Umgcini wegadi ngamunye uyazi ukuthi izithombo ezisezingeni elifanele ziwukhiye wesivuno esicebile, futhi uma izithombo zigobile futhi zivila, ungamane ukhohlwe ngesivuno esihle kulo nyaka. Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka ezenzweni ekukhuleni okujwayelekile nokukhula kwezithombo kufanele kumiswe ngandlela thile - ukuchelela, ukugqamisa, ukulawula izinga lokushisa nomswakama egumbini noma ukusebenzisa umanyolo othize. Yikho mayelana nokufaka izithombo esizokhuluma namuhla. Sizokutshela ngomsoco obaluleke kakhulu wezilimo nokuthi ungazondla kanjani lezo zitshalo, ezivame ukutshala ngokusebenzisa izithombo.
Umanyolo izithombo pepper.
Yini indlela engcono yokondla izithombo futhi ngasiphi isikhathi?
Kuyisiko ukuthi abalimi babhekelele ukuthi umanyolo ofaneleka kakhulu wezithombo ulukhuni, okungukuthi, uqukethe zonke izinto ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezijwayelekile kithi sonke, kepha lokhu akuvunyelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngoba emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi okutholakele, noma kunjalo engadini, futhi, okukodwa noma okumbalwa kwalezi zinto sekuvele mhlawumbe, futhi njengoba wazi, ukweqisa komanyolo akuyona ingozi kangako kunokuntuleka kwayo. Ngakho-ke, sikucebisa ukuthi ukondle izitshalo ngomanyolo, okuqukethe ukwakheka kwazo okukodwa okubalulekile.
Faka isicelo ngqo kumanyolo wezithombo eziqukethe i-potassium, i-phosphorus noma i-nitrogen ngokushesha ekuseni, lapho iwindi negumbi zipholile. Lapho ufaka umsoco enhlabathini ngesikhathi sokuphinda kwenziwa kabusha kwesitshalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi umanyolo ungashiyi amaconsi ezitshalweni noma ezigxotsheni zawo, ngoba ngaphansi kwethonya elangeni ngokuzayo, ukushisa kungakheka kulezi zindawo, okungukuthi, iziqu namaqabunga, okuyinto engeyinhle. bese uthinta ukukhula okuphelele kwesitshalo esithile sokuchelela.
Umanyolo omuhle kakhulu we-nitrogen wokondla izithombo
Njengoba wazi, sibonga nge-nitrogen, amaprotheni ahlanganiswe esitshalweni, izithombo zikhiqiza i-chlorophyll. Ngokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, amaqabunga aphansi wesithombo wokuhlwanyela ngokuvamile athola umbala ophuzi, futhi isitshalo uqobo sivinjelwe ukukhula nokukhula.
Uma ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezithombo uqaphela isimo esinjalo ngamaqabunga, khona-ke masivundise ngokushesha enye yezakhi ze-nitrogen. Ammonium nitrate (kusuka ku-26% kuya ku-34.4% i-nitrogen), i-ammonium sulfate noma i-ammonium sulfate (ifinyelela ku-21% nitrogen), urea (kuze kufike ku-46% nitrogen) noma emanzini e-amonia 16% kuya ku-20% i-nitrogen).
Ngokwemvelo, ukuthola izithombo, ukufaka umanyolo ngamanyolo ancibilikisiwe emanzini kusebenza kakhudlwana, umquba we-nitrogen nawo uhlukile. Lapho ukuthambisa (okungukuthi ukuchelela, hhayi uma ufaka umanyolo ngendlela eyomile), izinto ezidingekayo zezithombo zingena ezitshalweni ngokushesha, futhi amaqabunga kanye nesiqu kusheshe kube okujwayelekile ngombala nasekwenzeni kwazo.
Ngokuqondene nokufakwa komanyolo, kudinga ukwehliswa cishe ngesigamu uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho lapho kufakwa ngaphansi kwezitshalo zabantu abadala. Isibonelo, ukuthola izithombo udinga cishe isipuni esisodwa nesigamu somanyolo we-nitrogen ngebhakede lamanzi.
Indlela yokufaka izithombo ngomanyolo we-nitrogen: amahora amabili ngaphambi kokufaka umanyolo, udinga ukunisela izitshalo, uthambisa inhlabathi kahle, bese ufaka umanyolo ngohlobo oluncibilikisiwe bese uthukulula inhlabathi kungekudala.
Umanyolo omuhle kakhulu nge-potassium yokudla izithombo
Mhlawumbe akuyena wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi i-potassium isiza izithombo ukumunca isikhutha kusuka emoyeni, zivuselela ukukhiqizwa kashukela, futhi zisize izitshalo ukuthola ukungasebenzi komzimba. Ngokuntuleka kwe-potassium, amabala e-chlorotic avela emaqabungeni aphansi ezithombo, uma kwakhiwa amashidi amasha, mncane kakhulu kunosayizi odingekayo kuleso siko, futhi imiphetho yawo, ngisho namaqabunga amancane, kungenzeka ukuthi isivele ibolile.
Ukuqeda indlala ye-potassium, izithombo zisebenzisa umanyolo olandelayo: i-potassium sulfate noma i-potassium sulfate (kuze kufike ku-50% potassium), kalimagnesia noma potassium kanye ne-magnesium sulfate (kuze kufike ku-30% potassium), potophasium monophosphate (kuze kufike ku-33% potassium) ne-potrateum nitrate (kuze kufike ku-44% potassium )
Kuyafaneleka kakhulu ukuthi ukwenziwa kwesitshalo sokuqala ukunambitheka ngezinto eziqukethe i-potassium kwenziwe ngemuva kokuba izithombo zakha amaqabunga amabili noma amathathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, cishe i-8-9 g ye-monophosphate ingafakwa ebhakedeni lamanzi, futhi leli nani lingasetshenziswa ngemitha yesikwele ngayinye. Ungaphinde ufake umanyolo we-potash ngeviki ngemuva kokumba, noma noma ngemuva kokutshala izitshalo endaweni ehlala njalo enhlabathini noma abamba ukushisa, ukujwayela komanyolo kungandiswa ngegremu eyodwa noma isigamu.
Umanyolo omuhle kakhulu wezithombo eziqukethe i-phosphorus
Njengoba sonke sazi, lesi sakhi sibamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni ushukela futhi ngaphandle kwawo, izimpande zezitshalo ngokujwayelekile ngeke zikhule futhi zikhule. Ngokushoda kwe-phosphorus enhlabathini, iqabunga nesiga sezithombo ziba mnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ziphenduke zibe nsomi. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, amaqabunga ezinhlanyelo ancitshisiwe noma okhubazekile ngenye indlela futhi angawa.
Umquba wePhosphate ulungele kangcono izithombo: i-superphosphate elula (kusuka ku-14% kuya ku-20% phosphorus), i-superphosphate ephindwe kabili (kusuka ku-46% kuya ku-48% phosphorus), ammophos (kuze kufike ku-52% phosphorus), diammophos (kuze kufike ku-46% phosphorus), metaphosphate potassium (kusuka ku-55% kuya ku-60% phosphorus), ufulawa we-phosphorite (kusuka ku-19% kuya ku-30% phosphorus), kudla kwemathambo (kusuka kuma-29% kuya ku-34% phosphorus).
Ngokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus, ebonakala emaqabunga kanye neziqu zezithombo, ungasondla nge-superphosphate elula ngesilinganiso se-3.5-4 g somuthi ilitha lamanzi, lokhu kwanele imitha yesikwele yezithombo.
Khumbula ukuthi kungcono ukondla izithombo nge-phosphorus kuphela ngemuva kwe-dive futhi lapho ikhula futhi ukukhula kwayo kuyabonakala - okungukuthi, kwakhiwa izinto ezintsha zengxenye yezitshalo - ngokwesibonelo, amaqabunga amasha. Kuze kube yilapho ukushoda kwe-phosphorus kuqedwe ngokuphelele, ukugcokwa okuningana kungenziwa, kepha phakathi kwabo kuyadingeka ukwenza isikhawu esilingana neviki elilodwa.
Ukutshala izithombo ngaphandle komanyolo (kwesokudla) nokusebenzisa umanyolo (kwesobunxele).
Yini okufanele uyenze ukuze izithombo zikhule ngokuvumelanayo?
Ukuze izithombo zanoma isiphi isiko zikhule ngendlela enobunye ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi amaqabunga neziqu kubukeka njengoba kufanele, kube ngobude nobukhulu obukhulu, kubalulekile ukufaka umanyolo hhayi kuphela ngamaminerali kuphela, kodwa nangomanyolo we-organic. Kepha ungakhohlwa - uma usebenzisa umquba, kumele uvinjezwe amahlandla ayishumi ngamanzi, futhi uma usebenzisa amaconsi enkukhu, khona-ke izikhathi eziyi-15-20 ngamanzi, ngaphandle kwalokho awukwazi ukusiza izithombo, kepha ukuchithe, okungukuthi, mane ushise uhlelo lwezimpande.
Futhi, ungakhohlwa ngezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula okufana noKornevin, Epin, Heteroauxin noma uZircon, ekusebenzeni ukwethembeka kwabo nokusebenza ngempumelelo kufakazelwe zombili ngokwanda kokungavikeleki, kanye nokukhula okuvusa amadlingozi, kanye nokukhulisa izithombo “ezikhulayo” noma ezinokushona noma ukufakelwa kulimaze uhlelo lwezimpande. Into esemqoka ukulandela ngokuqinile imiyalo ekuhlanganisweni.
Ungasifaka kanjani isicelo somanyolo wezithombo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene?
Manje ake sikhulume ngokuthi imiphi umanyolo ehamba phambili nokuthi ikuphi ukulandelana okondlayo kwezilimo ezithile ezitshalwe ezitshalweni. Sinqume ukukhipha izilimo ezivame ukukhula ngokuqondile ngezithombo bese sinikeza uhlelo lokulinganisa lwesicelo somanyolo, oluzamile futhi lusebenza, okungukuthi, ungasisebenzisa ngokuphepha.
Idlula izithombo zamatamatisi
Ukugqoka kokuqala kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha lapho isitshalo sakha iqabunga leqiniso lesithathu. Lapha ungenza umanyolo owuketshezi, isibonelo, i-nitroammophoska enanini le-5 g ngebhakede lamanzi - into ejwayelekile ngemitha eyodwa yesikwele.
Okokugqoka kwesibili ephezulu kungenziwa emavikini amabili emva kokukhiwa, ungenza ne-nitroammophoska, kepha isipuni se-nitroammophoska kumele sigxishwe emgqonyeni wamanzi bese sisebenzisa u-100 ml kwisitshalo ngasinye.
Ukugqoka kwesithathu okuphezulu kungenziwa ezinsukwini eziyi-14 ngemuva kwesibili, futhi kungenise i-nitroammophoska ekuhlushweni okufanayo.
Ukugqokwa kwesine okuphezulu, lapho izithombo sezinezinsuku ezingama-60 ubudala, kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa isigqoko se-phosphorus-potassium top, lapho isipuni se-superphosphate elula nezipuni ezimbili zerobho kufanele sichitheke ebhakedeni lamanzi, okujwayelekile kumayelana nengilazi yesitshalo ngasinye.
Idlula izithombo zepelepele yensimbi
Ukugqokwa kokuqala phezulu kwepelepele kungenziwa lapho isitshalo sakha iqabunga lokuqala leqiniso, lapho-ke udinga ukwenza isisombululo se-urea, ngemuva kokuqeda isipuni salomanyolo ebhakedeni lamanzi. Leli nani lanele ngemitha yesikwele ngayinye.
Ukugqoka kwesibili kungenziwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, kwenziwe umanyolo ofanayo ngokulinganayo.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwesithathu kuvame ukwenziwa ngesonto ngaphambi kokuba izithombo zitshalwe endaweni ehlala njalo, kepha lapha kungcono ukusebenzisa i-superphosphate ephindwe kabili enanini lesipuni ngebhakede lamanzi kanye nesilinganiso se-100 ml kwisitshalo ngasinye.
Yondla izithombo zamakhukhamba
Imvamisa, ukhukhamba udla kabili lapho uthola izithombo. Ukondliwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngesikhathi lapho isitshalo sakha iqabunga langempela, bese kuthi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-14 kudliwe okokuqala. Kumakhukhamba, kungcono ukusebenzisa umanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi oqukethe isipuni se-urea, isipuni se-potassium sulfate, isipuni se-superphosphate elula futhi konke lokhu kufanele kufakwe ebhakedeni lamanzi athambile - isilinganiso sokusebenzisa ngesikwele semitha ngayinye.
Emavikini amabili emva kokugqoka kwesibili okuphezulu, izithombo zingadluliselwa endaweni engapheli futhi lapho zitshaliwe, ziyondle ngama-ammophos, zengeza isipuni somanyolo kuzo zonke kahle ezixubene nomhlabathi.
Idlula izithombo zamaklabishi
Ukondliwa kokuqala kwezithombo zamaklabishi kuvame ukwenziwa ngesonto ngemuva kokuxwila, kusetshenziswa izinyoni ezihlanjululwe ngezinyoni izikhathi ezingama-20 ngamanzi.
Ukugqokwa kwesibili okuphezulu kwezithombo zamaklabishi kwenziwa izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuba izithombo zitshalwe endaweni ehlala njalo, ngoba lokhu bavame ukusebenzisa ingxube ye-superphosphate nesinaphi, lapho bathatha khona isipuni se-superphosphate kanye namasipuni amabili enziwe ngokhuni bese bencibilikisa ilitha lamanzi, lokhu kwanele ezitshalweni eziyishumi zeklabishi.
Masinyane lapho utshala izithombo zamaklabishi, hhayi emigodini, kodwa ngaphansi kokumba kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokuyilungiselela, udinga ukwengeza izipuni ezimbalwa ze-superphosphate, ithisipuni le-urea ne-5-7 kg ye-humus noma umquba wamamitha ayisikwele.
Ukugqoka izithombo zezimbali zezimbali
Ukondliwa kokuqala kwezithombo zezimbali zezimbali kwenziwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa diving, ngoba lokhu ungasebenzisa i-nitroammophoska (5 g ngebhakede lamanzi, isilinganiso esilinganayo ngesikwele samamitha), khona-ke izithombo zingondliwa ngendlela efanayo njalo ngezinsuku eziyi-10.
