I-Phytopathogenic Mycoplasmas - amagciwane ezitshalo

Sekuyisikhathi eside iMycoplasmas yaziwa ngokuthi ngama-pathogen kwezifo zabantu nezilwane. I-Mycoplasmas (phytoplasm) - ama-pathogens ezitshalo atholakala ngo-1967 kuphela. Zatholakala ososayensi baseJapan besebenzisa imakhroscope ku-phloem yezitshalo zika-kamalibhele ezithintwe yi-dwarfism. Lezi zinto ezinjenge-mycoplasma-like (IGO) kwakuyi-phytopathogenic. Kwatholakala ukuthi zidluliselwa kusuka kwesinye isitshalo ziye kwesinye amakhokho, amafu wamaqabunga (ama-xyllides) no dodder futhi kubangele izifo ezifana “nemishanelo yabathakathi” namajazi. Ngokuya ngezakhiwo ze-MPO, zifana nezinto eziphilayo zeqembu le-mycoplasma. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezilwane ze-mycoplasmas, ezivame ukutholakala ngaphandle kwamangqamuzana, ama-phytoplasmas atholakala ngaphakathi kwamaseli.

Ubufakazi obucacile kakhulu bokuthi kukhona ama-phytoplasmas ezitshalweni banikezwa yi-microncopy yama-elektrikhi yezingxenye zezicubu zezitshalo. Usizile ukukhomba izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 zama-phytoplasmas. Kwasungulwa ukuthi ama-ejenti abulala iqembu elikhulu lezifo, anjenge- "brooms" kanye ne-jaundice, awawona amagciwane, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili, kepha ama-phytoplasmas. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-jaundice asters, ubuncane bephuzi belayisi, amakholomu asondelene, ukubuyiselwa emuva, noma i-terry currants, ukufakwa kwezihlahla zezithelo zomndeni wamawolintshi, i-curly encane-levedness (i-dwarfism) kamalibhele, ukuqina kanye nezihlahla ezincane ze-apula ezinemibala emincane, i-clover phallodias, imfushane yommbila ongaphezulu kwama-50, njll. izifo ezibangelwa yigciwane.

I-Phytoplasm - iqembu elithile lezinto eziphilayo ze-phytopathogenic ezihlala endaweni ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwamagciwane namagciwane. Yizinto eziphilayo ze-polymorphic. Amangqamuzana abo ngokuvamile ajikeleze, kepha amanye ane-elongated noma dumbbell. Umzimba ofanayo we-phytoplasmic ungaba namaseli anokulingana nobukhulu obungalingani. Ngakho-ke, ama-phytoplasms we-eziyindilinga, okusaqanda, okuningana nezinye izinhlobo akhona kumaseli we-phloem wezitshalo zikagwayi. Ububanzi bamaseli ngama-microns angu-0,1.

I-Phytoplasmas ayinalo udonga lwangempela lweseli, izungezwe ulwelwesi oluyizingxenye ezintathu, okuyindlela ehluke ngayo kumagciwane. Uma kuqhathaniswa namagciwane, abonakala ngesakhiwo samaselula kanye nekhono lokukhiqiza kabusha emithonjeni yezokwakha okwenziwe ngengqondo. Kumidiya eminyene, bakha amakoloni amancane athile abukeka njengamaqanda athosiwe. Ngokungafani nezinhlayiyana ezingamagciwane, amaseli we-phytoplasm aqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zama-nucleic acid (i-DNA ne-RNA) nama-ribosomes asondelene nosayizi wamagciwane. Ama-phytoplasmas, ngokungafani nama-bacteria, amelana ne-penicillin, kepha azwela i-tetracycline ngokuqhathaniswa namagciwane.

Ngokusho kwesigaba esikhona, ama-phytoplasmas ahlanganiswe ikilasi Mollicutes, yize bakha iqembu elikhulu kakhulu lezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuya ngezidingo zokudla ezabiwe Ama-oda ama-2: Mycoplasmatalesabameleli bawo badinga i-cholesterol, futhi Acholeplasmatales, okungadingeki kuso. To umndeni Mycoplasmataceae faka ama-anaerobes ancike ku-steroid. Abamele umndeni Spiroplasmataceae ube nokuhamba okukhulu, ngenxa yokuba khona komjikelezo wokuthuthuka kwamafomu athile ezomoya. Abuye ancike kuma-sterols. Izifo ezidume kakhulu ezibangelwa ngamagciwane aleli qembu wumdweshu onenkani wamawolintshi, ummbila omfushane (iCorn stunt) nentende kakhukhunathi (Cocos ctunt). Phakathi kwezifo eziyingozi kakhulu ezibangelwa ama-phytoplasmas avela emndenini we-Acholeplasmataceae, umuntu angabona ikholamu yamatamatisi, i-alkaline encane ene-curved encane, i-phyllodia ye-clover. Lezi zingqimba ezincane zingena ngaphakathi kwezicubu zezitshalo ngqo ngohlelo lwezimpande futhi zibangele ushintsho oluthile ku-morphogeneis.

Ama-phytoplasmas abonakala ngohlobo oluhlukile lokuzala: ukuqhakaza, ukuhlukaniswa kwamafomu wamaketanga kanye nezakhiwo eziqukethe ukungcola, ukwakheka kwezidumbu eziyisisekelo ezinhlayikelweni zabesifazane nasekufeni okungu-binary. Ukwahlukaniswa kwe-Cytoplasmic kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nokuphindaphindwa kwe-genome.

I-Phytoplasmas iyalimaza kakhulu. Izitshalo ezithintekile zivame ukungakhiqizi isivuno nhlobo, noma zehla kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi nge-phytoplasmosis, ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo kuyaphazamiseka, i-dwarfism iyabonakala. Olunye uphawu olubonakalayo lwezifo ze-phytoplasmic yizinguquko ezenzeka emzimbeni ezithweni ezikhiqizayo, ezibonakaliswa ngokuhlaza kwezimbali (amakholomu asondelene), ekuguqukeni kwezitho zazo ngazinye zaba ukwakheka okumile ngamaqabunga (ukuphindisela okwenziwa i-blackcurrant, i-clover phallodia, njll.).

Izimpawu eziningi ezikhula ezitshalweni lapho zinegciwane le-phytoplasmas zicacisiwe emvelweni futhi aziveli lapho zithathelwa amanye amagciwane. Ukubonakaliswa okunje kwe-phytoplasmoses kufaka "imishanelo yabathakathi", amahlumela amaningi abunjiwe, amahlumela ahlanzekile wezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane. Izimpawu ze-clover phallodia, ukubuyela emuva kwe-blackcurrant, ikholomu ye-nightshade nezinye izifo, ngokusobala, njengomphumela wokuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwama-hormone wesitshalo.

Nge-phytoplasmosis, kukhona nezimpawu ezivele ezifweni zegciwane: ukuntuleka okungazwisisekiyo kwezitho ezahlukahlukene, ukuqothuka, i-necrosis, amaqabunga amancane, njll. .Kwesitshalo esifanayo kungabhekwa ngasikhathi sinye noma ngokulandelana: i-chlorosis ejwayelekile, i-anthocyanosis, ukunqandwa kokukhula, ukuqina kwesitho, ukubuna. Ngakho-ke, isithombe esiphelele sesi sifo ezimweni ezinjalo singenziwa kuphela ngemuva kokubheka lesi sitshalo ngamandla, isb., Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokukhula.

I-Phytoplasmas ivela ikakhulu kuma-phloem, ngokuyinhloko amashubhu we-sieve, futhi, njengomthetho, asatshalaliswa ngokuhlelekile kuso sonke isitshalo.

Izinhlobo eziningi zinobuhlakani obukhulu be-phylogenetic futhi ziyakwazi ukuthelela izitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, i-phytopathogen ebangela i-astra jaundice futhi ifaka izaqathe, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, sitrobheli nezinye izitshalo eziningi. Ikholomu eliseduze lithinta izitshalo zomndeni we-nightshade, kanye nokhula lweminye imindeni, efana ne-bindweed, spurge, thistle, njll. Amanye ama-phytoplasmas akhethekile kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, i-pathogen ye-blackcurrant reversion infriers the currants kuphela.

Izithwali ze-phytoplasm ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-cicadas, izimpukane zamaqabunga, kanye nezithwali zokukhanya. Inani lamagciwane liphindaphindeka emzimbeni wesithako sezinambuzane. Isinambuzane esinjalo sithola amandla okudlulisela ukutheleleka hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa ngemuva kwenkathi ethile (ye-latent). Ngesikhathi sokugcina, i-phytoplasm iphindaphindeka emzimbeni wesinambuzane, bese ihamba isuka emathunjini iye ezinkulwini nakumathe. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, lesi sinambuzane singadlulisela i-pathogen kwisitshalo. Indlela efanayo yokudlulisela ukutheleleka, okubandakanya ukuzala kabusha emzimbeni wesithwali, ibizwa ukujikeleza.

I-Phytoplasmas ingagcinwa kuphela ezicutshini zezitshalo eziphilayo: ku-nezilimo eziyizigaxa, izitshalo ezimpandeni, ama, izimpande, ama-rhizomes okhula olungapheliyo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane zihlala ezitshalweni zasendle, ezimelela ukugxila kokutheleleka, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle ziyaqhubeka zitshalwa. Ezimeni zokhula zasendle, kanye nasemithanjeni yezinambuzane, ama-phytoplasmas angaqhubeka futhi azale isikhathi eside. Izitshalo ezikhula njalo, okuwukuthi, ubusika, i-rhizome, nezimpande zezimpande, nazo zingaba yindawo yokugcina ama-phytoplasm.

Isithwali sesitshalo se-pathogen singasebenza njengomthombo wokutheleleka kwesitshalo esitshaliwe uma ukujikeleza okuzinzile kwe-pathogen kukhona phakathi kwabo, okungukuthi, uma ophethe edla kuzo zombili izitshalo zasendle nezilinywe. Ukutshalwa kwezilimo endaweni okugxilwe kuyo ngokwemvelo yokutheleleka, inqobo nje uma abathwali besuka ekugxiliseni okungokwemvelo kuya ezitshalweni zezitshalo, banegalelo ekusakazweni kwe-pathogen kuya ezitshalweni.

Ama-foci wemvelo asungulwe ama-phytoplasmas amaningi. Isibonelo, ezweni lethu, eCzech Republic naseSlovakia, i-phytoplasm, ebangela ikholamu ye-nightshade, imvamisa itholakala ezitshalweni ezihlanganisiwe nakolunye ukhula, lapho isidluliselwa kumazambane notamatisi. EScotland, i-pathogen yomthakathi amazambane idluliselwa kuphela kusuka ezitshalweni zasendle.

Ukwanda kwe-phytoplasmosis kuncike kwinani lemithambo yezinambuzane. Isibonelo, emazweni aseCentral Europe ngo-1953. I-Columnar yayiyisifo esiyingozi esidlangilele samazambane ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60s. waqala ukuhlangana kakhulu, futhi ngo-1963-1964. ukwanda kwalesi sifo kuphinde kwanda kakhulu. Ukwanda kwekholomu kuhlotshaniswa nokushintshwa kwenani lesitshalo se-circadian (Hyaleathes obsoletus), isithwali esikhulu se-pathogen: likhulu inani labathwali, banzi ukwaba kwekholomu. I-phytoclasmoses yesitshalo ivame ukukhawulwa ezindaweni lapho kubhekwa izikhathi zokushisa komoya okuphezulu abathwali be-phytoplasm.

Lapho uthola i-phytoplasmosis, hhayi nje kuphela izimpawu zesifo, kodwa nedatha yokuhlaziywa kwe-elektroni microscopic yezicubu zezitshalo ezinesifo. Izitshalo zesikhombi zisetshenziselwa ukukhomba i-phytoplasmas. Lezi zitshalo ngokuphendula ukutheleleka nge-phytoplasmas zinikeza izimpawu ezicacile. Ama-phytoplasmas awadluliswanga ngesithako sesitshalo, ngakho-ke, ukuze sihlaziywe, ihlumela lokudutshulwa kwesitshalo esithintekayo lihlanganiswe ku-isitshalo sesikhombi.

Uhlobo lwe-phytoplasmic lwalesi sifo luyasiza nokusungula indlela yokuphilayo. Kuqukethe okulandelayo: i-ejenti ebangela lesi sifo ihlukaniswe kwisiko elihlanzekile; zibathelele ngesitshalo; ngemuva kokuqala kwezimpawu ezifanayo nezasekuqaleni, i-pathogen iphinde ihlukaniswe ngesiko elihlanzekile (indlela ye-Koch triad). Ubufakazi obuqondile besimo se-phytoplasmic salesi sifo ukuphendula kwe-pathogen emithini elwa namagciwane.

Ekuhlaziyweni kwezifo ze-phytoplasmic, ukusabela kokuvimbela ukukhula kwazo ngaphansi kwezimo zokutshala kwabezindaba zokufakelwa kusetshenziswa i-antisera ethile.

Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwamadiski ephepha afakwe i-antiserum endaweni eqinile yezakhi lapho izidalwa ezihloliwe zithathwa khona, ukucindezelwa kwezinto ezihlobene kuyabonakala.

Ukulwa nezifo ze-phytoplasmic kubandakanya okulandelayo izindlela zokwelapha nezokuvimbela:

• ukuthola nokusebenzisa izinto zokutshala ezinempilo;
• ukucekelwa phansi kokhula kwama-phytoplasm reservists;
• ukucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo ezithelelekile;
• Ukulawulwa kwamaveve ezinambuzane (ama-cicadas);
• ukuzalaniswa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingamelana nakho;
• ukubeka yedwa isitifiketi nokutshala izitshalo;
• izitshalo ezikhulayo ngemuva kwesizinda sezolimo.

Umuzwa we-phytoplasmas to tetracycline antibiotic usetshenziselwa ukulwa nawo ngokwelapha izitshalo ngezixazululo ze-antibiotic. Isibonelo, ukufafaza okujwayelekile kwezitshalo ngesixazululo esingu-0.5-1% se-tetracycline hydrochloride ngesikhala sezinsuku ezingama-3-5 kuhlanganiswe nokwelashwa okwenziwe ngaphambili kwezimpande nokunisela ngesisombululo sokuhlushwa okufanayo kuvimbela umsebenzi obalulekile we-pathogen. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuqala kokwelashwa, izimpawu zesifo ziba buthaka kancane bese ziyanyamalala. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuselelwa okuphelele kwezitshalo akwenzeki, futhi esikhathini esithile ngemuva kokuqedwa kokwelashwa, izimpawu zesifo ziyavela futhi. Ocwaningweni lwe-All-Russian Research Institute for Plant Protection (VIZR), ukwelashwa kwezitshalo nge-tetracycline noma ukuzinkcenkceshela ngaphansi kwempande ngesisombululo kubambezele ukuvela kwezimpawu zekholomu kutamatisi izinyanga ezi-3 kuya kwezi-3. I-Phytoplasmosis (i-dwarfism) kamalibhele nayo icindezelwa ukucwiliswa kwezimpande zezithombo kwikhambi le-antibiotic.

Ukwelapha (ukwelashwa) ngemithi elwa namagciwane kusebenza kakhulu ekulweni nezifo zezitshalo ze-phytoplasmic, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kwezolimo kwezolimo ezweni lethu akuvunyelwe. Kulokhu, ukucinga ngenkuthalo amagciwane angewona awokwelashwa ukwelashwa kwe-phytoplasmosis.

Indlela ephumelelayo yokwelapha kwesitshalo kusuka kuma-phytoplasmoses ukwelashwa kwe-therm. Izinga lokushisa le-inctivation lesitshalo se-mycoplasmas elingaphansi lingaphansi kokushisa okubucayi kwezitshalo zokubamba, okwenza sikwazi ukufudumala okuphelele kwezitshalo noma ngezinto zokutshala. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kususwe isitshalo samazambane we-pathogen "broomsticks" sithathwa ngokushisa kwama-36 ^mayelanaC ngezinsuku ezingama-b, izitshalo ze-clover ezisuka kwi-pathogen yezimbali zokuluhlaza - ku-40^mayelanaC - Izinsuku eziyi-10.

Izikhombo Zokusebenza:

• I-Popkova. K.V. / I-phytopathology ejwayelekile: incwadi yezikole eziphakeme / K.V. I-Popkova, V.A. I-Shkalikov, Yu.M. UStroykov et al. - 2nd ed., IsAm. bese wengeza. - M.: Drofa, 2005 .-- 445 p .: Ill. - (Classics yesayensi yasekhaya).