Sesikhulumile ngezitshalo eziningi, abangane bomuntu abangazinikeli bona. Kepha ukuthi ungadlula kanjani izitshalo ezinjalo ngokuthula, sibonga lapho sifunde khona ukunambitheka kwetiye, ikhofi, ukhukhunathi? Bangenile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke isikhathi eside kangangokuba babonakala njengento engapheli futhi engafinyeleleki. Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa lezi ziphuzo ezimnandi futhi ngasikhathi sinye ezivuselela umsebenzi womzimba, zilondoloze imizwa yenjabulo futhi zingalimazi.
Kuliqiniso, itiye, ikhukhunathi kanye nekhofi akusho neze ukuqeda yonke imishini yeziphuzo ezivuselelayo. Ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kuphela, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingama-40 baphuza ukufaka imbewu yemithi yezihlahla, ngaphezu kwe-30 miliyoni abantu baseNingizimu Afrika basebenzisa ukufaka amaqabunga esihlahla esihlala sihlala njalo - itiye laseParaguay. Kujwayelekile futhi ukusebenzisa isiphuzo esenziwe ngamaqabunga esihlahlana se-guarana.
Isihlahla setiyi, izimbali (imbali yeCamellia sinensis)Ngamafuphi, noma ngubani othanda ini. Kithina, okubaluleke kakhulu esesiphuzwe iziphuzo “zakudala”, yiti, itiye, cocoa nekhofi, kodwa itiye bekulokhu lithandwa kakhulu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Shono bathi izwe lethu seliphenduke izwe lesibili letiye.
Ngombuzo, liphi izwe langempela letiye, ososayensi manje baphendula ngezindlela ezihlukile. Iningi, nokho, liyavuma ukuthi lesi shlahla esihlala siluhlaza, kwesinye isikhathi, noma kunjalo, sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama, sivela ezindaweni lapho singabonakala khona endle. Lezi yizindawo ezinamahlathi ashisayo asenyakatho yeBurma, India neVietnam, iSouth China, iHainan Island. Ngokuqondene netiye njengesiphuzo, akukho ukungqubuzana noma ukungabaza - lokhu kungukusungulwa kwamaShayina, ayaziyo futhi ayithandayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. NgesiShayina, "itiye" lisho "iqabunga elincane", okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamaqabunga amancane apical ukulungiselela isiphuzo.
Yize isihlahla setiye singokwesitshalo esihlala sikhona, amaqabunga awo amakhulu aphila unyaka owodwa kuphela. Kuliqiniso, isitshalo setiye asikaze sibe nqunu: amaqabunga aso awela, ngokungafani nezitshalo zethu ezinamapulangwe, kancane kancane futhi ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo. Esikhundleni sokuwa, kuvela abasha ngokushesha. Kepha kuqhakaza itiye ekwindla, ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Izimbali, ngamunye ngamunye, noma ezimbili noma ezine, ziyaqhubeka ukuvela kuze kube yilapho iqhwa. Amakha amnandi kakhulu, amhlophe qwa amhlophe qwa noma apinki. Akumangalisi ukuthi ezinye izazi zezitshalo zithi itiye uhlobo lwe-camellia enkulu.
Isigaxa setiyi (Camellia sinensis)Zimbalwa izimbali zetiye avundisiwe: amaphesenti ama-2-4 kuphela, enza izithelo ezincane - amabhokisi enezinhlamvu ezinamafutha omunyu. Izimbali ezisele ziyawa ngokushesha noma zibune.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zetiye ezaziwayo, kepha isisekelo somkhakha wetiyi womhlaba itiye laseChina.
Ukuze kube lula ukuqoqwa kwamaqabunga, izitshalo zetiyi zakhiwa ngesimo sezihlahla ezincane ezinegade. Cishe amahektare ayisigidi atshalwe emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho indawo yethu yonke yezindawo zokutshala itiye idlula amahektha ayinkulungwane.
Isikhathi esedlule simbozwe ngemisebe. Kukhona inganekwane yasendulo yamaShayina yokuthi, izinsuku nobusuku, bengazi ukuphumula, umfundisi wamaBuddha uDarma wathandaza, owasuka eNdiya waya eChina futhi walithola lapha igama elisha elithi Ta Mo. Ngesinye isikhathi, ekhathele ngumkhuleko omude, uTa Mo wawa ngokushesha walala, kwathi lapho evuka wazithukuthelela, waquma izinkophe zakhe zamphonsa phansi ngentukuthelo. Kule ndawo, kungathi isihlahla sokuqala setiye sikhulile. Kusuka emaqabungeni awo, uTa Mo walungisa isiphuzo asithola silulama, sisiza ekuqineni kwengqondo futhi sibiza ukuxhashazwa ngokwenkolo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba afe, wanikeza bonke abalandeli bakhe ukuthi baphuze itiye, bethi liyiphuzo, elaphoqelelwa ukwenziwa kwemicikilisho yenkolo.
Kodwa-ke, itiye lisanda kukhululwa ezandleni zabakhulekeli, ngoba kwasungulwa izakhiwo zalo zokuphilisa. Ubufakazi bokuqala obafika kithi ngokusetshenziswa kwetiye njengesitshalo sokwelapha sibuyela emuva kwinkulungwane yesihlanu BC. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe futhi yi-encyclopedia yasendulo yamaShayina iBentsar, eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-IV BC. Kuyo, itiye lichazwa ngokuningiliziwe, ngolwazi oluphelele lwendaba kokubili njengesiphuzo nanjengesitshalo.
Isigaxa setiyi (Camellia sinensis)Omunye wabahambi abangama-Arabhu ongaziwa owabhalwa kuma-879 AD waphawula ukuthi intela eChina ayiqoqiwe "ngosawoti kuphela, kepha futhi nasezitshalweni ezishiya amaChinese abilayo emanzini. Kuyisigaxa esilula esinamaqabunga amakhulu kunaso umuthi wamapomegranate, nephunga lawo lihle kakhulu, kepha banokulimala okuthile. Babilisa amanzi, bawathululela emaqabungeni, futhi lesi siphuzo siphulukisa izifo eziningi. "
Tea ngokushesha baba isiphuzo sangempela sabantu eChina. Kwanikezwa imiqondo nemisebenzi yezinkondlo kuye, kwahlelwa izindlu zamatheki akhethekile, okuyizinkondlo zothando ezibizwa nge- "oases ogwadule olubi lokuba." Kwakukhona ngisho nenkolelo yetiye - inkolelo-ze, eyayifuna ukukhulekelwa kwesiphuzo, "ngokuyisimangaliso phakathi kokubaluleka kokuphila kwansuku zonke." Kwelinye iphephandaba laseShayina kunengoma yokuphuza itiye: "Itiye lifaka umoya, lithambise inhliziyo, lixoshe ukukhathala, ukucabanga komshado, akuvumeli ubuvila ukuthi buxazulule, bukhanye futhi buqabule umzimba futhi bucacise umbono." Akusekho nokuchazwa itiye ngomdlandla komunye umsebenzi wasendulo waseChinese: "Phuza kancane lesi siphuzo esimnandi, futhi uzozwa amandla okubhekana nakho konke ukukhathazeka okuvamisa kakhulu izimpilo zethu. Ungezwa nje ukuthula okumnandi okuthola ngokuphuza isiphuzo, kepha ayikho indlela yokuchaza. "
Itiye lalingeniswa kusuka eChina ngokuyinhloko liye eJapan, bese liya eYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Imininingwane ngaye okokuqala yafika eRussia ngonyaka we-1567: balethwa yizikhulu zakwaCossack uPetrov noYalyshev, ababuya ohambweni oluya eChina. Kepha kuphela emva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-70, inxusa laseMoscow uVasily Starkov alethe uTsar Mikhail Fedorovich iqoma letiye lamakhilogremu amane. Kwakuyisipho esibuyayo esivela kuMongol Khan ngezimpendulo eziyikhulu ezethulwe kuye. Inxusa laseRussia isikhathi eside futhi ngenkani lenqaba okungabalulekanga, ngombono wakhe, isipho futhi lasemukela, lavuma kuphela ukubekezela kwe-khan. Kepha isipho esibekiwe safika sanambitha emakamelweni asebukhosini. Kuqala, e-Russia itiye laliphuzwa ikakhulukazi yizicukuthwane zenkantolo futhi nangaleso sikhathi njengomuthi, njengoba kuchazwe ngodokotela. Kancane kancane, ukusetshenziswa kwetiye kwakhuphuka, kwathi ngo-1696 kusuka eMoscow kuya eChina okokuqala kwahlonyelwa ikarada likahulumeni elikhethekile.
Ukukhethwa kwamahlathiKamuva, isidingo setiya eRussia saba sikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba kwathatha enye yezindawo eziphambili ekungenisweni kwezimpahla. Cishe ayizinkulungwane ezingama-75 amathani etiyi angeniswa minyaka yonke ngabathengisi eRussia futhi abeka imali enkulu kulokhu. Ukuphuza itiye kuphela kubiza izwe ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-50-60 ngonyaka ngegolide!
AmaRussia enza umnikelo wawo emlandweni wokusebenzisa lesi sitshalo esimangalisayo: bakha umshini wetiye okhethekile, njengoba amaJalimane ayebiza iTula samovar yethu. Ukuphuza itiye eRussia kuya ngokuya kusakazeka, futhi abantu baze bazise ukuhlukaniswa okuyinqayizivele kokusetshenziswa kwayo, okubonisa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo kwabantu bangaleso sikhathi: isiliphu sabacebile, ushukela wabantu abaphakathi kwezindawo, nokubheka abampofu.
Kodwa uma i-samovar ingabizwa ngokuthi umshini ngombandela kuphela, lapho-ke ukuhlanganiswa kokuvuna amaqabunga etiyi, aklanywe esikhathini sethu ngabasebenza izingcweti baseGeorgia, akudingi izephulelo. Kuze kube ngu-1963, itiye lalihlanzwa izandla zethu kuphela. Ukunyakaza kweminwe eyizinkulungwane ezimbili, futhi phansi kubhasikidi kuvela ikhilogremu yokuqala yamaqabunga anamakha, futhi iqoqo eliphakathi nosuku lamakhilogremu angama-30! Ungacabanga ukuthi nguwuphi umsebenzi onzima abaqoqi ababewenza nsuku zonke?
Abasunguli abaningi bazamile ukwenza lula ukuqoqwa kwamaqabunga etiye. Ngisho nobaba we-cybernetics, uNorbert Wiener, owayengayiboni imingcele yomklamo wacabanga, waphonsa izandla zakhe phambi kwale nkinga. "Konke kungacatshangelwa futhi kwenziwe, ngaphandle komshini wokuhlanza itiye," ezinye iziphathimandla zaphetha ngokudumala. Ngabakhiqizi baseGeorgia kuphela abakwaziyo ukudala umvuni weqabunga letiye, abawubiza nge- "Sakartvelo."
Isigaxa setiyi (Camellia sinensis)"Umshini wakho ulethe inguquko yangempela ekukhuleni itiye," ochwepheshe abavela eJapan, eVietnam, eNdiya, eTurkey, eArgentina, eBrazil, abebezoyibona emasimini etiye, bavuma ngamacala.
Umshini ohlakaniphile wenza umsebenzi obabazekayo ngokumangazayo, hhayi nje ukusika amaqabunga etiyeni ezihlahleni, kodwa ukhetha kuphela amaqabunga amancanyana, amancane. Ususa amakhilogremu afinyelela ku-800 ngosuku, egcina ama-ruble angama-7-8 kwisentimitha ngasinye.
Umlando we-tea acclimatization eRussia uyathakazelisa kakhulu. Izitshalo zokuqala itiye zalethwa kithi eminyakeni eyi-150 eyedlule futhi zatshalwa ngudokotela wezitshalo odumile uHartvis endaweni ye-Nikitsky Botanical Garden yamanje, eduze naseYalta. Lapha kwafundwa futhi kwasatshalaliswa iminyaka engama-20, kuze kwaqiniseka ukuthi iCrimea enesimo sezulu esomile ayisebenzi kangako emasikweni etiye.
Ngo-1846, isivivinyo sokuqala setiye saqala eCaucasus. Isikhathi eside akubange kunikeze imiphumela ekhuthazayo, kepha abathanda imboni yamakhefu asekhaya abayekanga. Phakathi kwabo kwakungewona ama-botanists kuphela, izazi zezolimo, amahlathi, kodwa futhi nososayensi abadumile, kwabonakala, kukude kakhulu nokukhula kwezitshalo: i-Climatologist A. I. Voeikov nesazi samakhemikhali - isazi u-A. M. Butlerov. Izithiyo eziningi ezajoyina ekugcineni zahlulwa. Eminyakeni eyikhulu yokuqala yesiko, kwatshalwa cishe amahektare angama-500 wokutshala itiye.
Tea A igatsha eliqhakaza izimbali; 1 - imbali engxenyeni ye-longitudinal; 2 - amandla; I-3 - i-ovary engxenyeni yesiphambano; 4 - ipestle ngenkomishi; I-5 ne-6 - izithelo ezivuthiwe (i-capsule) ezivela ezinhlangothini ezihlukile, ezinembewu; 7 - imbewu enezinsalela ze-ovary; 8 - okufanayo kumongo; 9 - igciwaneKodwa-ke, ukutshala isihlahla setiye kwafinyelela esikhungweni saso sangempela esikhathini seSoviet. Manje izwe lethu alinikeziwe nje kuphela ngetiye lomkhiqizo walo, kodwa futhi liyithumela ngaphandle. Futhi abalimi betiye be-Michurin bakhuthaza ngempumelelo le nkambiso ezindaweni ezintsha: eNyakatho neCaucasus, e-Asia Ephakathi, eTranscarpathia kanye nasesifundeni saseCarlathi. Ukuqalwa kabusha kwangaphambi kokubeletha kwenziwa esifundeni saseMosos naseLeningrad.
Iqembu elikhulu le-Research Institute of Tea and Subtropical Crops lisebenza eGeorgia. Ochwepheshe bayo bahlukanise izinhlobo eziningi zetiye le-hybrid elibalulekile, bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obunikeza izivuno eziphakeme, izindlela ezintsha zokucubungula amaqabunga etiye.
Yini eheha abantu kulesi sitshalo esingajwayelekile? Izifundo ze-biochemical ziwuphendula ngokugcwele lo mbuzo. Kuvela ukuthi phakathi kwezimbali zasendle ezicebe kakhulu zezwe lethu, okuthi, uma zibalwa, zingaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-18 zezitshalo eziqhakazayo, kungabikho sitshalo, ngisho nenani elincane eliqukethe into ebalulekile yamakhemikhali - i-caffeine, netiye liqukethe kufika ku-3,5%. Kulokhu engeza ama-tannins afinyelela ku-20%, amavithamini uCi, uBi, B2, i-nicotinic ne-pantothenic acid, iminonjana yamafutha abalulekile. Kungakho kungamasiko lesi esihlakulela ngokunakekela okunjalo, ukuqoqa ngokucophelela amaqabunga asesihlahleni setiye, siwaqhubekise kumafektri akhethekile. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqoqa amaqabunga ngendlela yesikhathi, ngoba ukunambitheka, ukuhogela iphunga, nokuqukethwe kwe-caffeine nezinye izinto kuyancipha uma usephuze neqoqo, noma usuku olulodwa.
Ngokobuchwepheshe bokulungiselela, itiye lihlukaniswe i-baikhovy, luhlaza okotshani, omnyama, futhi manje abalimi betiye baseSoviet basalungisa itiye eliphuzi nelibomvu, bacebile kakhulu ngamavithamini nezinye izinto eziwusizo.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwesimanje lukucacisile ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwekhambi letiye. Kwavela ukuthi, ngaphezu kwe-caffeine, itiye liqukethe i-vitamin P ebaluleke kakhulu, eqinisa imithambo yegazi ene-capillary, ne-tannin, okuluhlobo lokuqongelela i-Vitamin C.
Isigaxa setiyi (Camellia sinensis)Ukukhuluma ngetiye, umuntu ngeke asho uKsenia Ermolaevna Bakhtadze. Uhlala eKakva, eduzane naseBatumi, futhi uhlala lapha ngo-1927 ukuze athuthukise isitshalo setiye. Zingaphezu kuka-20 izinhlobo zetiye ezinhle kakhulu ezenziwe itiye yisifundiswa, iHero of Socialist Labour K.E. Bakhtadze. Isilwane asithandayo sasiyizinhlobonhlobo zeGeorgia-5. Abanye abaliboni njengetiyi, ngakho-ke amaqabunga alo makhulu futhi ukubukeka kwesitshalo akuyona into engjwayelekile. Isiphuzo esivela emaqabungeni alezi zinhlobonhlobo sihle kakhulu, ngesineke ngokungathandeki, sinephunga elicashile. Yebo, futhi ukukhiqiza kabili kizo zonke izinhlobo ezejwayelekile - amathani ayi-10 amaqabunga akhethiwe ngehektha ngalinye.
"Kepha umuntu akaphili ngetiye elilodwa nje," kusho amahlaya kaKsenia Ermolaevna, ngemuva kokuthola itiye, ehogela irosari elimnandi unyaka wonke. "AmaRoses izimbali zenjabulo, itiye liyisiphuzo sobungqabavu. Ngaphandle kokwenza vivicity, akukho injabulo, kepha ngaphandle kwenjabulo, kuyini okuhle okwenziwe yi-vivacity?" .
Kusetshenziswe ezintweni zokwakha:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Bhuka ngezihlahla
