Ochwepheshe bahlukanisa izifo ze-utamatisi ngamaqembu amakhulu amakhulu - izifo ezithathelwanayo (kwenzeka ngokungena kwe-pathogen emzimbeni) nokungahambelani nezifo (okubangelwa izici ze-abiotic).
Amagciwane angaba:
- amagciwane
- amagciwane
- amakhowe.
Cabanga ukuthi ungabhekana kanjani nezifo zamatamatisi zeqembu ngalinye.
Funda futhi i-athikili: Izifo zamakhukhamba ngezithombe zamaqabunga!
Izifo Zamatamatisi we-Bacterial
Amagciwane yizinto ezincanyana ezi-microscopic unicellular. Bahlala kuzo zonke izindawo. Iningi lazo lisemhlabathini nasemanzini. Zingena kulesi sitshalo ngokusebenzisa i-messata kanye nokulimala kwemishini, zihlala ngaphakathi kwamatamatisi futhi zande, ngaleyo ndlela zibangenise futhi zibangele izifo.
Ukugudlwa kwamagciwane
Kwenzeka kaningi. Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko ukulimala kwamaqabunga. Ekuqaleni ambozwe amabala amancane ansundu anama-2-3 mm ngosayizi, bese wona ancipha bese efa. Izithelo neziqu mancane amathuba okutheleleka ngaleli gciwane.
I-Pathogen: I-Pseudomonas syringae.
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kusuka kokhula olufana nalutho; kumazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nomswakama ophakeme, amagciwane ayanda.
Ukuvimbela: Ukubulala izinambuzane kwenhlabathi kanye nembewu ngaphambi kokutshala, ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu ku-greenhouse.
Ukwelashwa: uma ukutheleleka sekuvele kwenzekile, khona-ke lesi sitshalo siphathwa ngeFitolavin-300 noma amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi (1 inkomishi yethusi sulfate ebhakedeni lamanzi). Amaqabunga athintekile ayasuswa. Yehlisa umswakama womoya.
Umdlavuza wegciwane
Ithinta isitshalo sonke: izimpande, amaqabunga, izithelo, imbewu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kuqala ngamahlamvu. Ngeso elinqunu ungabona ukukhula kwe-petioles brown - amakoloni wamagciwane. Isiqu sishayelwa ngaphakathi, sibe yize, siphuzi. Amabala amhlophe avela ezithelweni ngaphandle. Imbewu ayonakalisiwe, ungathuthukisi futhi ungaqali lapho ukutshala. 
Lesi sitshalo siqala ukutheleleka kwabanye, ukutheleleka kungaba yikho kwesinye isitshalo uqobo kanye nasemhlabathini, ezinhlanyelweni. Izithelo azikufanele ukudla.
I-Pathogen: I-Clavibacter michiganensis.
Ukuvimbela: ngaphambi kokutshala, cwilisa imbewu ku-TMTD, fafaza isiko ngama-fungicides.
Ukwelashwa: Izitshalo ezigulayo ziyasuswa. Ukuvikelwa kwezihlahla ezinempilo kwenziwa ngamalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi: Ingxube yeBordeaux, i-Copper sulfate, i-oxychloride yethusi.
Ukucubungula izitshalo kwenziwa ngesimo sezulu esomile, kubhekwa imigqi yesekethe: 10.00 - 12.00 no 16.00 - 18.00
Bacterial wilt
Lesi sifo sikhula ngokushesha: ezinsukwini ezimbalwa lesi sitshalo sibuna phambi kwamehlo ethu. Yize kukhona uketshezi olwanele emhlabathini, awangeni emaqabungeni. Iziqu ziba nsundu kusuka ngaphakathi zingabi nalutho. Utamatisi awelashwa ngokulimala kwamagciwane, lesi sitshalo kuzodingeka sibhujiswe, futhi into esemqoka okudingeka yenziwe ukuvikela izihlahla ezisele ekuthelelekeni.
I-Pathogen: I-Pseudomonas solanacearum.
Amagciwane ahlala emhlabathini futhi athelele izimpande zezitshalo, avale imithambo yegazi. Ungabona ukuthi i-bacterial mucus ikhishwa kanjani ezingxenyeni ezithintekile.
Ukuvimbela: Ukugqoka kwembewu ngaphambi kokutshala, inzalo yokuhlanzisisa inhlabathi, ukuhlanza izinsalela zezitshalo ngonyaka odlule.
Ukwelashwa: izitshalo ezithintekile ziyasuswa, inqubo yezinyathelo zokuhlukaniswa kwabantu yenziwa ngesisombululo se-Fitolavin-300 (okungenani i-200 ml ngesitshalo ngasinye + sokufafaza)
Umdlavuza womsuka
Kuyivelakancane, kuthinta izimpande. Umenzeli we-causative udluliselwa kwezinye izitshalo ngomhlabathi. Ingangena esithelweni ngokusebenzisa izingxenye ezintsha ezimpandeni, amanxeba. Isikhathi sokufuduka siyizinsuku eziyi-10-12, bese kuthi ukukhula kube ezimpandeni, ngaphakathi okuyi-colonies of bacteria.
I-Pathogen: i-Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Ngaphezu utamatisi, kuthinta izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-60. Uyakwazi ukuhlala enhlabathini iminyaka eminingana.
Ukuvimbela: inzalo yenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokutshala imbewu, ukwelashwa kwesithombo kusisombululo se-Fitosporin-M (ilitha 1 lamanzi - 2-3.2 g), ukugcinwa kokwethembeka kwezimpande, ukuvikela ukulimala ngesikhathi sokufakelwa.
Ukwelashwa: isitshalo esinesifo siyasuswa, inhlabathi yamabhasi angomakhelwane iphathwa ngezixazululo zokulungiswa kwe-carcotide noma i-ox ox-sichloride yethusi.
Ukubola okumanzi kwesibeletho
Amagciwane asakazwa izinambuzane nezinye izitshalo ezinesifo. Izici ezithandekayo zentuthuko - umswakama ophezulu kanye lokushisa ngaphezulu kwama-28 degrees. Ngokuvamile ukutholakala ngalesi sifo yizitshalo ezikhula emhlabathini ovulekile. Lezo zinhlobo zamatamatisi ezinesakhi sofuzo sokuzala ziyamelana nalesi sifo.
Lesi sifo sithinta izithelo, ziba zithambile, zibe mnyama bese zibola.
IPathogen: I-Erwinia carotovora.
Ukuvimbela: ukuqothula imvelo yezinambuzane, ukubulala amagciwane omhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala
Ukwelashwa: isitshalo esinesifo siyasuswa, izihlahla ezingomakhelwane ziphathwa ngeFitolavin-300.
Isiqu seNecrosis
I-pathogen ingena kulesi sitshalo ngembewu, inhlabathi nezinye izitshalo. Iziqu zithintekile: kuqala kuvela amabala ansundu kuzo, bese ekhula aze abe ngosayizi wama-warts, ukuqhuma kwesiqu, amaqabunga nezithelo ziyafa.
I-Pathogen: I-Pseudomonas corrugata.
Ukuvimbela: ukubila noma ukubala inhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala, ngoba i-pathogen ifa ngamazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-41 degrees.
Ukwelashwa: isiko elinegciwane liyachithwa, inhlabathi iphathwa ngesisombululo se-0,2% se-Fitolavin-300.
Ibala elimnyama lamagciwane utamatisi
Amagciwane ayakwazi ukubhubhisa kuze kufike ku-50% wesitshalo, othinta zonke izingxenye zesitshalo, ngaphandle kwezimpande. Kuvela izichizi kumatamatisi, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ande ngobukhulu futhi abe mnyama. Amagciwane amelana kakhulu nokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa, angakhula emakhazeni nasekushiseni, agcinwe kwimbewu unyaka nesigamu. Zishabalala kuphela emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-56 degrees.
I-Pathogen: I-Xanthomonas vesicatoria.
Ukuvimbela: Ukwelashwa kwezimbewu ngaphambi kokutshala ngeFitolavin-300 noma i-trisodium phosphate, ukwelashwa kweprophylactic kwezithombo kanye njalo emavikini ama 2 ngenhlanganisela eyi-1% yeBordeaux neKartotsidom.
Ukwelashwa: isitshalo sisodwa, izindawo ezithintekile ziyasuswa, izihlahla ezingomakhelwane kanye nenhlabathi ziphathwa nge-fungicides.
Izifo ezasungulwa igciwane
Ama-causative agents angamagciwane, amakhulukhulu amagciwane angaphansi kwamagciwane. Azikho izidakamizwa ezilwa nezifo ezibangelwa yitamatisi, ngakho-ke isitshalo esinegciwane kufanele sihlukaniswe siqedwe. Izithwali zombili ziyizingxenye zezitshalo ezithelelekile nezinambuzane. Kufanele kuqashelwe kakhulu ekuvimbeleni, okubandakanya uhlu lonke lwezindlela zokulwa nezifo zamatamatisi:
- ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala: ukubulala amagciwane, ukubala;
- ukulungiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zembewu, ukubulala amagciwane okokuqala;
- ukwahlukaniswa kwezitshalo ezinesifo;
- ukulandela imithetho yokutshala: ibanga phakathi kwezihlahla, amanzi kanye nokukhanya;
- ukuhambisana namanye amasiko, ungatshali utamatisi eduze kwezitshalo - izithwali ezingaba khona zamagciwane, susa ukhula;
- ukulawula izinambuzane.
Aspermia
Elinye igama ukungabin mbewu. Igciwane lingena ezingxenyeni zokuzala zesitshalo. Izimbali zikhula ndawonye, zikhubazekile, imbewu ayivuthi ezithelo. Esithombeni samatamatisi ahlushwa i-aspermia, kubonakala ukuthi amaqabunga esitshalo aba mancane, isiqu singenamandla, ama-peduncle awakhuli.
I-pathogen: Utamatisi we-apermy cucumovirus.
Igciwane le-Aspermia lithola utamatisi kusuka ezinambuzaneni noma kwezinye izitshalo (ngokwesibonelo, kuma-chrysanthemums)
Izindlela zokuvimbela zifaka:
- ukwehlukaniswa kanye nokubhujiswa kwezitshalo ezinesifo emagumbini okugcina izithombo;
- ukulwa ne-aphid;
- Ukulawula ukhula;
- ahlukanise utamatisi kanye nama-chrysanthemums.
Bronze
Isibonakaliso sokutheleleka ngegciwane le-bronze lamaqabunga ukubukeka kwephethini yezithelo namahlamvu ngendlela yezindandatho ezinsundu. Izithwali eziyinhloko zingama-thrips. Igciwane lifa emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-45 degrees.
I-pathogen: Utamatisi ubone i-wilt virus.
Ukuvimbela: ukubalwa kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala imbewu, ukubhujiswa kokuqunjelwa.
Kuphuzi okuphuzi
Igciwane le-Curly kumatamatisi lithela amaqabunga aba mancane, acekeceke, anemibala engalingani. Isihlahla asikhuli ngobude, izithelo aziboshwe.
I-pathogen: Igciwane le-Tomato yellow leaf curl.
Ukuvimbela: Umphathi wegciwane uvame ukuba ngamhlophe. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokuthintela zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukwenziwa kwalezi zinambuzane.
I-Apex bushility
Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo kuqala ukubonwa emacembe. Kuvela kubo amachashazi amhlophe, abese eba mnyama. Amaqabunga amaqabunga aba namabala, imithambo iphenduka ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iqabunga ngokwalo ligxunyekwe engxenyeni enkulu. Isihlahla sithatha uhlobo lwesigaxa.
I-pathogen: I-viroid ephezulu ye-Tomato
Ukuvimbela: Ama-aphid, imbewu ethelelekile iba ngumthwali wegciwane. Igciwane lisebenza ekushiseni kwama-degree angama-75. Izindlela zokuvimbela zifaka ukulima ngaphambi kokutshala kanye nokubhujiswa kwama-aphid colonies.
UMose
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngezimbewu ezithintekile. Ngokuvamile kutholakala ezitshalweni ezitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile. Amaqabunga ambozwe izindawo ezikhanyayo nezimnyama, njenge-mosaic, ezithelweni - amabala aphuzi.
I-pathogen: Tamatam mosaic tobamovirus.
Ukuvimbela:
- Ukwelashwa kwembewu ngaphambi kokutshala.
- Isitshalo esinezifo siyasuswa.
- Amabhishi afile ayashiswa.
- Ukusuka kumakhambi esintu, kuhlongozwa ukuthi kuphekwe izihlahla ezincane izikhathi ezintathu ngenyanga ngobisi kanye ne-urea.
IStolbur (phytoplasmosis)
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka emaqabungeni, isiqu, izimbali nezithelo. Amaqabunga ashintsha umbala, aphenduke apinki ekuqaleni, bese enza mnyama, abe ngokhahlo futhi abe mncane. Imiphetho isongwe futhi ishidi liba njengesikebhe. Izimbali zikhula ndawonye, zandise, amacembe ahlala emancane. Imvamisa izithelo aziveli kuzo, noma kuvela utamatisi omncane, onombala ongalingani, omhlophe futhi onzima ngaphakathi. Awukwazi ukuzidla.
Imvamisa, leli gciwane lithinta amasiko aseningizimu, abathwali bawo abakhulu yi-cicadas.
IPathogen: Igciwane leLycopersicum 5 Smith virus.
Ukuvimbela: ukubulala amagciwane kokutshala impahla nenhlabathi, ukwahlukaniswa notamatisi kwezinye izilimo zemifino, ukulawulwa kwezithelo zezinambuzane.
Izifo zokukhunta zamatamatisi
Isikhunta singathelela noma iyiphi ingxenye yesitshalo. Leli yiqembu elivame kakhulu lezifo.
Amakhowe abangela ukubola kwezithelo abizwa ngokuthi ukubola. Kungaba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: ukubola oku-brown utamatisi, okumnyama, okumhlophe, okumpunga, izimpande, i-vertex. Uhlobo lwesilonda nezindlela zokuthibela zivamile. Cabanga ngezinhlobo eziningana zokubola.
Ukubola okumhlophe
Isikhunta singena kulesi sitshalo ngomhlabathi. Izithelo zimbozwe izindawo ezimhlophe ezingenamibala.
Imvamisa, izindawo ezonakele zithintekile - ekuqhekekeni kwesikhumba se-fetus ngenxa yokukhula ngokweqile, ukulimala kwemishini, kanye nokwephulwa kwezimo zokuhamba nezokugcina.
I-pathogen: isikhunta se-genus Sclerotinia.
Ukuvimbela: ukungasebenzi kwegciwane ngesikhathi sokutshala, ukuhambisana nemithetho yokuhamba nokuyigcina.
Ukwelashwa: Kucubungula izitshalo ngesixazululo se-sulfate yethusi, i-urea ne-zinc, kufakwe emanzini.
Ukubola okumpunga
Uyakwazi ukubhubhisa ama-50% wesilimo. I-fungus mycelia ingena kwesiqu nezithelo, izicubu ze-necrosis ziyakhula, zithambe bese zimbozwa ngentambo empunga. Ama-Mushroom spores ayasebenza kakhulu futhi aphikelela emhlabathini iminyaka eminingana. Bangasakazeka futhi bevela kwamanye amasiko (isibonelo, ukhukhamba). Ukutheleleka kusakazeka emoyeni nangamanzi.
I-pathogen: ukhunta wohlobo lwe-Botrytis cinerea.
Ukuvimbela:
- ukuncipha komswakama ku-greenhouse;
- ukususwa kwezitshalo ezithelelekile;
- vikela amanxeba amancane nokusikeka okungenza khona ukutheleleka;
- ukubulala amagciwane ngezikhathi ezithile zokugcina izithombo.
Ukwelashwa: amakhemikhali (i-Bayleton, Euparen), ukwelashwa nge-sodium humate. Ithuluzi elisebenzayo ukuhlanganisa kwezilonda ngokunameka okune-fungicidal kuxutshwe ne-CMC glue. Le nqubo kumele iphindwe kanye njalo emavikini ama-2 ukuze kungabonakali amabala amasha.
Ukugoqwa kokubola kwamatamatisi
Elinye igama umlenze omnyama. Kubangelwa ukubonakala kwendawo ethintekile: ingxenye engenhla yezimpande entanjeni yezimpande iba mnyama kanye nama-rots. Ukulandela isitshalo sonke kuyafa. I-fungus isakazeka enhlabathini enomswakama, egcinwe kumfucumfucu wezitshalo nembewu Ukutheleleka okuyisisekelo kuvela enhlabathini endala naku-peat. Umswakama owengeziwe ubhebhethekisa lesi sifo.
Amagciwane: isikhunta se-genus Rhizoctonia solani.
Ukuvimbela: gcina umbuso wokunisela, imbewu enamagciwane nanhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala, ngokwesibonelo, iPseudobacterin-2 ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 100 l wamanzi, amalungiselelo aqukethe isibabule nawo ayasebenza
Ukwelapha: susa isitshalo esithintekile ezimpandeni, phatha umhlabathi ngokumiswa okungu-0,25% weRidomil Gold, ungatshali utamatisi kule ndawo unyaka owodwa.
Iqembu elilandelayo lamakhowe lithinta amaqabunga ngezindawo ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke igama labo liyabala. Kukhona amabala amnyama, grey, amhlophe, ansundu, amabala ophuzi emaqabungeni utamatisi.
Septhemba
Elinye igama ibala elimhlophe. Isikhunta sithinta amaqabunga, ambozwe amabala akhanyayo, aqothuka futhi omile ngaphandle. Izimo ezijabulisa kakhulu ukhunta zingamazinga okushisa kusuka kuma-15 kuye kwangama-27 degrees kanye nomswakama womoya kusuka ku-77%. Isikhunta sigcinwa ezinsaleleni zesitshalo.
I-pathogen: isikhunta se-Septoria lycopersici.
Ukuvimbela: ukususwa kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo, ukugcina ibanga ngesikhathi sokutshala ,hlukanisa utamatisi kokunye okusondele.
Ukwelashwa: ukufafaza nge fungicides.
Cladosporiosis
Igama lesibili amabala ansundu. Kuyathinta amaqabunga lapho kuvela khona amabala ansundu, ansundu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ambozwe ngotshani. Njengawo wonke amakhowe, i-ejenti ebangela izifo zesifo sikatamatisi iba nomswakama ophezulu kanye namazinga okushisa. Izingxabano ziyaqhubeka kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10. Abafuyi bahlala bezithuthukisa izinhlobo zamatamatisi, bakha izinhlobo ezingamelana ne-cladosporiosis.
Amagciwane: isikhunta se-genus Passalora fulva ne Cladosporium fulvum.
Ukuvimbela: ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zemithi ezivikelwa yilesi sifo.
Ukwelashwa: ukufafaza ngezidakamizwa: HOM, Abiga-Peak, Polyram.
I-Macrosporiosis
Elinye igama ukubala okumpunga kwamaqabunga utamatisi. I-etiology yalesi sifo isisafana. Kumaqabunga athintekile, kwakheka amabala anemibala onsundu. Ziyanda ngosayizi, ziyaxhuma, zithinta izicubu zeshidi. Isitshalo siyaphela.
Amagciwane: isikhunta se-genus Stemphylium solani.
Ukuvimbela: ukuthuthwa kwendle kanye nembewu ngaphambi kokutshala, ukuthobela umthetho wokukhanya.
Ukwelashwa: ukufafaza nge fungicides.
I-Alternariosis
Isikhunta sithinta amaqabunga, isiqu nezithelo zamatamatisi. Ekuqaleni, lesi sifo siyaqhubeka emaqabungeni, asibekela amachashaza amakhulu anemibala ansundu bese komile kancane kancane. Isiqu sibuye simnyama bese siyafa. Esitsheni, amabala avela esiqwini, lapho kunomswakama owenele, kuvela ukhunta. Isihloko setamatisi siba mnyama, sicindezeleke, sifake i-velvet. Ukhunta ukhula ikakhulukazi ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa angama-25-30 degrees kanye nomswakama ophezulu.
I-pathogen: isikhunta isikhunta i-Alternaria solani Sorauer.
Ukuvimbela: ukwelashwa kwezimbewu nenhlabathi ngama-antifungal agents (Trichodermin, Fitosporin, njll.), Khetha izinhlobo zamatamatisi ezingamelana nalesi sifo.
Ukwelashwa: ukwelashwa ngamalungiselelo aqukethe yethusi (i-Ridomil Gold, Skor) ngesikhathi sezitshalo, uma izithelo zavela - imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo.
Awukwazi ukutshala utamatisi endaweni lapho amazambane, isitshalo seqanda, iklabishi, upelepele kwakhula khona ngaphambi kwalokho.
Anthracnose
I-Anthracnose utamatisi izitshalo zabantu abadala ziyagula. Isikhunta singathelela amaqabunga nezithelo. Esimweni sokuqala, amaqabunga abuna, isigaxa siveziwe, izimpande sezonakalisiwe, ziba buthakathaka futhi zizacile, isitshalo siyaphuka kalula. Ezingxenyeni ezithintekile, ungaphawula izindikimba ezincane ezimnyama eziqukethe i-mycelium yesikhunta.
Uma amakhowe eshaye izithelo, khona-ke ambozwe izindawo ezibucayi, ezinotshani.
I-Pathogen: Amakhowe e-Colletotrichum.
Ukuvimbela: Ukwelashwa kwembewu no-Agat-25, esikhathini semifino - nge-Quadris noma iStrobi, noma ngesisekelo se-hay bacillus.
Ukwelashwa: Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukisa lesi sifo, abalimi batusa ukuthi kufafazwe izihlahla ngePolyram ngesilinganiso sokudla esingu-2,53 kg / ha.
I-Verticillosis
Isifo fungal esithinta amaqabunga amadala katamatisi. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Chlorophyll kuyaphazamiseka, ngakho-ke amaqabunga ayaphela futhi afe.Ama-fungus mycelia amelana nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa futhi aqhubeka isikhathi eside emhlabathini nasodakeni. Izimpande neziqu kamuva ziyatheleleka. Lesi sifo sisakazeka sisuka ezansi size siye ku-1 m ukuphakama. Azikho izidakamizwa ezinqoba ngokuphelele izinhlobo zesikhunta. Lapho ukhetha izinhlobo zamatamatisi, ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe ekumelaneni ne-verticillosis.
I-pathogen: isikhunta sohlobo lwe-Verticillium.
Ukuvimbela: ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zemithi ezivikelwa yilesi sifo.
Ukwelashwa: isitshalo esinezifo siyaqedwa, kubekwa inhlabathi entsha endaweni yayo, ukuphuculwa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ngaphandle kwezitshalo ezinjenge rye, uphizi, lwesinaphi. Banomthelela ekwakhiweni kwama-microorganisms abhubhisa isikhunta esiyingozi.
I-Powdery hlobo
Uyakwazi ukushaya izindawo ezinkulu. Ama-Microscopic spores of fungus abukeka njengengubo emhlophe emaqabungeni katamatisi. Isitshalo esithintekile sikhubazekile. Izingxenye zeqabunga ziyaqunjelwa, isitshalo siba buthaka bese sifa. Ngokuvamile kukhula emhlabathini ovaliwe.
I-Pathogen: ama-marsupials ohlobo lwe-Oidium erysiphoides Fr.
Ukuvimbela: ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezifikelwa yilesi sifo, ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokuqeda amagciwane ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.
Ukwelashwa: ukufafaza ngama-fungicides, i-sodium humate ye-0,1 ne-0,01% kuwubhubhisa ngokuphelele ukhunta, izidakamizwa "Topaz", "Quadris", "Strobi" ziyasebenza.
I-Ascochitosis
Igama lesibili umdlavuza wesigaxa, ngenxa yokuthi ukhunta kuqala uthinta iziqu zezitshalo, bese isifo sidlulela emaqabungeni nasezithelo. Izindawo ezithintekile zimnyama, kwavela izindawo ezimanzi ezinamabala. Inomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesikhunta esimweni sezulu esibandayo nesinomswakama. Izinhlamvu zesikhunta ziqhubeka isikhathi eside emhlabathini, kudoti wemithi nakwimbewu. Ngokuvamile kuthinta izitshalo zokugcina ukushisa, ezingatholakali emhlabathini ovulekile.
I-pathogen: isikhunta sohlobo lwe-Ascochyta lycopersici.
Ukuvimbela: Ukulima nokuhlwanyelwa kwembewu ngaphambi kokutshala, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kuncipha komswakama, umoya omncane wokugcina izithombo zokugcina izithombo.
Ukwelashwa: ukwelashwa kwamabala ngokunameka okukhethekile kweshizi, ukufafaza ngabalawuli bokukhula (i-Agat-25, i-Immunocytophyte)
I-Fusarium wilting
Isifo esijwayelekile phakathi kwe-nightshade. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamatamatisi amelana neFusarium fungus, kufanele unake lokhu lapho utshala. Uma lungekho lolo hlobo, kufanelekile ukuthatha izindlela zokuthibela ukuze uvikeleke ukutheleleka.
Lesi sifo sivela emaqabunga bese sikhula kusukela phansi kuya phezulu. Okokuqala, kuvela amabala e-chlorotic, khona-ke iqabunga alonakalisiwe bese amahlumela abune. Uma ubeka ihlumela lesitshalo esinegciwane engilazini yamanzi, khona-ke emva kwezinsuku eziyi-1-2 ungabona imicu emicu emhlophe yamakhowe.
Isikhunta sibanga ingozi enkulu kakhulu ezitshalweni zokugcina ukushisa, sithinta uhlelo lwe-vascular zezitshalo. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka kusuka kumfucumfucu wezitshalo.
I-pathogen: isikhunta se-genus Fusarium oxysporum.
Ukuvimbela: Ukulima ngaphambi kokutshala nePseudobacterin -2, i-benzinimidazole, ukuzungeza kwezitshalo, ukubuyiselwa kabusha kwe-microbiological.
Ukwelashwa: Izidakamizwa ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokukhunta ziyi-Trichodermin, i-Benazole, i-Planriz.
Ukulimala okufika lapho
Isifo esijwayelekile samatamatisi emhlabathini ovulekile. I-fungus mycelia enhlabathini ithinta uhlelo lwezimpande nesiqu. Amacembe ambozwe amabala abomvu, ohlangothini lwangemuva ungabona ukuhlanganiswa okumpunga okukhanyayo. Amabala ansundu aqine enza izithelo, zibole bese ziyawa. Ukutheleleka kungenzeka kwesinye isinqe (njengamazambane).
I-pathogen: isikhunta se-Phytophthora infestans.
Ukuvimbela: inzalo yenhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala, ukwelashwa ngePseudobacterin -2, esikhathini sokumila - nge-sodium humate.
Ukwelashwa: ukususwa kwezingxenye zesitshalo ezinegciwane, ukufafazwa kwezitshalo ngesisombululo se-Bactofit esingu-0.5-1% ngokunqunyelwa kwezinsuku eziyi-8 noma nge-Agat-25.
Izifo zamatamatisi ezibangelwa yizimpawu ze-abiotic
Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka kofuzo, isimo sezulu esibi, ukunakekelwa okungafanele.
Izithelo ze-Vertex Rot
Ikhula ngezithelo ezinkulu ngenxa yomhlabathi ongathandeki noma ukuphazamiseka kofuzo ngokuntuleka kwama-calcium ion. Izithelo zimbozwe amabala ansundu lapho kufakwe i-apex, kwesinye isikhathi okuthatha ingxenye yesithathu katamatisi.
Ukuvimbela: ukusetshenziswa komanyolo oqukethe i-calcium, ukuhambisana nombuso wokunisela.
Izithelo eziyize
Lapho lesi sifo singakhi imbewu. Kuvela ukwephula izinqubo zokuvota kanye nokuntuleka kwezakhi (ikakhulukazi i-potassium)
Ukuvimbela: ukuhambisana nezincomo zokutshala izitshalo zamatamatisi, umbuso wokunisela, ukukhethwa kwenhlabathi, ukugqoka okuphezulu.
Izithelo eziqhekekile
Ukuqhekeka kumatamatisi kuvela lapho kunomswakama omningi enhlabathini. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kwemvula enkulu noma ukuthambisa, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni ezinezithelo ezinkulu nesikhumba esincanyana. Empilweni yesitshalo sonke, lokhu okwenzekayo akuyona ingozi. Izithelo zihlala zivuthwa, kepha kungakuhle ukuzisuse esihlahleni ngokushesha, ngoba ukuqhekeka kwabonwa, ngoba izinhlamvu zokubola zingahlala esilondeni.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zivame ukugqashuka endaweni engaba, kanti izinhlobo ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, i-cherry, embuthanweni. Ukuvimbela kuqukethe ukubheka umbuso wokunisela kanye neqoqo lesikhathi sezithelo ezinkulu.
Scarring (utamatisi omubi)
Kutholakala ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu ezinezithelo. Le nto ingumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwezimbali. Isizathu ukwanda kwe-nitrogen emhlabathini kanye nokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus. Isihlahla siyakhula, izimbali azihlukanisi. Babizwa nge- "terry." Umphumela uba yisithelo esikhulu esime ngendlela engajwayelekile sinezibazi ezibizwa nge- “clasps”. Ukuvimbela - susa izimbali eziphindwe kabili ezakhiwe, qapha ukwakheka kwezimbiwa enhlabathini.
Utamatisi ophuzi ocashile
Uma kunokuntuleka kwezinto ezi-organic enhlabathini, i-acidity ephezulu nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwePhosphorus, lesi sifo singadala ukuvuthwa okungalingani kwesithelo "i-yellow disorder". Utamatisi onjalo awukaze uvuthwe kuze kube sekupheleni, usala uhhafu ophuzi. Ngaphakathi akhanya, anzima futhi awanambitha. Indlela yokuphuma iwukusungula amaminerali we-metabolism ekudleni kwezitshalo.
Ukushiswa yilanga
Utamatisi awuthandi ukukhanya kwelanga nokushisa okuqondile. Amaqabunga nezithelo zingashiswa yilanga. Indawo ekulezi zindawo iyadilizwa. Ama-spores of bola angangena emanxebeni e-fetus, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuwususa esihlahleni. Ngokuvimbela, khetha izindawo zamatamatisi ezinomthunzi, nenhlabathi ekhishwe kahle noma ufake izihlungi zokukhanya.
I-Odema
Kubonakala ngesimo samabhubu amancane kumaqabunga utamatisi. Le nto yenzeka ngenxa yokunisela okungafanele, ukwephulwa kwe-turgor ne-salt-salt metabolism. Kuyadingeka ukuhlelela lesi sitshalo endaweni ebanzi kakhudlwana, singene futhi siphathe ngamalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi.
Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wamahlamvu kanye nesiqu
Kwesinye isikhathi, ngemuva kokudlulisa izithombo, abalimi babona ushintsho kumbala wesitshalo: isiqu sikatamatisi siphenduka luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bese amaqabunga ephenduka isithunzi onsomi. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokushintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa. Uma kungekho ezinye izibonakaliso (ukushisa, ukubonakala kwamabala, njll.) Kubhekwe, khona-ke akukho lutho okufanele sikhathazeke ngalo - umbala uzobuyisa ngokushesha lapho izinga lokushisa lenyuka ngaphezu kwama-15 degrees.
Ukuthi lesi sitshalo sasingamelana nenguquko yesimo sezulu, kumele siqine!
Izinguquko zangaphandle zingakhombisa ukuntuleka kwezinto zomkhondo zesitshalo. Ithebula elingezansi libonisa izimpawu okungenzeka ngazo ukuthi kuhlaziywe ukwanela kwezakhi zezinto ezingamsoco ekunakekelweni kwamatamatisi.
Abafuyi nezazi zezolimo zezolimo banikeza izindlela ezintsha zokulwa nezifo zikatamatisi. Esikhathini sokudalwa kwengadi kukhona imikhiqizo yemvelo, amakhemikhali, izinhlobo ezintsha zamatamatisi ezivimbela izifo zokukhunta. Iqoqo lezinyathelo ze-agrotechnical, ukuhambisana nemithetho yokutshala, ukuvimba okufika ngesikhathi kuzosiza ukugcina isivuno.
