Ezimweni zezulu zaseRussia, iBelarus kanye ne-Ukraine, azikho izitshalo eziningi ezinkulu ezingama-liane ezingakhula kamnandi futhi zithele izithelo. Isibonelo sesiko elingahloniphi ubusika yi-actinidia, ukutshala nokunakekela okuthi, lapho kukhethwe izinhlobo ezifanele, kunikeze imiphumela emihle.
Phakathi kwezinzuzo ze-actinidia akuyona kuphela amandla okubekezelela isimo sezulu esibandayo futhi ukhule isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokufakelwa, ukulima ingadi yakho ngokuphelele yendawo, kodwa futhi nokuletha ngentshiseko izithelo ezimnandi nezinempilo. Ngokuqala kwezinhlobo eziqinile zokuzalelwa okufuywayo, ukuthola izitshalo ezinzile kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakathi nezwe, naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga, nasekutshaleni i-actinidia eSiberia.
Isiko linozinzuzo eziningi, isibalo sabalandeli siyakhula futhi, kepha ngaphambi kokukhetha indawo "yokuhlala" yensimu esizayo, udinga ukufunda okuthile ngohlobo lwesitshalo nangezimpawu zokutshala kwaso.
Bobabili laba balimi bezitshalo nabalimi abanolwazi bakade bephikisana iminyaka eminingi mayelana nokuzinza kwe-actinidia. Ukubheka okukodwa emvinini wokuqhakaza okwanele ukubona "ubulili" besimangaliso esithile. Ngokuphathela izimbali zabesifazane impova, impova iyadingeka, ethwalwa yizinambuzane zabesilisa noma umoya. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola isitshalo, udinga ukuhlela ukutshala izimbhangqwana noma izithombo eziningi ngasikhathi sinye.
Ungezwa ukuthi izitshalo zabesifazane ze-actinidia zithela izithelo ngaphandle kokubanga impova ngaphandle, kepha lokhu kuyinto eyehlukile. Ukuze wazi ngqo "ubulili" besithombo, kuyadingeka ukuxhumana namalokishi afakazelwe noma izitolo eziku-inthanethi zokutshala impahla ye-actinidia.
Ukutshala ama-anemones nokunakekela izithombo
Isikhathi sendabuko sokutshala i-actinidia yintwasahlobo. Njengoba izitshalo ezingamesabi amakhaza asebusika zivuka futhi zisebenze ngokuzikhandla ngokuqala kokushisa, zingahlushwa iziqandisi zentwasahlobo ezikhohlisayo cishe kuyo yonke indawo endaweni ephakathi nasenyakatho. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi izithombo zingene emhlabathini ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokukhula, okungukuthi, ngo-Ephreli noma ngemuva kwesikhashana, lapho kukhulunywa ngokutshala i-actinidia futhi iyinakekela e-Urals, empumalanga noma ezifundeni ezisenyakatho nentshonalanga.
Intwasahlobo yisikhathi esihle sokuhlala endaweni entsha yokuhlala nezitshalo ezincane, kuze kube seminyakeni engu-3 ubudala, nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezinkulu ezitshalwe kabusha. Uma ukutshala kwe-actinidia entwasahlobo ngasizathu simbe kuhlulekile, isikhathi esifanele sisematheni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha isikhathi esifanele, ngaphandle kwalokho isitshalo esingazange sibe nesikhathi sokuthatha izimpande sinqunywe ekudleni, bese singena esimweni esicindezela kakhulu. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ayilungiselelwe ngokuphelele ebusika, ngoMashi nango-Ephreli kunokushintshwa njalo kwe-thaw neqhwa. Ngakho-ke, ubungozi bukhulu bokuthi umvini wegadi ungabanda noma ufe.
Ukwenza lula ukunakekelwa okulandelayo kwe-actinidia, kungcono ukuhlela ukufika isikhathi esingamaviki angama-3-4 ngaphambi kokufika okujwayelekile kwama-frost ekwindla.
Ukukhetha indawo ongatshala kuyo i-actinidia
Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezihlahla ze-actinidia zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zemvelo zihlala ngaphansi komqhele wezihlahla futhi zikhuphuke iziqu namagatsha lapho zikhula. Engadini yalesi siko, udinga ukukhetha indawo ukuze isitshalo seminyaka eminingi ezayo sinikezwe:
- isikhala sokukhula;
- ukwesekwa okuthembekile;
- ukuvikela komoya obandayo;
- inhlabathi efanelekile evulekile yokusabela kokungathathi hlangothi noma okune-asidi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-actinidia ayikubekezeleli ukusondela kwamanzi asemhlabathini, ihlupheka uma izimpande nezingxenye ezingezansi zesiqu zikhukhulwa noma zigwiliswa enhlabathini eminyene ngaphandle komoya-mpilo.
Ukuze bangachithi isikhathi ukuvikela izitshalo kusuka kwisithwathwa, ukushiswa yilanga noma ukushiswa, ukwenza lula ukunakekelwa kwe-actinidia, bazama ukutshala esifundeni saseLeningrad nakwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho ukuya enyakatho noma mpumalanga yezakhiwo nocingo. Lapha, i-liana izovula amaqabunga kungekudala, kodwa ngokuqinisekile ngeke ihlupheke ngenxa yamaqhwa okubuya kanye nokuqandeka kweqhwa okwenziwe elangeni.
Enyakatho ekude, ngokushesha iqhwa liyancibilika. Ngakho-ke, kakade emgqeni ophakathi nendawo, kanye nalapho utshala futhi unakekela i-actinidia e-Ukraine, i-Kuban yaseRussia naseCrimea, imikhawulo ekukhetheni indawo incane kakhulu. Isiko alwesabi ukushiswa yilanga ehlobo, izithelo zidinga umthunzi welanga noma okhanyayo, futhi ukuvikeleka emoyeni kubalulekile ezitshalweni ezincane.
I-Actinidia impova ingahanjiswa ngamabanga amade, futhi kungcono ukutshala izitshalo zowesilisa nabesifazane eduze, kodwa kungabi ngaphansi kwebanga elilodwa lamamitha ayi-1-2 ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Uma kufanele wakhe udonga oluphilayo kusuka ku-colomict actinidia, uvunyelwe ukutshala ngezikhathi ezithile ezingaba ngu-60 cm. Ukuze uthole amasimu amakhulu, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa imigqa ehlelwe ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu. Kulokhu, izitshalo zithola umswakama isikhathi eside entwasahlobo futhi zikhanya ngokulinganayo.
Ukutshala i-Actinidia nokunakekela izithombo
Imigodi yokutshala ye-actinidia ilungiselelwe amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokudluliselwa kwezithombo emhlabathini. Ezitshalweni ezineminyaka emibili ubudala, imigodi enobubanzi nobubanzi obungadluli kwengxenye yemitha yanele. Phansi, kuyasiza ukuphinda ukhiphe udaka lobumba olwandisiwe, izitini eziphukile noma amatshe amancane. Ukuze i-actinidia ikhule ngokushesha ngemuva kokufakelwa, inhlabathi ixubene ne-humus ekhethwe kahle noma i-peat exutshwe nomanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi osuselwa kwi-nitrogen, potassium ne phosphorus. Umgodi wokufika ungadinga:
- 8-10 kg we-humus;
- Amagremu angama-200 we-superphosphate;
- Amagremu angama-50 we-ammonium nitrate;
- Amagremu angama-80 omanyolo we-potash ahambe izinkomishi ezimbili zomlotha wezinkuni ohlutshiwe.
Awukwazi ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa nge-chlorine evimbela ukukhula kwe-actinidia, umquba omusha kanye no-lime. Inhlabathi, ikakhulukazi lapho sikhona, iyasiza ukukhipha uthuthuva.
Lapho isiza sekulandelwa sesilungisiwe, nakekela i-actinidia ekwelapheni uhlelo lwayo lwezimpande. Izimpande zesitshalo zithinta ukomiswa, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokususa izingxenye ezifile noma ezilimele, kungcono ukuzicwilisa kwikhambi lobumba oluwuketshezi.
Emgodini wokutshala, isithombo sibekwa phezu kwendunduma yenhlabathi enezakhi zomsoco. Uhlelo lwezimpande luqondile, kufakwa ukusekelwa eduze kwalo, okuzoqala kuthathe isisindo somvini okhulayo. Ngemuva kwalokhu, isithombo sifafazwa ngokucophelela ukuze intambo yezimpande yesitshalo ingangeni ngaphansi kwenhlabathi. Indawo yokuhlala:
- ihlangene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumelana kwe-actinidia futhi kuqedwe kwehluleka ngemuva kokunisela;
- chitha amanzi amaningi afudumele, ahlala;
- i-mulch ngengxube ye-peat-humus.
Esikhathini esizayo, lapho i-actinidia encane ikhula, kuzodinga ukwesekwa okunamandla kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, i-trellis noma i-arch, uthango noma udonga lwendlu.
Ngaphezu kokusekela, isithombo ekuqaleni kokuphila sidinga ukuvikelwa emakati, kuvame ukugedla amazinyo noma kumane kuphule isitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ezizungeze isiqu, uthango lwenziwe ngensimbi noma nge-plastiki eqinile engaba yingxenye yemitha ukuphakama.
Ukunakekelwa kwe-Actinidia ngemuva kokutshala
I-Far Eastern ubuhle i-actinidia, lapho itshala futhi ihamba emadolobheni amancane nakwezinye izindawo zesifunda esiphakathi, isisungule isiko lokuhlala futhi elingathandeki. Ukukhula okuhle nokuqina okuzinzile kwe-actinidia, udinga:
- ukuchelela, nezikhathi ezomile ezomile nokufafaza;
- ukugqokwa kathathu okuphezulu;
- ukugoba kanye nokuthenwa kwendle;
- ukhula kanye nokukhulula umphezulu wemithi.
Isiko alikukhuthazi ukoma kusuka ohlelweni lwezimpande, olungaphendula ngalo ngamaqabunga ewayo, izimbali namaqanda, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esishisayo, imivini iniselwa ngamanzi ngamalitha angama-60-100 kwisitshalo ngasinye esidala.
Ukunisela nokufafaza kwenziwa ekuseni noma kusihlwa, ukuze kuthi lapho kuvela ilanga, amaqabunga omile angambozwa futhi angambozwa ngamabala okushiswa.
Umanyolo usetshenziswa kathathu:
- entwasahlobo, ukuze kulondolozwe i-actinidia ngemuva kokudlula ubusika nokulungiselela kwayo ukuqhakaza;
- ehlobo, lapho amahlumela embozwe amaqanda;
- ekwindla ekuqaleni kokuvunwa, ukulungisa isitshalo ebusika.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwentwasahlobo kufanele kube nezingxenye ezimbili zomanyolo we-nitrogen nengxenye eyodwa yezithasiselo ze-potash ne-phosphorus. Ehlobo, izilinganiso ziyefana, kepha ukucwilisa ukwakheka kuyanqanyulwa. Ekwindla, ukuze i-liana inciphise ukwakhiwa kwamahlamvu, amahlumela amasha futhi iqinise amagatsha akhona, ihlinzekwa nge-potassium ne-phosphorus ngaphandle kokufaka i-nitrogen.
Umanyolo i-actinidia ngemuva kokutshala ifaka ekwindla kuphela. Udinga ukulinda izithelo zokuqala ezivela ezitshalweni ngemuva kweminyaka engama-3-4. Ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile kuza kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka engu-6 ubudala futhi kuphela uma umqhele unqunyelwe kahle.
Njengomthetho, i-actinidia ayihlushwa amakhaza ebusika. Kuphela amahlumela asehlobo angavuthiwe angabamba iqhwa, ngakho-ke, athungathwa ekwindla, futhi amagatsha adala ukushuba ngokweqile, acasule ukusakazwa kwesikhunta esinobungozi, ukubola, izinambuzane,
Ukuthenwa kwe-Autumn kwenziwa ngemuva kokuvunwa, lapho isikhathi sokukhula sesinciphile. Entwasahlobo, le nqubo yenziwa ekuseni kakhulu, kuze kube yilapho isitshalo sivuka, ngaphandle kwalokho amahlumela azophelelwa ngamajusi.
Lapho utshala futhi unakekela i-actinidia eSifundeni saseMoscow, ama-Urals nakwezinye izifunda, imvamisa ukwakheka kwesihlahla kwenziwa amahlumela amabili amakhulu. Ngaseningizimu, lapho ihlobo lide futhi kuncane khona engcupheni yokuqothula ukukhula kwentsha, ungazama ukukhula isampula enamandla kakhudlwana. Ungathuthukisa ukuvuthwa kwamahlumela ngokuwabhinca ngobumnene ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-ovary.
Imivini emincane ekwindla isuswa ekusekelweni futhi igobile emhlabathini, embozwe nge-peat, ngamagatsha e-spruce noma okunye okubonakalayo. Ukunakekelwa okunjalo nge-actinidia ngemuva kokutshala ngaphesheya kwe-Urals, eSiberia nasenyakatho nengxenye yaseYurophu kusiza ukuvikela izitshalo ekuqandeni. Izinhlobo zabantu abadala zithungwa kuphela, zisusa izinkuni ezingavuthiwe nezonakele.
