Ukuvikelwa kwamagilebhisi ezifweni fungal

Ingxenye 1. Amagilebhisi azalwe ukuze anikeze ukungafi
Ingxenye 2. Izici zokunakekelwa kwesivini
Ingxenye 3. Umvini kumele uhlupheke. Izihlahla
Ingxenye 4 Ukuvikelwa kwamagilebhisi ezifweni zokukhunta
Ingxenye 5. Ukuvikelwa kwamagilebhisi ezinambuzaneni
Ingxenye 6. Ukusakazwa kwemifino yezithelo zomvini
Ingxenye 7. Ukusakazwa kwamagilebhisi ngokuxhunyelelwa
Ingxenye 8. Amaqembu nezinhlobo zamagilebhisi

Izifo ezithathelanayo zibangelwa isikhunta esithile, amagciwane namagciwane. Njengomthetho, zihlala ezicutshini eziphilayo futhi, ziqongelela esitshalweni, ziholele ekufeni kwayo. Ukusuka kwisitshalo esithintekile, umoya, imvula, amathuluzi angalungiswa, ama-pathogen adluliselwa kumasethi aphilile. Kancane kancane, ukutheleleka kuqongelela enhlabathini namaqabunga awile futhi, uma izinyathelo zokuvikela zingathathwanga, zingabhubhisa isivuno sonke.

I-Oidium, noma i-Powdery isikhutha kumagilebhisi. © Oliver Macdonald

Izifo ezinkungu eziyingozi kunazo zonke zomvini ezikwazi ukuqothula isivuno esikhathini esifushane ziwuthambo, i-oidium nezinye izinhlobo zokubola (grey, white, black). Akukhona ukuthi kunegciwane eliphansi elinomdlavuza wamagciwane, amabala amnyama kanye nezinye izifo ezingama-500 ezithathelwanayo zama-pathologies ahlukahlukene.

Izimpawu zokunqoba isikhutha

I-Mildew, i-peronosporosis noma i-Downy hlobo - wonke amagama amathathu kwesinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu zokukhunta. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezifanele, ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuqhakaza noma ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali zesivini. Lesi sifo sithinta ngokushesha zonke izingxenye zesihlahla somvini. Ama-spores aqothulwe ukhunta athwalwa ngumoya noma ngesifutho semvula futhi ngamazinga okushisa we- +11 ºº aqala ukukhula ngaphakathi kwezicubu zangaphakathi zesihlahla.

Isikhathi eside isimo sezulu esishisayo sihlala emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, isikhathi esifushane sokufuduka futhi kungakapheli isonto isibungu se-epiphytotic sesisindo sendawo semvelo samahlahla angamagilebhisi angaqala. Ingxenye engezansi yamaqabunga, ama-inflorescence, amajikijolo ambozwe ngenhlanganisela emhlophe eyi-powdery, kanti ohlangothini olungaphezulu lesi sifo sikhonjiswa izindawo eziluhlaza eziluhlaza, ekuqaleni ubungako bohlamvu lwemali. Ikhula ngokushesha, i-mycelium ithwebula yonke indawo yamaqabunga. Ushintshela amahlumela amancane, athi ngomile kancane, amajikijolo ancibilika futhi awele, isihlahla siyafa. Isimo sezulu esihle (esimanzi nesifudumele), isikhunta sakha izizukulwane ezingama-20 ngesikhathi sokukhula, sibangele ukusabalala okukhulu kwe-pathogen. Ukuqunjelwa kwesifo okungokwemvelo, kodwa hhayi ukufa kwe-pathogen, kwenzeka esimweni sezulu esishisayo.

I-Mildew, Peronosporosis, noma i-Downy Mildew. © wa.gov.au

IMildew yisifo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zaseYurophu zamadiliya aseningizimu. Ekutshaleni kwebanga elisenyakatho, i-peronosporosis ayenzeki ngokwayo, kodwa ibonakala njengomphumela wokuthengwa nokutshala kwezinto ezithintwe yisikhunta. Ngakho-ke, ungakhohlwa ukubulala amagciwane izithombo ezithengiwe ngaphambi kokutshala nokuhlanza amathuluzi njalo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi namuhla izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha, ezithuthuke ngasenyakatho endaweni engacwengiwe yeRussian Federation, Isifunda saseMoscow, iBelarus, kanye nezinye republic ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo impela, ziyanqotshwa ngumkhuhlane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhutha sithinteka ngisho nezinhlobonhlobo lapho amasheya angama-Vitis labruska kanye neVitis amurenzis, emelana nalesi sifo.

Izimpawu Zokulimala kwe-Oidium

I-Oidium noma i-powdery hlobo - Isifo fungal esivame kakhulu esithinta izitho eziphilayo zesitshalo. I-pathogen mycelium icwilisa izinso, amahlumela, imifantu ku-bark, emaqabunga awile. Izimpawu zalesi sifo zibonakala kuqala ngesimo sokumboza okungwevu okungcolile kokuqina okungafani ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga, i-leaf vein necrosis, kamuva kuthinta izindawo ezinephunga elimenyezelayo le-herring ebolile. Sonke lesi sitshalo simbozwa kancane ngengubo ethambile yombala we-grey-ash, lapho abantu bebiza lesi sifo ngokuthi "i-ashtray" (i-ashen).

Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, i-pathogen iqala umsebenzi wayo wokubhubhisa ngokuqala kokushisa kanye nesimo sezulu esomile, sithinte ama-buds, amahlumela amasha nezinye izitho zesitshalo. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo kuqala kamuva ekushiseni komoya kwe-+20 - +25 ºС, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pathogen kubonakaliswa ukwanda kokufutheka futhi kuthinta isitshalo sonke ngesikhathi esifushane. Ama-inflorescence namaqembu amancane afa.

I-Oidium, noma i-Powdery Mildew. © djsgrowers

Ekukhuleni kwayo, i-oidium idinga (ngokungafani ne-isikhutha) emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nomoya owomile. Imvula ivimbela ukukhula kwesifo. Amabhasi athintekile anciphisa isivuno nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Izinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezingamelana ngokuphelele ne-oidium azikakazalwa. Ngisho nemikhiqizo ethintwe kancane yilesi sifo ayifanele ukukhiqizwa kwewayini. Ngakho-ke, i-oidium, njenge-isikhutha, ibhekwa njengesifo esiyingozi ikakhulukazi.

Izimpawu zomonakalo wokubola

Amagilebhisi agula ngezinye izinhlobo zokubola kwesikhunta (okumhlophe, okumpunga, okumnyama), ukulimala kwako okubonakaliswa ikakhulukazi yisifo samajikijolo.

Ukubola okumpunga iba emva kwesimo sezulu esinde. Yindlela yokubumba enjengegundane emboza amajikijolo wokuvuthwa, ngaphandle kokuthinta, okuluhlaza, okuqukethe inani elikhulu le-asidi.
Ukubola okumnyama (njengempunga) kukhula ngemuva kwemvula. Izindawo ezi-brownish ezihlukanisiwe zivela kumajikijolo aluhlaza, namabala ansundu emacembe, azungezwe umngcele omnyama. Amabala amajikijolo ahlangana kancane kancane, azidaye onsomi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amajikijolo aphenduka amnyama futhi awe.
Ukubola okumhlophe ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esishisayo esomile ngendlela yokushintsha kwesimo somzimba nombala wokuvuthwa kwamajikijolo ezindaweni zokushiswa yilanga. Izinhlobo eziningi ezimnyama zithintekile. Okokuqala, amajikijolo aba ngababulali, bese ephenduka ansundu (kube sengathi aqala ukuvuthwa) bese ewa.

Ukubola okumhlophe kwamagilebhisi. © bolestipolozqta

Ukubola okumpunga kwamagilebhisi. © T.o.m

Ukubola okumnyama kwamagilebhisi. © msuanrc

Izinyathelo zokuvikela isivini ezifweni

Izindlela zokuvikela zingahlukaniswa:

zokuvimbela
okusebenzayo, okubandakanya izindlela zebhayoloji nezamakhemikhali.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Isivini asikwazi ukuvikeleka ezifweni ngokufafaza hhayi ngokuzilungiselela okuhlukile, kodwa nangomxube wethangi obulala izinhlobo eziningana zamagciwane ngasikhathi sinye.

Ngokumelana nezifo ezithile zokukhunta, azikho izidakamizwa ezisebenzayo okwamanje. Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke ukuvikela, okungukuthi, umphumela osebenzayo emthonjeni wesifo.

Tshala isivini kuphela ngezinhlobo ezibunjiwe ngokumelana nezifo kanye nesimo sezulu esibi.
Yenza yonke imisebenzi yezolimo nezinqubo ngendlela esheshayo, ekuseni nakusihlwa, okuzovikela amahlumela kanye namajikijolo emiphumeleni eyingozi yokukhanya kwelanga.
Gcina inhlabathi ngaphansi kwesivini ihlanzekile. Ekwindla, susa wonke amaqabunga awileyo, izinsalela zezinqe eziphukile kanye nokunye ukungcola lapho ama-pathogen ebhala ngaphezulu. Ngemuva kokulungisa neminye imisebenzi, qiniseka ukuthi uhlanze ngokuphelele imfucuza, bese ukhipha amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe.
Musa ukweqisa izihlahla. Lapho ufaka umanyolo, kungcono ukusebenzisa ingxube yazo enokulinganisa.
Ukuchelela kwenziwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezihlahla emfuleni olinganiselayo ngaphandle kokufafaza namanzi awela engxenyeni engenhla yegilebhisi.
Njengoba kunikezwe isidingo sendawo enomswakama wokusakazeka kwezifo eziningi zokukhunta, ungavumeli ukuqina kokutshala. Yenza konke ukusebenza okuluhlaza ngendlela efike ngesikhathi (ukukhulisa izingane, ukukhanyisa, nabanye).
Ukuvikela ezifweni, usebenzisa izincwadi nezincomo ezisebenzayo, sakhe uhlelo lokubonisa isikhathi kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa izihlahla. Musa ukuthathwa ngamakhemikhali. Khumbula - isivini sasekhaya kufanele sinikeze umndeni ngemikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo.

Izindlela zokuvikela eziphilayo

Izinyathelo zebhayoloji zokuvikela umvini ezifweni zifaka ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo (engenabungozi empilweni yomuntu, izilwane, izinambuzane ezizuzisayo) nama-microflora asebenzayo (ama-EM bacteria).

Ukwelashwa kwe-Saprophytic microflora. Entwasahlobo yokuqala, ukugxila kulungiselelwe kusuka ku-humus. I-humus evuthiwe iyavinjezelwa futhi igcwele ngo-1/3 we-barrel nge-100 l, ifakwe phezulu ngomthamo ogcwele wamanzi afudumele (+25 - + 30 ° C). Isixazululo sigcinwa isikhathi esingangesonto. Ngalesi sikhathi, isikhunta se-saprophytic siphindaphindeka futhi siyakwazi ukuncintisana namagciwane ngokudla. Ukugxila okuhogelwayo kuhlungwa ngokucophelela ngokusebenzisa izingqimba eziningana ze-gauze noma enye into ukuze kungavimbi isifafaza, bese kufafazwa ngesikhathi sokukhula ekuseni noma kusihlwa kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-8-10, kusukela esigabeni sokuhluma kuze kube yilapho amabhulashi esenkingeni. Sekukonke, kwenziwa izifutho ezi-5-6. Lesi silinganiso asibulale i-pathogen, kepha siphazamisa kakhulu ukukhula kwayo futhi sikuvumela ukuthi uthole imikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ezisebenzayo ze-Baikal EM-1 ". Ebusika, isixazululo sesitoko se-EM-1 silungiswa kusuka ekugxiliseni, okusetshenziselwa ukulungisa izixazululo ezisebenzayo. Izisombululo zokusebenza i-EM-1, EM-5 nabanye kumele zisetshenziswe ngosuku olufanayo. Isikhathi esihle sokufafaza sisekuseni ngamazolo noma ntambama (emva kwamahora ayi-16 kuya ku-17). Chitha ngo-Ephreli kuqala ukufafaza Isixazululo esisebenzayo sezihlahla nomhlabathi ngesisombululo se-EM-1 ekuqoqweni okungu-1: 500 (2 ml wesisombululo sesitoko sisetshenziselwa ilitha elilodwa lamanzi). Lapho ama-buds evuleka ukufafaza kwesibili imivini nenhlabathi ngaphansi kwezihlahla zomvini. Inhlabathi ifafazwa ngesisombululo lapho i-10 noma i-4 ml yokulungiswa okuyisisekelo igxunyekwe ilitha elilodwa lamanzi nge-litre eyodwa yamanzi (1: 100-250). Ngokushesha ngokulengisa, isisombululo sifakwa emhlabathini ungqimba ongamasentimitha angama-5-6. Kusetshenziswa izihlahla, kutholakala isixazululo esigxile kakhulu (1: 500-1000) noma 2 noma 1 ml yesisekelo kuxutshwe 1 l, ngokulandelana. Esigabeni sokuqothula kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJulayi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi lapho ukuvuna isikhathi esingu-1 emavikini ama-3, umvini uphathwa ngesisombululo esisebenzayo se-EM-5. Ukufaka ikhambi usebenzisa i-1-2 ml yesidakamizwa esisezingeni ngelitha elilodwa lamanzi (1: 500-1000). Ukuze kusetshenzwe kuvame ukulungiselela amalitha ayi-10-20 wesisombululo esisebenzayo, uzama ukufafaza ngokucophelela ingaphansi lamaqabunga. Uma lesi sifo (noma izinambuzane) siphindaphindeka ngokushesha okukhulu, khona-ke ukugcwala kwekhambi okusebenzayo kuyakhuphuka ku-1: 250. Zifafazwa ngamabhushi nsuku zonke izinsuku ezingekho ngaphezulu kwezinsuku ezingama-3-4 bese zidluliselwa futhi ekugxilweni okuphansi. Qaphela! Ukugxila okuphezulu kuvimbela ukwakheka kwezilimo.
Uma isivini sifaka ama-bush angama-5-10 ngokoqobo, ungafaka enye indlela yokugcina ikhwalithi yamajikijolo kusuka kumonakalo ngokubola. Esigabeni sokuphela kwe-peeling, ukuqala kokuvuthwa amahlandla ama-2-3 ngokuphumula kwezinsuku eziyi-7, fafaza izihlahla ngesisombululo se-10% sobisi noma i-Whey. Ezindaweni ezinkulu, ukusetshenziswa kwesixazululo kuyabiza futhi akuhlali kunikeza umphumela olindelekile.
Ezikhiqizweni zemvelo, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo ebandayo emanzi, kungenzeka ukuncoma iBionorm-V, Novosil, Valagro, Albit, Narcissus nabanye ngokusebenza kwemivini.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali

Ukusebenza kwamagilebhisi kusuka kumonakaliso isikhunta se-pathogenic kuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela ku-10 - + 13 ° C bese uqeda kungakapheli izinyanga eziyi-1.0-1.5 ngaphambi kokuvunwa.

Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuba ukuqhakaza kuvuleke futhi ekwindla ngemuva kokuvunwa, izihlahla kanye nenhlabathi ngaphansi kwazo kufafazwa ngokuhlelekile ngesixazululo esingu-3% ithusi noma i-iron sulfate.
Ngaphambi kokuqhakaza, ngemuva kokuqhakaza izimbali nangaphambi kokuba izithelo zivuthwe, ukufafaza kuyaphindwa njalo emavikini ama-2 ngesixazululo esingu-1% Uketshezi lweBordeaux noma esikhundleni salo. Qiniseka ukuthi ukuphinda ukwelashwa ngemuva kwemvula nokunisela. Uketshezi lweBordeaux yisidakamizwa esisebenzayo futhi esisisebenzisa kakhulu esingenabungozi, kepha asiziphathi izitshalo ezinesifo futhi asibulali i-pathogen, kepha sivimbela lesi sifo kuphela. Ngakho-ke, kanye ne-Bordeaux ewuketshezi, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-bio- namanye amalungiselelo amakhemikhali, lokhu kuba ngcono engxenyeni yokuqala yezimila zezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala kokuqhakaza kwezimbali, ungacubungula izihlahla ngesisombululo se-0-0-0.3% Ditan M-45 noma isixazululo se-0,25% se-Ridomil. Ama-Ridomil Gold MTs nama-Shavit alukhuni ayinkimbinkimbi futhi anomthelela oqinile ezinhlotsheni eziningana zokubola, kufaka phakathi i-oidium, isikhutha kanye ne-grey bola. IStrobi, iTopazi, iBayleton ilungiselela kahle ukuvimbela lesi sifo.

Lapho usebenzisa amakhemikhali, qiniseka ukuthi ugxila ezinhlwini zemvume yonyaka. Ngokwemvelo, wonke amakhemikhali kufanele asetshenziswe ngayo yonke imishini yokuzivikela nempilo yamalungu omndeni. Lungiselela futhi usebenzise izixazululo ngokuya ngemiyalo. Kuyenzeka ukuthi wehlise umthwalo emvinini ngokunikeza ngezingxube zethangi lezidakamizwa ezingathinti nje kuphela izifo, kepha nezilokazana zomvini.