian elithi coccinellids ngokusobala livela kulokho abantu abakade bekubona: lapho kukhona khona eziningi zalezi zinambuzane, kuvame ukuvunwa okuhle.

I-Ladybug. © u-Olivier

Ezinganeni, i-ladybug ibhekwa njengesidalwa esithembela kakhulu. E-Russia, eNgilandi naseDenmark kunomdlalo - ingane ibamba i-ladybug futhi imfundele inkondlo:

ILadybug indizela ezulwini
Ngilethele isinkwa.
Mnyama nomhlophe
Akushiswa nje.

noma

I-Ladybug, indiza isibhakabhaka,
Izingane zakho zidla amaswidi lapho
Ngamunye ngamunye
Futhi akusikho okwakho.

Uma intokazi ibhabha ivele, iyakholelwa. ENgilandi, le nkondlo inesihluku esikhulu:

ILadybug indizela ezulwini
Indlu yakho isemlilweni, izingane zakho zodwa

(kusuka ku-Adventures kaTom Sawyer ngoMark Twain)

EDenmark, izingane zicela i-Ladybug ukuthi icele uNkulunkulu isimo sezulu sasekuseni esihle.

Umndeni wama-ladybugs, noma i-Koktsinellid

Coccinellids (Coccinellidae) - omunye wemindeni emikhulu ye-wingd wing order oda (Coleoptera), ezinizinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5000, zazo ezingaba ngu-2000 zitholakala ePalearctic. Ensimini ye-USSR yangaphambili, kwaqoshwa izinhlobo ezingama-221, zazo ezingaba yikhulu zihlala eRussia. Amabhungane amancane - ubude bomzimba we-imago (insect abadala) ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-18 mm.

Umzimba uvame ukuzungeza okuphakathi, okubandakanya ngokuqinile, cishe i-hemispherical (ingaphansi lecishe licishe lize noma licwebezelise kancane). Kwamanye amaqembu, umzimba u-oval-oval, ngaphezulu noma uthambile kancane. Ingaphezulu lomzimba livame ukungabi nalutho, lingaphansi kaningi - limbozwe izinwele. Ikhanda lincane, lingahanjwa lide lapho liqonde khona noma liqondana nelinye. Amehlo makhulu, ngokuvamile ane notch emaphethelweni angaphambili. I-Antennae 8–11 ihlukene, ubude obufushane noma obuphakathi, neklabhu (kaningi) noma ngaphandle kwayo. Ngaphambi nangemaphakathi kwesifuba. Isifuba sangemuva sibanzi, sicishe sibe sikwele, isikhathi eside kakhulu kune-mesothorax. Izinyawo zobude obulinganiselwe, ezimbozwe izinwele ezinde. Ama-tarsi afihliwe ngezigaba ezine (ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-3, njengoba ingxenye yesithathu incane futhi ifihliwe emaphethelweni e-2), futhi kubameleli besizwe iLithophilini i-tarsi bahlukaniswe iziqephu ezi-4.

I-concotum ibanzi kakhulu kunekhanda, i-convex, i-transverse, ene-notch enezimo ezahlukahlukene emugqeni ongaphandle. Imvamisa - ngamabala noma iphethini yezindawo ezihlanganisiwe. I-Elytra ibomvu, iphuzi, nsundu enamabala amnyama noma amhlophe, okuthi, kwesinye isikhathi kuhlanganiswe, kwakheke iphethini eguquguqukayo; noma i-elytra emnyama enebala elibomvu noma eliphuzi. Isisu esivela ngezansi cishe siyicaba ngokuphelele, kusuka phezulu sicaba kakhulu kune-elytra, futhi siqukethe ama-sternites abonakalayo angama-5-6. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka. Kwesinye isikhathi izintokazi nezinsikazi ziyahlukahluka kuphethini kwi-expression.

ILerva ne-ladybug endala. © t-mizo

Amaqanda ngokuvamile aqanda, ancishiselwe kancane aze afike emaphethelweni. Ezinhlotsheni zesizwe, uStethorini noChilocorini amafushane, acishe azungezwe. Umbala wamaqanda aphuzi, owolintshi, mhlophe; ingaphezulu livame ukuhlukaniswa. Ama-ovipositors ngokuvamile aminyene, amaqanda ahlelwe ngemigqa ejwayelekile noma engaphansi, athintana ezinhlangothini. Kwabanye abantu be-Harmonia sedecimnotata, ama-ovipositions "akhululekile", amaqanda ahlukaniswa omunye komunye nebanga elilingana namamitha amaqanda ayi-1-1,5.

Izibungu zinama-kampode ambozwe kancane, noma zibunjiwe, kwesinye isikhathi ziyisicaba futhi ziyindilinga. Ezibayeni zezinkomo ezidla izibungu, umzimba umbozwe ngentambo emhlophe ye-waxy. Izibungu zivame ukuhlanganiswa imibala, owolintshi, ophuzi noma amabala amhlophe. Ingaphezulu lomzimba limbozwe izinwele, amabhulashi, amaritshi nezinye izinto eziphuma ngaphandle. Izibungu ekukhuleni kwazo zidlula iminyaka emi-4.

Ama-pupae akhululekile, anamathiselwe endaweni engaphansi kwezinsalela ze-exuvia ze-larva. Imvamisa ube nombala ogqamile onamabala amnyama, aphuzi namhlophe. Isizwe sakwaCoccinellini sitholakala ngohlobo oluvulekile - i-pupa itholakala ekuqhekekeni kwesikhumba okuqhamuka ohlangothini lwe-dorsal. I-Chilocorini inohlobo oluvaliwe - i-larval ye-largument eqhuma ngokwengxenye futhi idalula kuphela emuva kwephampu. E-Hyperaspini, ama-pupae angaphansi kwesikhumba esidala.

Imibala ekhanyayo yama-ladybird - ebomvu noma ephuzi enamachashazi amnyama - inomsebenzi wokuvikela, oxwayisa izisulu ezingenzeka, njengezinyoni ezingavikeleki, ukuthi amankomokazi anambitheka engemnandi kakhulu. Uma uthinta i-ladybug, izokhipha iconsi lomunyu obabayo, we-caustic kusuka enhlanganisweni yonyawo nakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Lolu ketshezi, oluvame ophuzi ngombala, luba nesandla esinganaki futhi lushiya iphunga elingathandeki esikhunjeni isikhathi eside.

Isixuku sezimbungulu. © I-Real Estreya

Amaqembu nezinhlobo zama-ladybugs

Ngamagama ayisisekelo, amaqembu alandelayo ahlukaniswa kuma-coccinellids:

ama-aphidophages (feed ema-aphid),
coccidophages (fakela izibungu nezinambuzane ezikalwa),
i-myxoentomophages (feed ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane),
i-acarifagi (feed kumikhaza),
phytophages (yidla ukudla kwesitshalo).

Futhi, ama-phytophages ahlukaniswe aba:

i-phyllophagous, edla ngamaqabunga, imvamisa izimbali noma izithelo;
ama-palynophages adla impova yezitshalo;
ama-mycetophages adla i-mycelium fungal.

Iningi lama-ladybugs bangabazingeli. Izinhlobo ze-Herbivorous amelwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo kuwo wonke amazwekazi nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kweSoutheast Asia. Phakathi kwazo, kunezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zezolimo. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezi-3 zezinkomo ze-phytophage. EMpumalanga Ekude, umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zamazambane, ukhukhamba, utamatisi nezinye izitshalo zemifino kubangelwa Iphuzu le-potato ladybug (I-Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata), phambilini ebiqondiswe kuhlobo lwe-Epilachna. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia alfalfa (I-Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata) ngesinye isikhathi ilimaza i-alfalfa kanye nokutshala ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi. ESmolensk, eSaratov nakwezinye izindawo zesifunda esiphakathi neningizimu yeRussia ngezikhathi ezithile kulimaza i-alfalfa, i-clover ne-clover i-ladybug engenangqondo (I-cynegetis impunctata).

Ama-Ladybugs. © jacinta lluch valero

Izinzuzo ze-ladybug - umhlaseli

Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamaRussia ama-ladybugs angabadli. Amabhungane nezibungu kugcwele kakhulu futhi, ukubhubhisa izinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi njengama-aphid, izimpukane zamaqabunga, izibungu, izinambuzane ezikalwa kanye namakhaza, ulethe izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezolimo. Uhlobo lomndeni oluvame kakhulu lusebenza kakhulu - i-ladybug yamaphoyinti ayisikhombisa (Coccinella septempunctata) - eyethulwe ePalearctic yaya eMelika ukulawula izinambuzane zasekhaya futhi zangeniswa.

Amakhasi amahle kakhulu emlandweni wendlela yokuphilayo yokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zezolimo abhalwe ngokuqondile ngokusetshenziswa kwama-coccinellids. Kukwenele ukukhumbula impumelelo enkulu etholakala eminyakeni engaba ngu-140 edlule ngesingeniso esivela e-Australia ladybug (URodolia Cardinalis) uya eCalifornia ukuze abhekane ne-Australia trench worm-Iceria (Icerya buyasi), eyayilethwe ngengozi ngezinto zokutshala. Kwavela ukuthi ekhaya e-Australia lesi sibungu siziphatha kahle, asilimazi izitshalo. Futhi phesheya, akukho okubi kuye. Izitshalo zashabalala, omunye angasho ukuthi, ihlumela. Kwenzeka into efanayo nangezihlahla zewolintshi eGibhithe, e-Italy, eFrance, eNingizimu Melika, eCeylon, eNdiya nakwamanye amazwe. Alikho izwe elilodwa lapho izithelo zomawolinshi zikhula azinakanga lesi sinambuzane esinonya.

Abalimi bezwakala i-alamu. Ososayensi baxhumene nenkinga. Kwavela ukuthi e-Australia, isibungu sinesitha - i-ladybug esibizwa ngeRodolia (uRodolia Cardinalis). Zondla izibungu futhi zivimbele izinombolo zazo ezingeni eliphansi ngokwanele lapho zingalimazi khona.

Amakhulu amabhungane aphuthunyiswa eCalifornia akhululwa ezingadini. Amabhungane azala, futhi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva inkathazo yaphela. Ngemuva kweCalifornia, uRodolia uthuthelwe ezweni elihlonishwayo lapho umbungu wawuse-Australia. Yonke indawo i-Rhodolia yayiletha ukuhleleka phakathi kwabo.

I-Ladybug. © uJean-Marie Muggianu

Manje, ngaphandle kokuzikhandla ngokweqile, singasho ukuthi ukuba khona kwezithelo zamawolinshi, njengesiko, kuphoqelekile kule nkomo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isibungu sase-Australia asenzekanga emapulazini asawolintshi wezwe lakithi, kodwa ngawo-1920 sangeniswa ngengozi (ngokusobala sivela eYurophu phakathi nempi yombango), okokuqala e-Abkhazia kwabe sekuya kwezinye izindawo. Isibungu sase-Australia asilimazi i-lemons nama-tangerine kuphela, kodwa ne-acacia yase-Australia, edume ngokuthi "mimosa". Ochwepheshe bathunyelwa ngokuphuthumayo eGibhithe ukuyosusa inkathazo eGibhithe for a ladybug. Okokuqala, amabhungane ayefulelwa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo eduze kwaseSt. Petersburg bese kuthi kuphela lapho akhishwe eSukhumi. Kwakudingeka ukubheka ukuthi isimo sezulu sethu sithinta kanjani le ntokazi.

Umphumela ubufana nawo yonke indawo - i-ladybug yasheshe yasebenzelana nesibungu, ayigcinanga nje kuphela izithelo ze-citrus, kodwa ne "mimosa", eyethulwa kwabesifazane ngoMashi 8. Isimo sezulu sethu sishubile ngokwanele i-Rhodolia (ngisho nase-Abkhazia), ngakho-ke izimbungulu eziningi ziyafa ebusika. Kwadingeka ngikhulise ngokukhethekile lezi zidleke zamazinyo ezimweni zokufakelwa, bese ngizidedela zibe yimvelo.

Ngokusho kukaDe Bach (1964), kwangu-225 amacala aphumelelayo okulawulwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emacaleni angama-51, imiphumela yatholwa kusetshenziswa i-coccinellide.

Ama-Ladybugs. © Sarflondondunc

Umsebenzi weZIN RAS V.P. ISemenov yathuthukisa izindlela zokuzalela, zesikhathi eside (kuze kube unyaka 1) nezindlela zokusebenzisa amaqanda afakiwe, izibungu nabantu abadala ladybug ezishisayo I-Leis dimidiata (Fabr.) Ukulawulwa kwama-aphid ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo. Ubuchwepheshe bangempela benzelwe futhi ukucindezela okusheshayo kwe-aphid foci yasendaweni ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo (ngisho nenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinambuzane) ngokusebenzisa izibungu zeLeis dimidiata. Lolu hlobo lwe-coccinellide lungasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukulawula ama-aphid ekubuyeni okuvulekile (endaweni yokushisa komoya engekho ngaphansi kwama-+20 degrees), kanye nokubulala ama-aphid ezitshalweni zasendlini ezindaweni zokuhlala namahhovisi lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungathandeki.

Emndenini wakwaCocinellidae, manje imindeni engezansi eyi-7 iyahlukaniswa:

I-Sticholotidinae (= Sticholotinae)
Coccidulinae
I-Tetrabrachinae (= Lithophilinae) - kwesinye isikhathi ifakwa kwiCoccidulinae
Scymninae
I-Chilocorinae
Coccinellinae
Epilachninae

Izinhlobo zama-coccinellids atholakala endaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili angabezizwe eziyi-11 kanye no-44 genera.

Ubusika be-Ladybug

Ngokubusika, ama-ladybugs afuna izindawo ezivalekile phakathi kwezitshalo eziminyene, udoti wamaqabunga, ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla ezomile, njll. noma ngaphakathi, emihlanjini, emihlangeni. Zivame ukundizela ezindlini, isidleke phakathi kweminyango, amafreyimu wewindi eliphindwe kabili, emphethweni wamakhethini. Uma uthola izimbungulu ezinjengobusika, khumbula izinzuzo zazo, indima yazo yesikhathi esizayo ekunciphiseni isibalo sezinambuzane eziyingozi engadini - kuthatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu ukubeka ama-ladybugs embizeni bese uzihambisa engxenyeni engadini, uyihambise uthango noma enye indawo eseceleni, lapho bangaqeda hibernation yabo. Ezinye izimbungulu zazithontelana, zihlala ndawonye, ngamaqembu amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ngamakhulu amaningana abantu. Okushiwo lokhu kuziphatha akwaziwa, kepha ngokuqinisekile kunikeza ukubukeka okumibalabala.

Okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi okungenani ulondoloze lezo zinambuzane ezizuzisayo ezisendaweni yakho, kufanele ungafaki ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane (ezibulala izinambuzane).

Vele ungabamba ama-ladybugs bese ubadedela engadini. Kungcono ukubamba izibungu zama-ladybugs, ngoba adla ngokweqile. Kepha noma kunjalo, ukuze ungadingi ukwenza izicupho ezinjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho uhlaselwa izinambuzane eziyingozi, kudingeka unakekele isithiyo sezinyamazane esizeni sakho.

Ukuze uthole isithiyelo, ungatshala i-angelica (angelica) engadini, dill, noma ushiye i-dandelion, yarrow, nezinye izambulela kanye nezitshalo ezimbali ezincane / eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuqhakaza kwenye indawo.

Uma une-hedge ekhula, kukhona isikhala samahhala, ngisho nangapha kocingo lwensimu yakho, izitshalo zezitshalo, izihlahla, ikakhulukazi ama-aphid owathandayo, futhi ungalokothi usebenzise izibulala-zinambuzane lapho. Isibonelo, tshala i-elderberry ebomvu - lapho kukhona ama-aphid amaningi, izibungu zama-ladybugs nezinye izinambuzane ezizuzisayo zizogcinwa lapho.

Ama-tansy, ama-buckwheat nama-legumes amaningi nawo afanelekile ngeheyili.

Ukuze uqinisekise ukuba khona kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo ezihehayo izinambuzane ezizuzisayo isizini yonke, udinga ukuqala ngalezo eziqhakaza ngaphambili, ngokwesibonelo, nge-buckwheat, ezizothathelwa indawo yi-dill enephunga nokunye. Kufanele ukhule ukhula, i-clover nenkaba, eziqhakaza isikhathi eside unyaka nonyaka.

Umsebenzi wokusebenzisa izinambuzane ezizuzisayo akukhona ukuqothula izinambuzane ngokuphelele, kodwa ukulawula inani lazo.

Lapho wenza izimo ezihlanganisa indawo enhle yezinambuzane ezizuzisayo nokuhlobisa, ungafinyelela ukulingana kwemvelo phakathi kwenani lezinambuzane eziyingozi nezilusizo.

Ukudla okwenziwe ngemithi

Umphumela ongcono, izindlu ezinikeziwe kufanele zihehe ama-ladybugs ukuthi zihlale futhi zizale engadini. I-Nectar, impova, amazolo oju ashukumisa inqubo yawo yokuzala. Uma kunokudla okuncane, izinambuzane zabantu abadala zingahlakazeka zindize kwezinye izindawo. Ngakho-ke, ama-ladybugs angondliwa ngokufafaza i-Wheast ezitshalweni.

Ukudla okwenziwe ngokungemthetho okubizwa nge- “Wheast” kuyinhlanganisela yamagama athi i-Whey (Whey) kanye nemvubelo (imvubelo). I-Wheast iyatholakala njengo-powder owomile. I-Wheast inikela ngazo zonke izakhamzimba ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kanye nasekuzalweni kabusha kwama-ladybird, izintambo zezinwele nezinye izinambuzane ezizuzisayo. I-Wheast powder ixubene noshukela namanzi ayi-50/50 futhi isetshenziselwa ukukhulisa izinambuzane. Abafundi abavela emanyuvesi ezolimo eMelika bakhombisile ukuthi ukufafaza insimu ngenhlanganisela ye Wheast / ushukela / amanzi kukhulisa kakhulu ukuzalwa kwezinambuzane ezizuzisayo lapho.