Ukukhawulelwa kwenhlabathi inqubo yokufaka izengezo ezikhethekile enhlabathini ukunciphisa izinga le-acidity. Ngenhloso yalezi, i-lime, i-chalk powder, i-tuff, i-marl, i-shale ne-peat ash, i-belite ne-dolomite ufulawa, kanye nothuli kasimende kanye ne-slag evulekile yokuzwa. Kepha, ngokwesibonelo, usawoti we-sodium wokumisa umhlabathi ngeke usebenze, ngoba kuzoba kungafaneleki ngokulinyelwa ngempumelelo kwezilimo.
Ukukhawulwa kwenhlabathi: kusetshenziswe nini futhi kwenzelani?
Ukwethulwa kwe-lime enhlabathini kuholela hhayi kuphela eqinisweni lokuthi i-acidity yenhlabathi incishisiwe, kodwa futhi nokwanda kwengxenye ye-calcium, i-magnesium nezinye izinto eziwusizo ze-micro and macro. Ngakho-ke, ukumiswa kwenhlabathi akuyona nje kuphela ukwehla kwe-acidity, kodwa futhi nomanyolo obalulekile wezitshalo.
Ama-plus of liming nawo angabikwa ngokunyuka kokukhula kwenhlabathi - inhlabathi enjalo izodonsa umswakama kahle futhi iwugcine usondele ebusweni. Ngakho-ke izimpande zezitshalo zizothola ukumukelwa kahle kakhulu emanzini ngisho nangesikhathi esishisayo. Ezimweni zomswakama kanye nokugcwala ngezinto eziwusizo, i-microflora yenhlabathi ithuthuka ngokushesha, okuholela kumanyolo wemvelo wemibhede. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilimo zezimpande ngeke zidonsa inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi, njengoba bekungaba njalo uma ukumiswa kungakhishwa ngesikhathi.
Akunakwenzeka ukumanzisa inhlabathi futhi uyihlanganise nomanyolo, ngoba umphumela ungxube enganuki futhi engenamsebenzi wezitshalo.
Inhlabathi enama-acidic inethonya elibi ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Uma kunenhlabathi ene-acidity eyengeziwe esizeni, kuzokuba nzima ukufeza isivuno esihle sazo zonke izinhlobo zamabhetshu, kanye neklabishi, ummbila kanye nezinsalela. Uma inhlabathi nayo inesihlabathi, lapho okutshalekile kuzobe kungenayo i-magnesium ne-calcium. Izingxube ze-manganese ne-aluminium, eziyingozi ezitshalweni, kunalokho, zizokhombisa ukwanda komsebenzi.
Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi
Ekhaya, ungaqinisekisa ngokuzimela ukuthi ukukhawulwa kwenhlabathi ye-acid kuyadingeka esizeni sakho. Indlela elula yokwenza lokhu ukusebenzisa amaphepha we-litmus noma amathuluzi akhethekile ukuthola umkhawulo we-acidity yenhlabathi. Uma lungekho ithuba lokwenza ukuhlaziya okulungile, kuzoncika "kumakhambi abantu":
- Ukhula amakhambi anjengamahhashi ne-dandelion akhula ngokushesha emhlabathini ngokuntuleka kwe-alkali. Inhlabathi enomhlume ikhethwa yi-sorrel, mint ne-plantain. Emhlabathini we-alkaline noma ongathathi hlangothi, i-clover, coltsfoot ne-quinoa zikhula kahle.
- Ukubukeka kwaphezulu kufana nomlotha wokhuni, kwezinye izindawo ebusweni ukuhlanganiswa okumpunga kuyabonakala noma kunjalo.
- Naka izingwadla zemvelo nezindawo eziphansi endaweni - ngemuva kwemvula amanzi aphenduka abomvu, kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ifilimu engabonakali yemibala ye-rainbow phezulu.
- Thatha umhlaba omncane ovela esakhiweni bese uwuthulula ngeviniga yetafula. Uma kungenzeki lutho, lokhu futhi kuyinkomba yokwanda kwe-acidity (njengoba uviniga eyi-acid, khona-ke akufanele ulinde impendulo enobudlova lapho kuxutshaniswe nenhlabathi ene-acid). Kepha uma umhlaba waqala ukushaya amagwebu - khona-ke kungathathi hlangothi noma i-alkali, kulokhu akudingekile ukukhawulela umhlabathi.
I-Liming ne-gypsum inhlabathi
I-Gypsum yehlukile ngokufaka umhlabathi ngenhlabathi ngokuthi ingagcini i-acidity kuphela, kepha futhi isusa i-sodium eningi emhlabathini. I-Sodium ithinta kabi izakhiwo zomhlaba namakhemikhali omhlaba, futhi izilimo ezikhulayo ezindaweni ezinjalo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Yikuphi ukuvela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngemuva kokuba i-gypsum ingezwe emhlabathini? Iphesenti le-sodium liyancipha, bese lithathelwa indawo nge-calcium eningi elethwa emhlabathini. Njengoba i-calcium inenzuzo ezitshalweni, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunomthelela omuhle ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.
Kwi-gypsum, imfucuza yezimboni enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-gypsum ne-phosphorus, kanye ne-gypsum eluhlaza, ivame ukusetshenziswa. Ukubona ukuthi ingakanani i-gypsum edinga ukungezwa, ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi ngamakhemikhali kwenziwa kuqala, kunquma inani le-sodium eliqukethwe kulo. Ngokwesilinganiso, kuzodingeka amathani ama-3 kuya kwayi-15 womanyolo, kanti isidingo esikhulu kakhulu se-gypsum sizwakala yi-solonetzes nenhlabathi ye-solonetzic.
Ukutshala kwenziwa ngaphakathi kokulima, ukuhlwanyela izitshalo zisetshenziswa noma ukunisela. Njengomphumela, isivuno sezilimo ezitshaliwe sikhuphuka ngo 3-6 centers ngehektha ngalinye. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukugcwala okusebenzayo kakhulu kwezindawo ezinkelwayo, kepha isikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwesiza siyancishiswa.
Izinhlobo zikamanyolo zikalamula
Ngokufaka i-liming, powders (chalk, dolomite, limestone) elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile ukubhula noma ukugaya ingasetshenziswa, kanye nemfucuza yezimboni enamaphesenti amaningi kamusi.
Izindlela eziphambili zokunciphisa umhlabathi ufulawa we-lime, cishe ngokuphelele owakhiwe nge-calcium carbonate (CaCO)3) Uma ingxube iqukethe, ngaphezu kwe-calcium carbonate, inani elikhulu le-magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), khona-ke le ngxube ibizwa ngokuthi ufulawa we-dolomite. Amagnesium amadwala ahlala isikhathi eside, futhi ukuthola ufulawa kuwo kunzima kakhulu, kepha ngenxa yalokho, umanyolo owusizo kakhulu ezitshalweni uyaphuma. Izinhlabathi zeSandy zithola ukushoda okukhulu kakhulu kosawoti we-magnesium, ngakho-ke, umcako omsulwa awusetshenziswanga wona. Ukuthola umphumela omuhle kakhulu, i-marl ngisho nothuli losimende olujwayelekile lungangezwa engxubevange.
Izinga lamandla empuphu angeniswa enhlabathini linqunywa ngamaphesenti e-calcium ne-magnesium carbonates (lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emfucumfucu yezimboni) nokuthi ugcotshwa kahle kangakanani. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu zinencibilikisi ephansi, ngakho inhlabathi "izibamba" kancane. Ukuze usebenze kahle kakhulu, kungakuhle ukuthi ukhethe ufulawa we-limestone onesilinganiso sokugaya esingabi ngaphezu kuka-0,25 mm.
Umenzeli wokumisa ngokuphumelelayo ulamula osikiwe. Lokhu kuyimpuphu etholakala ngamatshe e-calcining limestone, ahlanganiswe namanzi. I-lime eshisiwe noma i-fluff eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala ifukuza inhlabathi ngokushesha kunokuba ufulawa ojwayelekile. Ngemuva kwezifundo ezinemikhawulo eminingana, ukusebenza kwalezi zingxube ezimbili kuya cishe kufane.
Uma kungenakwenzeka ukwenza imalical classical, ekhaya ungasebenzisa i-oven ash - ifafazwa ngaphansi komsuka wezitshalo ezikhathazayo nge-acid.
Ukukhawulwa kwenhlabathi: isilinganiso sesicelo
Imvamisa, lapho kubalwa, kuqondiswa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inani eliphelele - inani lekalika (amathani ngehektha) lapho i-acidity lehla liye ekutholweni kwe-asidi.
Ngaphambi kokubala ukuthi kungakanani udaka oludingekayo kwisiza ngasinye, kuyadingeka ukunquma hhayi kuphela indawo okuhlala kuyo amasimu, kodwa nezimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Ukwakheka komhlaba ngomhlabathi.
- I-acid yemvelo yemvelo esizeni.
- Izici zezilimo ezitshalwe endaweni. Isibonelo, i-clover, iklabishi kanye nama-beets asabela ngokuzwakalayo ekusebenziseni kukamanyolo we-calcareous, ngakho-ke kuyathandeka ukuthi kuqinisekiswe inani eliphelele likamoya ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Kepha i-acidity ayinamphumela kwi-lupine noma amazambane - akunangqondo ukulayisha inhlabathi nge-lime, ngakho-ke unganciphisa isilinganiso esisodwa kuya kokuthathu.
Izinga lokukhawulwa kwenhlabathi nganoma iyiphi ingxube ethize libalwa ngokuya ngefomula elandelayo: H = Izinga lekalika ngokusho kwe-acidity ebalwe kwangaphambili * 10000 futhi ihlukaniswe ngephesenti lekalika engxenyeni * (100 - amaphesenti ezinhlayiya ezinkulu).
Lapha, izinga likalamula liyabhekwa ngamathani ngehektha ngalinye. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu ziyizinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-1 mm.
Uma kudingekile ukwenza umbandela womhlabathi one-asidi ngezinga elikhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni udwebe imephu yendawo ekhombisa izilimo. Kwezinye izindawo, i-acidity ingaba ngaphezulu, kanti-ke, ngokubekwa kahle kwemibhede, udinga ukubheka umehluko phakathi kwenhlabathi.
Izindlela nemibandela yokukhawula inhlabathi
Kungcono ukubeka umhlabathi enhlabathini entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokutshala izilimo noma ekwindla ngaphambi kokumba imibhede ukuze izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zihlale zingabonakali. Uma ukuhlelelwa imishini kwentwasahlobo kuhlelwa, inqubo-ke leyo nqubo akufanele yenziwe kungakapheli amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ufulawa weDolomite ungasetjenziselwa ukukhawula noma ebusika - ngoba kuhlakazeka emasimini ngqo phezu kwesembozo seqhwa.
Ukukhishwa kwamalambu kuqala kwenziwa ngaphambi kokutshala kwetafula kanye nama-fodder beet noma iklabishi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilimo azivumeli ukuthi zivundise inhlabathi nge-lime kaninginingi nokutshala okuhlukile, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle komanyolo kunganciphi.
Ngesikhathi sonyaka, ingxenye yelamu engeziwe iyalahleka, ngakho-ke, ukumiswa kabusha kwenziwa ngezikhathi (hhayi ngempela njalo ngonyaka). Ngokokuqala ngqa, inani elinjalo likafulawa we-lime noma i-dolomite lingezwa ukufiphaza ngokuphelele i-acidity yenhlabathi. Ngokuphindaphindwe - imithamo emincane kuphela, njalo ibheka izinga le-acidity futhi igcina okuqukethwe okulungile kwe-calcium ne-magnesium.
Ungawufaka kanjani umanyolo ngenhlabathi:
- Uma ingxube ye-lime noma i-dolomite ingekho emhlabathini omuhle, khona-ke ngaphambi kokungeza enhlabathini, ichotshozwa ibe yisimo se-powder.
- Ukwakhiwa okuqediwe kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke indawo.
- Ngesandla noma ngokusebenzisa imishini yezolimo, ulamula uxubene nomhlaba ekujuleni okungama-20-25 cm. Uma inqubo iphindwa futhi kwethulwa isilinganiso esingapheli se lime, ukujula kwenhlabathi evulekile akumele kudlule ku-4-6 cm.
Ukumiswa kwe-Autumn kukuvumela ukuthi ulungise ngokunembayo isilinganiso samanani ama-asidi nama-alkali enhlabathini, futhi umphumela uzohlala isikhathi eside kunalokho lapho kufakwa ulamula entwasahlobo. Ukufaka umquba ngogologo kuphephe kakhulu ekwindla, njengoba ezinye izindlela zokwenziwa (ezinjenge-lime eligayiwe noma ngomlotha wokhuni) ziyonakala futhi zingalimaza izimpande zezitshalo ngokuxhumana ngqo. Kulokhu, asikho isidingo sokukhulula umhlaba ngokujulile - ngemuva kwezingxube zemvula neqhwa ngokwemvelo zifinyelela ekujuleni okudingekayo.
Ngokubalwa okufanele kwesibalo, inqubo ephindaphindwayo ayizukufuneka ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-5-7.
Uma ufisa, ungaxuba ufulawa we-lime noma we-dolomite, kanye ne-gypsum powder ne-boric, yethusi, i-cobalt, i-potassium noma nomanyolo wegciwane. Ama-Superphosphates nawo alungele ukuzala okukhulu.
Imiphumela Yokukhawulela Ejwayelekile
Ukukhawulelwa kwenhlabathi ene-asidi kuyindlela elula nenobungozi yemvelo yokwandisa ukuzala komhlaba esizeni. Izici ngenxa yokuthi kutholakala umphumela omuhle:
- ukwenza kusebenze umsebenzi obalulekile wama-microorganisms athile awusizo ezitshalweni zasengadini, njengama-nodule bacteria, njll;
- ukumelana okwandayo kwamanzi kanye nokwakhiwa kwemishini okwenziwe ngomshini, ngenxa yokuthi amanzi, kanye nomanyolo, awashiyi izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa isikhathi eside;
- ukucebisa komhlaba ngezinto eziwusizo (i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-fluorine);
- Ukuvinjwa kokufakwa kwezinto ezinobuthi yizitshalo - lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziseduze nezindawo zezimboni;
- ukumuncwa ngokushesha kwezinto zamaminerali.
Zonke lezi zinto zenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuvuna isivuno esivumelana nemvelo futhi sicebile ekuqaleni kwekwindla.
Ukuqinisekisa isidingo sokuncishiswa kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi esifanele, ungbala inzuzo yezomnotho yenqubo - isikhathi sokukhokha kanye nenzuzo ephelele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukubala izindleko zokuthengwa kwezingxube ze-lime nokusatshalaliswa kwazo ngaphezulu kwensimu, kanye nokukhula kwezilimo eminyakeni elandelayo yokulingiswa. Ngokusobala, ukubuya okushesha kakhulu ekutshalweni kwemali kungatholakala ngokukhawula umhlabathi onamandla kakhulu futhi ngemuva kwalokho ukutshala izilimo ezibucayi ekuvinjelweni (imifino, izitshalo zokudla namazambane). Njengomphumela wokungathathi hlangothi kwenhlabathi, izitshalo ziyeka ukuhlushwa yimiphumela elimazayo yama-acid futhi zithola izakhi zomzimba eziningi kunangaphambili.
