Inhlabathi iyathuthuka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo

Ukuthenga ikotishi noma indlu enesakhiwo sengadi, asihlali sithola inhlabathi evundile esezingeni eliphezulu yezitshalo ezikhulayo. Uma i-chernozem ivundile, imvama kakhulu kangangokuba akuwona wonke umhlaba ongatshalwa ngempumelelo kuyo. Uma ukukhanya - empeleni kunama-humus futhi adinga ukwethulwa okwengeziwe komquba, humus. Izakhiwo zomhlabathi zokwenziwa nezomvelo, namuhla ezitholakala ngamanani anele emakethe, zisiza ekutholeni umaphakathi ophakathi.

Ingxube ye-coconut substrate ne-perlite. © Karl Ravnaas

Izinto Zokuthuthukisa Umhlabathi

Kungani sizidinga izinto ezinjalo? Bangakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sangempela izinto zemvelo? Ngabe izinga lomhlabathi lizokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi? Ake sizame ukuphendula le mibuzo.

Inhlabathi ehlelekile ithuthukisa imvelo yenhlabathi, isiza izitshalo ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezintsha, esikhathini esifushane, ziqale ukukhula, zikhule futhi zakhe isivuno. Njengomthetho, izitshalo ezitshaliwe zikhula kangcono emhlabathini omncane, ophefumulayo, ongathathi hlangothi. Izici ezifanayo, yiqiniso, zinikeza umquba womhlabathi, humus, compomes. Kepha uzithola kuphi ngenani elifanele? Amanye amadwala namatshe adwebayo kanye namaminerali atholwe izazi zokuma komhlaba anala makhono. Bangama-adsorbents amahle futhi banezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-ion-exchange and catalytic. Lokhu kufaka phakathi isisekelo, ama-vermiculites, ama-zeolites, ama-diatomites, ukhukhunathi nabanye. Abathuthukisi benhlabathi bafika ezitolo ngenani elanele, lifakwe ezikhwameni noma ngendlela yama-briquette. Azinayo impilo yeshalofu, zinomthelela ekwakhiweni ngokushesha kwenhlabathi esetshenzisiwe.

I-Artificial Soil Impsians

Kwamaminerali atholwe ngobuciko, i-perlite ne-vermiculite asebenza kakhulu namuhla ezindlini zasehlobo. Zithuthukisa izindawo ezibonakalayo zenhlabathi: zenze zibe nomoya omningi, zilula, zithuthukise ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho kukhula izithombo, izitshalo zezimbali ezingaphakathi ekhaya, izitshalo ezinezimbali. Bafakwa enhlabathini enobumba obunzima lapho betshala izithombo noma izithombo zezithelo nezilimo eziyizigaxa emhlabathini ovulekile. Abangeni kunoma yiziphi izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali enhlabathini. Faka ngokuphelele.

I-Perlite

I-Perlite iyidwala lentaba-mlilo elakhiwa ngenkathi kuqhuma intaba-mlilo. I-lava eshisayo ihlangana namhlabathi ngamakhemikhali. Amaminerali we-obsidian abangelwa yi-hydrate ngamanzi aphansi komhlaba. I-obsidian hydroxide etholakele yi-mineral perlite, efana nesihlabathi ezindaweni zayo. Ngendlela, i-perlite nesihlabathi zinesisekelo esisodwa - i-silicon oxide, ngenxa yalokho ziyafana ngezici zazo.

I-Obsidian hydroxide inemibala ehlukene yezithunzi eziluhlaza-nsundu-mnyama. Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa, iba mhlophe, iba lula futhi i-porous. Ukugaya nokufudumeza okulandelayo endaweni efakwa kuyo kuguqula idwala libe yi-agroperlite, into enobuningi obuningi esetshenziswa endaweni yonke ku-agronomy.

Izici eziwusizo ze-agroperlite

I-Agroperlite inika i-substrate porosity, ikhuphula ukuvama komoya, ikhulule umhlabathi osindayo, osiza ukuqeda ukufiphala komswakama ezingxenyeni zobumba ngisho nokusabalalisa komswakama enhlabathini. Kuthuthukisa amandla okubamba amanzi enhlabathi ekhanyayo, kunciphisa i-acidity, kunciphisa usawoti. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwizitshalo ezisebenzisa okweqile. Iqongelela amanani omsoco ngokweqile ngaphandle kokungenela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, bese iwabuyisela emhlabathini, lapho ingena khona izitshalo ngaphansi kwethonya lohlelo lwezimpande; okungukuthi, ihlinzeka ngezimo ezijwayelekile zokukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo. I-Agroperlite ingesinye sezingxenye ezinhle kakhulu kulimo lwezitshalo ze-hydroponic.

Lapho sicubungula inhlabathi iminyaka edlule, siyachotshozwa, sisala siyingxenye yomhlabathi yenhlabathi. Imvelo eyakhiwe ngamaminerali emsulwa.

I-Perlite nayo inempahla engathandeki. Kukhanya kakhulu ukuthi kunothuli lapho kusetshenziswa, ngakho-ke imaski yokuzivikela iyadingeka lapho isebenza ngamaminerali. I-Perlite microparticles - uthuli lwengilazi, oluthi, uma lugxotshwa, lungasuswa emgudwini wokuphefumula.

Ingxube yenhlabathi ne-perlite. © uSara

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-agroperlite

Ezingadini zezwe, i-agroperlite isetshenziselwa ukufakelwa umhlabathi, ithuthukise izakhiwo ezingokomzimba zezingxube zenhlabathi lapho kukhula izithombo, ezimbali zasekhaya. Imvamisa basebenzisa enye yezakhi esikhundleni sesihlabathi ekuxubeni kwenhlabathi. I-Agroperlite isetshenziselwa ukugcina ama-cutways nama-cutout we-mizizi kanye namahlumela.

I-Vermiculite

IVermiculite futhi ibhekisela ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlabathi yokufakelwa. Kutholakala emgqonyeni we-ore, obuye uthole ukwelashwa okushisa ezindaweni zokushisa. Ngesikhathi sokudubula, i-vermiculite iyajuluka futhi ihlukane ibe yizingxenyana ze-lamellar ezifana ne-mica. Eqinisweni, i-vermiculite nayo iyi-hydromica, okuthi ngemuva kokudubula iguqule izakhiwo zayo. Izinto ezivelayo zibizwa ngokuthi yi-agro vermiculite.

Amaminerali aphumelelayo yi-inert, ayiqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo, angangeni ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali ngamaminerali enhlabathi. Ngaphandle, i-agrovermiculite ihlukile ku-agroperlite ngombala (mnyama kakhulu) kanye nesimo sezinto ezingxenyeni zezimbiwa. Akubolile, akuboli. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusukela ekulimeni kuphulwe, njenge-agroperlite, futhi kuyaqhubeka kuyisengezo somhlabathi. Umehluko omkhulu yikhono lokuqongelela amanzi kanye namaminerali ezakhiweni ezihlelekile zezingxenyana bese uzikhulula kancane kancane izitshalo. Lezi zindawo zinegalelo ekwehliseni ukulahleka kokunisela nokuthuthukisa umsoco womhlabathi.

Ingxube yenhlabathi ne-vermiculite. © Rhea Shell

Izici eziwusizo ze-agrovermiculitis

I-Agrovermiculite, ngokungafani ne-agroperlite, iqukethe ukwakhiwa kwayo kwe-calcium, potassium, ne-magnesium ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezitshalo. Ucebile nge-silicon, i-aluminium, ne-iron. Azitholakali ezitshalweni, kepha ziqwabelana ebusweni bezakhi zamaminerali okwenziwe ngendlela ye-ion (ukumuncwa) futhi, uma kunesidingo, ziyakhishwa kancane kancane bese zidluliselwa ezitshalweni. Le ndawo, kanye ne-agroperlite, ineqhaza ekunikezelweni kwezakhi zomzimba ezitshalweni. I-Agrovermiculitis iqongelela umswakama ongena enhlabathini ngamanani amakhulu (aze afike ku-500% wesisindo sayo) kumaseli ama-porous. Emvelweni we-agro-vermiculite, njenge-agroperlite, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nezinambuzane azikwazi ukuhlala ziphindaphindeke, izinduku azikwazi ukuzisebenzisela ukudla.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-agodzmiculitis

I-inertness yezinto ezibonakalayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ku-agronomy ekuhlumeni kwezinhlamvu njengengxenye yesithombo sokukhula kwembewu, lapho utshala izithombo zemifino kanye nezithombo zezingadi zezihlahla zezithelo namajikijolo. I-Agrovermiculite yehlisa i-pH yenhlabathi. Izingxenyana ezinkulu zamaminerali zisetshenziswa njengamanzi lapho kukhula izitshalo zezimbali. Lapho kuxutshwe kunoma iyiphi indawo, akhulula inhlabathi, ukuvimba ukwakheka kokuqunjelwa ngemuva kokunisela (i-mulch enhle kakhulu).

Ukuhluma kwembewu ku-vermiculite

Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-agroperlite ne-agrovermiculitis?

Ngenxa yezici zokwakheka nezakhiwo, i-agrovermiculite ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa izitshalo ezinhle. Amandla ayo okuqongelela umswakama angadala ukubola kwezimpande.

I-Agroperlite ayikwazi ukuqongelela umswakama, ijoyine amakhompiyutha nomanyolo, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ngendlela yayo emsulwa ku-4-5 kg / sq. m yendawo yokufaka umbuthano osondelene nezindilinga zezitshalo zabantu abadala. Ngaphansi kwesendlalelo sazo, izinambuzane ngeke zikwazi ukweqa ngokweqile, izifo zikhule, namagundane hibernate. Ngaphansi kokutshala izilimo zemifino, ungqimba we-mulch emhlabathini lufinyelela ku-3 cm, izitshalo zasendlini - 1 cm.

Ukulungiselela ingxube yomhlabathi efanelekile, u-15% womabili amaminerali wesisindo somhlabathi olungiselelwe wengezwe emhlabathini wokuqala. Ingxube esezingeni eliphakeme yezithombo yezilimo zasendlini nezithombo zemifino zitholakala ngokuxuba i-peat ne-agroperlite ne-agrovermiculite esilinganisweni (in%) 70:15:15.

Ukuze uthole ukusikwa kwe-mizizi yezitshalo zomhlaba ovulekile usebenzisa i-agodzmiculite nge-peat (1: 1), izitshalo zasendlini 2: 1. I-Agrovermiculite inciphisa i-acidity enhlabathini, ngakho-ke lapho ulungiselela ingxube yokusika okusikayo kwezitshalo zasekhaya ze-herbaceous, izingxenye ezimbili ze-agroemiculite ngengxenye eyodwa ye-peat ziyasetshenziswa.

Lapho utshala izithombo zesihlahla nesihlahla se-berry, kufakwa ku-3 kg we-agro-vermiculite kwingxube yenhlabathi yomgodi wokutshala. Lapho ukufakelwa nokutshala ama-sitrobheli kanye nama-sitrobheli asendle, kutshala izithombo ngaphansi kwesihlahla, engeza izinkomishi ezingaba ngu-1,0-1,5 umgodi ngamunye bese zihlangana nenhlabathi.

Ngezihlahla ezisikiwe ezisebenzisa i-agroperlite, ingxube yenhlabathi ilungiswa ngokwesilinganiso esingu-4: 1. Ukuze ungathuli, i-agroperlite kumele inyiswe kancane ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa. Ukuhumusha ngeke kuguqule izakhiwo zamaminerali.

I-Perlite ne-vermiculite. © Herbs Patch

Amaminerali we-sedimentary wezintaba - ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kuyathuthuka

Ngaphezu kwamaminerali akhiqizwe ngobuhlakani, amadwala asedimentary kanye namaminerali ayathengiswa, ekuqaleni ezinempahla yokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi (ama-diatomites, ama-zeolites nabanye).

I-Diatomite

Kumaminerali wemvelo weenhlabathi eziphezulu ezingakwazi ukugcina amanzi, kusetshenziswa i-diatomite. Indalo yemvelo enobuhlakani obukhulu obugcwele i-quartz yandisa umthamo wamanzi wokubamba kwenhlabathi. Kwinhlabathi enobumba, ukuxuba umhlaba we-diatomaceous namapulangwe kakhukhunathi kanye nenhlabathi, ungathola ingxube engagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukuxinana kwenhlabathi, ikwenze kube lula futhi kuvame ukutholakala kwamanzi nomoya, kodwa futhi kube nomthelela omuhle ku-acidity noma usawoti.

Amanye amaminerali ayakwazi ukugcina amanani amaningi ezakhamzimba bese kancane kancane ewunika izitshalo njengoba kudingeka. Ukhuphula ukuqina kwenhlabathi, izakhiwo zayo ze-adsorption, awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwengxube ye-diatomite ne-zeolite.

I-Zeolite

I-Zeolite igcina nomphumela wayo omuhle ezindlini zenhlabathi okungenani iminyaka emi-5, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho uhlela utshani, ubuyisela izimbali, ushintsha nenhlabathi ebamba ukushisa. Isakhiwo se-porous se-zeolites iyi-sorbent eyingqayizivele, "i-molecule sieve", lezi zakhiwo zisetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokushintshana kwenhlabathi. Kwezolimo, ama-zeolites asetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukulawula i-acidity yenhlabathi, ukugcinwa komswakama, i-adsorption ye-arsenic, cadmium, lead, ithusi kusuka kwabampofu ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi. Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanzi lapho ufuya izinhlanzi ezindaweni ezivalekile. EBulgaria, i-zeolite ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo isetshenziswa ekutshaleni ama-sitrobheli anobungani bemvelo.

Emhlabathini one-acidic, ongatshalwa kahle, nenhlabathi engavundile, ukusetshenziswa kwama-zeolites kanye nokungcola kukakhukhunathi kuyasebenza. Ungenza ngokushesha umthamo omkhulu womanyolo wezimbiwa, ongeke ukwazi ukweqisa inhlabathi, kepha ngokungena kancane kancane ungene ohlelweni lwezimpande.

I-Zeolite

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemfucumfucu Ukhukhunathi

I-coconut substrate ayiqukethe imbewu yokhula ne-microflora ye-pathogenic, ine-acidity engathathi hlangothi. Ukulungiselela i-substrate efanele izithombo ezikhulayo, ukusikwa kwe-mizizi, sekwanele ukuxuba isigaxa sikakhukhunathi nenhlabathi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 3, ngokulandelana. Usebenzisa imfucumfucu kakhukhunathi ekwakhekeni kwengxube yenhlabathi, awukwazi ukondla izithombo. Lapho ibolile, ingxenye kakhukhunathi izosebenza njengesengezo sokudla kwezithombo, ukusikwa kwe-mizizi kanye nokusikwa.

Ingxube yomkhiqizo kakhukhunathi ne-agodzmiculite inconyelwa abatshali bezimbali izitshalo zezimbali lapho sezitshalwe emabhodweni nalapho zitshalwa kabusha.

Izingxube ezinjalo azinakuphindeka lapho kukhula imifino kanye nezinye izilimo ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi zisebenza nge-hydroponic. Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi ye-hydroponic yokufakelwa, kuvame ukusetshenziswa ingxube yamaminerali (i-perlite, i-vermiculite, uvolo lwamaminerali, i-coconut fiber).

Kuzithombo ezikhulayo, amachashaza kakhukhunathi acutshungulwa nge-trichoderma ayathengiswa. Esiqeshini esinjengalesi, i-microflora emibi engalulami.

Ama-egghells ama-shredred angasebenza njengezithasiselo ngaphandle kokubakhona kwama-microorganisms we-pathogenic ukuxubana kwenhlabathi. Ebhakede lomhlabathi noma sawdust elibunjiwe, izinkomishi eziyi-1-2 zamagobolondo amaqanda enhlabathi anele.

Isigaxa sikakhukhunathi.

Mfundi othandekayo, le ndatshana ixoxa ngezimo zabanye abathuthukisa inhlabathi. Usebenzisa lezi noma ezinye izinto ezithuthukisa inhlabathi, qiniseka ukuthi ufunda izincomo futhi uzilandele lapho ulungiselela ukuxubana.