Izaqathi zingenye yezilimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezitshalo ezitshalwe kubantu abasezifundeni ezishisayo. Imifino elinywe namuhla yayitholakala ezinhlotsheni zasendle, ezazinezimpande zazo zazingelolintshi nhlobo. Ngokusho kososayensi, izaqathi ekuqaleni zazing onsomi noma ziphuzi.
Kunzima ukwahlulela umsuka nezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezinhlobo ezingama-80 zamakherothi otshaliwe. Kepha abavubukuli bathola imbewu ye-carrot ngenkathi bemba kulo lonke ugu loLwandle iMedithera, eNyakatho Afrika, esifundeni sase-Asia kanye nasemazweni aseYurophu ashubisayo.
Izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle, okungenzeka kakhulu, ekuqaleni kubantu zazingewona umthombo wezitshalo zezimpande ezibunjiwe, kodwa ziluhlaza okotshani. Mhlawumbe izaqathi zazisetshenziswa futhi njengesitshalo sokwelapha.
Ngasikhathi sinye, e-Iran naseYurophu, izingqimba zamasiko lapho kutholakala khona ubufakazi bokukhula kwezaqathe zineminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ubudala. Impova yefossil yezitshalo zomndeni wama-Apiaceae, yesikhathi se-Eocene, ineminyaka engu-55 kuya ku-34 weminyaka, okukhombisa indawo yakudala yohlobo.
Izinduna zezinhlobo zanamuhla zekherothi
Namuhla, ukuqinisekiswa kokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezaqathi ezitshaliwe kuqinisekisiwe. Izaqathi zaseMpumalanga noma zase-Asia ngokomlando, ngenxa ye-anthocyanin ye-pigment, zinombala onsomi. Futhi kokunye, umbala mkhulu kakhulu kangangokuba baqala ukukhuluma ngam izaqathi emnyama.
Amaqabunga eCirrus ohlobo lwasempumalanga ane-tint yesiliva futhi ayabonakala kalula. Izaqathe ezinjengalezi zivame kakhulu e-Afghanistan, ezintabeni zaseHimalaya nasezintabeni ezingamaHindu Kush, nase-Iran, India nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeRussia. Ezindaweni ezifanayo, izaqathi eziphuzi nazo ziyatholakala, zazo ezilukhuni kunokuba zibe nombala omnyama futhi zibe nokunambitheka okushubile.
Ukutshala kwamasiko izaqathe onsomi kwaqala cishe ngekhulu le-10. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu kamuva, kwavela izitshalo ezimpunga onsomi eMedithera, kwathi ngemuva kwesikhashana zaqala ukukhula eChina naseJapan. Izaqathi eziphuzi zaseMpumalanga nezimpunga manje sezikhulile e-Asia, zazisetshenziselwa ukwenza isiphuzo esinamandla sotshwala, kepha zisezingeni eliphakeme ngokuthandwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zaseNtshonalanga ezinezimpande ze-orange.
Uhlobo lwesimanje lwenqathe lwasolwandle lubalwa ngenxa ye-carotene, ngakho-ke izitshalo zezimpande zingaba bomvu, orenji, ziphuzi noma zicishe zibe mhlophe.
Okungenzeka ukuthi, izinhlobo ezinjalo zazingumphumela we-hybridization kanye nokuwela kwezitshalo zohlobo lwasempumalanga ngezinhlobo zasendle zemoto eziphekiwe zaseMedithera. Izilimo zezimpande ezazidliwa abaseYurophu, kuze kube ngekhulu le-17, zazincane, zazinamahlamvu amaningi, futhi zazingafani neze namanzi.
Umlando izaqathi ezikhathini zasendulo
Ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwezaqathi zasendle okuqinisekiswe ukutholwa kwemivubukulo butholakele kumasayithi omuntu wasendulo eSwitzerland.
Imidwebo yasethempelini eGorororor yaseGibhithe, evela enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC, ikhombisa izitshalo ezimpunga onsomi. Futhi ezinhlangeni ezitholakala kwenye yezindawo zokungcwaba ipharao, kushiwo ngokuphathwa ngembewu kakhaphethi noma ngesitshalo esifana nayo. Kepha imibono ka-Egyptologists mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwamakherothi ansomi esigodini saseNayile ayiqinisekiswanga noma ngabe yimivubukuli noma i-paleobotanists. Mhlawumbe abaseGibhithe lasendulo babejwayelene nabanye abamele umndeni wama-Apiaceae, ngokwesibonelo, i-anise, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi noma i-coriander.
Imbewu yekherothi ebunjiwe, okungenani eyizigidi eziyisihlanu ubudala, itholakele ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Iran nase-Afghanistan.
Izinhlobo eziningi zemibala ehlukene zatholakala e-Asia, kukhona ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwezaqathi zasendle esikhathini saseHellenic eGreece. Imbewu enkulu yekherothi nama-rhizomes ayo asetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha. Isibonelo, e-Ardennes ngesikhathi seRoma yasendulo, izaqathi zazisebenza njenge-aphrodisiac, futhi inkosi yasePontic uMithridates VI yayikholelwa ukuthi izaqathe zingabulala ubuthi.
UDioscorides, obesebenza njengodokotela ebuthweni lamaRoma, emsebenzini weDe Materia Medica ngesikhathi semikhankaso echazwe futhi edwetshwe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-600 zezitshalo zokwelapha. Uhlelo lweByzantine lomsebenzi oluhlobene nonyaka ka-512 lukhombisa umfundi ukubukeka kuka-izaqathi we-orange.
Umlando oqoshiwe we-izaqathi kanye nokungeniswa kwabo esikweni
Ukutshala kokuqala kwamasiko izaqathi eziphuzi futhi eziphuzi, ngokusho kwemithombo eqinisekisiwe, kwavela e-Afghanistan nasePheresiya kusukela ngekhulu le-10. Ngasikhathi sinye, izaqathi ezinezitshalo zezimpande ezibomvu zavela e-Iran naseNyakatho Nhlonhlo Yase-Arabia.- Ngekhulu le-XI, kutshalwa izitshalo ezinamapherothi aphuzi, abomvu nang onsomi eSyria nakwezinye izindawo zaseNyakatho Afrika.
- Ngokudlula emazweni aseMiddle East nase-Afrika ngekhulu le-XII, izaqathi zohlobo lwasempumalanga zehlela eSpain Moorish.
- Ngaso leso sikhathi, uhlobo lwesitshalo sase-Asia lwafika eChina nase-Italy, lapho izaqathe ezibomvu zaqala ukusakazeka khona ngekhulu le-12.
- Emakhulwini eminyaka we-XIV-XV, izaqathi ezibomvu, eziphuzi namhlophe zaqala ukutshala eJalimane, eFrance, eNgilandi naseNetherlands.
- E-Yurophu, ngenxa yokuzalwa, kwavela isanqante sewolintshi ngekhulu le-17.
- Ngasikhathi sinye, imifino yewolintshi nemhlophe iyiswa eSouth naseNyakatho Melika, kuthi eJapan baqale bahlakulele impumalanga, kuthi emva kweminyaka eyikhulu, uhlobo lwenqathi olusentshonalanga.
Ukutshala kokuqala kwamasiko izaqathi eziphuzi futhi eziphuzi, ngokusho kwemithombo eqinisekisiwe, kwavela e-Afghanistan nasePheresiya kusukela ngekhulu le-10. Ngasikhathi sinye, izaqathi ezinezitshalo zezimpande ezibomvu zavela e-Iran naseNyakatho Nhlonhlo Yase-Arabia.Umugqa we-White Carrots kanye nezinkinga zokuhlukaniswa
ERoma naseGrisi yasendulo, izaqathi zazibizwa ngokuhlukile, okwaholela ekuchazeni okungqubuzanayo. Ikakhulu, ngaphansi kwegama elithi Pastinaca, cishe izaqathe ezimhlophe nemifino engakhanyisiwe yemifino ye-parsnip ethandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi nayo ingafihlwa.
UGalen uphakamise ukuthi kunikezwe izaqathi igama elithi Daucus, kulihlukanise nezinhlobo ezihlobene. Kwenzeka ngekhulu lesibili lesikhathi esisha. Kuleyo minyaka efanayo, usosayensi waseRoma u-Athenaeus wahlongoza igama elithi Carota, futhi isitshalo sezimpande sibuye sibhekiselwe encwadini yokuphekela i-Apicius Czclius yango-230.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuwa kweRoma, izinkomba ezaqwini zemithombo ebhaliwe yaseYurophu ziyanyamalala ngokuphelele. Futhi ukudideka ekuboneni izitshalo ezifanayo ngokubukeka nasekomidini kwaqhubeka kuze kube yiNkathi Ephakathi, kuze kube yilapho izindebe zezimpande eziphuzi nezphuzi ziphinde zilethwa eYurophu zivela e-Asia.
UCharlemagne ukhiphe isimemezelo ngokunqotshwa kwama-izaqathe ngazo zonke izindlela nokwamukelwa kwawo njengesitshalo esibalulekile, futhi ngenxa yamaqabunga avulekile kanye nama-inflorescences-isambulela emlandweni, izaqathe zaziwa njengethambo likaNdlovukazi u-Anne.
Namuhla, amagama azo zonke izinhlobo, aqala ngezitshalo ezimhlophe ezimpande, ephetha izaqathe ezimnyama, angaphansi kokuhlukaniswa kweLinnaeus, akhula ngaye ngo-1753.
Qala ukukhethwa kwekherothi
Ukukhetha izinhloso ngezinhloso kuqale muva nje. Ukuchazwa kwezilimo zokuqala emuva ku-1721 futhi kwenziwa ngabadayisi abangamaDashi. Ukwenza i-izaqathe kukhiqize ama-rhizomes amnandi futhi amakhulu kwakulula. Ukuze isivuno sezimpande sikhule ngokugqamile, simnandi futhi sikhulu, isitshalo sidinga ukunakekelwa okuhle kuphela nokutshala izizukulwane eziningana ezimweni ezinhle.
Izazi-mlando zamangala ukuthi sekudlule amakhulu amathathu eminyaka ukusuka ku-carrot ophuzi kanye nokubomvu kwavela eNetherlands kusakazeka kwazo njengohlobo lwemifino, kube sengathi lesi sitshalo uqobo sifuna ukutshalwa.
Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu, i-Nantes neChantain, ubuntu benziwa ngumlimi ongumgcini wengadi waseFrance uLouis de Vilmorin, okwathi ngekhulu le-19 wabeka izisekelo zokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zesimanje kwathi ngo-1856 wanyathelisa incazelo yezinhlobo ezisadingeka nanamuhla.
Umbala we-Carrot
Isisekelo sokukhiqizwa zombili izaqathe nezimhlophe kwakuyizinhlobo eziphuzi zaseMpumalanga. Lesi siphetho, ngemuva kokuhlaziya ichibi lezakhi zofuzo, senziwe ngabezakhi zofuzo muva nje, kodwa zombili izaqathi eziphuzi nezibomvu ziyaqhubeka nokutshalwa emhlabeni. Izaqathe ezahlukahlukene ezibubende ezinombala omnyama kakhulu obabizwa ngokuthi mnyama. Ngakho-ke siyini isizathu semibala ehlukahlukene kangaka?
Umbala wempande karoti uwumphumela wemibala eyahlukahlukene ephathelene nama-carotenoids.
I-Α- ne-β-carotene inesibopho sombala we-orange nowphuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-β-carotene ingabiza kuze kube yingxenye yokuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-carotenoid ku-karoti we-orange noma ophuzi.- Umbala wezitshalo ezimpande wezaqathe zibomvu ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-lycopene nama-xanthophylls.
- Izimpande ezimhlophe zinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-carotene.
- Izaqathe ezimfushane nezimnyama, ngaphezu kwe-carotene, ziqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-anthocyanins, elivezwa ngekhono eliphakeme le-antioxidant kunezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimpande.
I-Α- ne-β-carotene inesibopho sombala we-orange nowphuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-β-carotene ingabiza kuze kube yingxenye yokuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-carotenoid ku-karoti we-orange noma ophuzi.Ngenkathi yokukhetha, izaqathe zaba zinkulu futhi zaba namanzi kakhulu. Ulahlekelwe ngamanye amafutha abalulekile, kepha uthole ezinye izimfanelo ezinempilo ezincike kwimibala zombili nokuqina.
