Isishayo sokuqala kwabahlali ehlobo ukwehla ngokushesha kwesakhiwo kanye nokuzala kwenhlabathi. Izaqathi kanye namabhungane ziba zinambitha, utamatisi uvame ukugula futhi anciphise isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo, u-anyanisi ubola ebusika, njalonjalo. Ukuze kugcinwe ukutholakala okuphezulu kwemikhiqizo yemifino, abalimi sebeqala ukusebenzisa kakhulu umanyolo (imvamisa kuphela amaminerali), ama-herbicides, ama-insecticides namanye amakhemikhali. Kepha bakhulisa okwesikhashana inhlabathi esebenzayo, benciphisa okwemvelo futhi beqhubeka nokuthonya isakhiwo sayo. ISiderata ngesinye sezigaba ezibalulekile zezolimo eziphilayo, enikeza isivuno esikhulu ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali. Mayelana nokuthi iyiphi i-siderata yokutshala ekwindla, i-athikili yethu.
Autumn siderates engadini.
Kungani kunokwehla kokuzala kwenhlabathi?
Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba kunokungahambisani nobuchwepheshe bezolimo:
- inhlabathi incishisiwe ngenxa yokususwa kwezinto ezifanayo ngesiko elikhuliswe endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside;
- kunomthelela ekuqokeleleni kwezinambuzane nezifo ezithinta hhayi isiko elilodwa, kepha umndeni uwonke (nightshade, wokubethela nabanye), ukutshala kwabo endaweni eyodwa izinkathi ezimbalwa zilandelana;
- ibhubhisa ngendlela emangalisayo inhlabathi enomhlaba kanye nesakhiwo sayo ngokushiswa okulahlwayo kokulahlwa kwezimila kwesitshalo. Ukwehla kwezinto eziphilayo kuholela ekucebeni kwenhlabathi.
Ukuvimba ukubhujiswa kokukhiqizwa kwenhlabathi yemvelo, kubalulekile ukubuyisela futhi njalo ukukhulisa inani lezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini. Lokhu kungatholakala ngale misebenzi elandelayo yezolimo:
- shintshela kokutshala izilimo usebenzisa okuqhubekayo ukuhlanganisa inhlabathi ngezinsalela zezitshalo. Ekuhlanganisweni kokumbala, sebenzisa izinsalela ezinempilo zezitshalo zezitshalo nokhula (ngokungakhethi), utshani, amacembe awile, umquba, umquba.
- Ngaphansi kokumba ekwindla, kwethula umquba ngokuhlelekile (okusha futhi okuvuthiwe), humus, i-vermicompostetholwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-EM i-vermiculture nangezinye izindlela.
- Muva nje, kungeniswe abaningi ngokwengeziwe emisebenzini yezolimo ubuchwepheshe be-siderateokwazi ukwenza ngcono esikhathini esifushane ukwakheka, ikhwalithi nokuzala kwenhlabathi, kufaka phakathi inhlabathi yemvelo, futhi kukhulise kakhulu inani lezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini.
Indima yomquba oluhlaza ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi
Izilimo ezi-Sidereal noma ama-siderates azisungule njengamanyolo aphumelelayo anobungani bemvelo. Babizwa nangokuthi Umanyolo oluhlaza. Kwezolimo eziphilayo, umquba oluhlaza uyindlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi engabizi kakhulu yokubuyisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
I-Siderata isiko elihlukile noma ingxube yezitshalo, imvamisa ngonyaka, ithuthukisa uhlelo olunamandla lwezimpande kanye nenqwaba eluhlaza okhula ngokushesha phezulu. Uhlelo lwezimpande lomquba oluhlaza luvula umhlabathi, ikakhulukazi owesimo esindayo (i-loamy chernozems), lunikeza izinsalela eziningi zezinsalela eziphilayo, kanti isisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba sisebenza njengesithwathwa esihle seqhwa, ngemuva kokucheba kusetshenziswe njenge-mulch noma kufakwe emhlabathini njengomanyolo oluhlaza.
I-Siderata esizeni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Siderats:
- lokwehlisa inhlabathi (i-rye, i-oats, ukudlwengulwa, lwesinaphi, njll.),
- ngegciwane lomhlabathi kusuka ku-scab, bola, i-wireworm (ingxube yezilimo zomquba eziluhlaza isitha isinaphi + lwesinaphi ngokufakwa kwe-calendula, i-marigold, i-oats),
- khulisa ukuzala nokukhululwa kwenhlabathi evumayo (i-clover emnandi, i-alfalfa, i-vetch, ingxube ye-vetch-oat, i-vetch ne-rye, lwesinaphi nge-legumes),
- nge-mulch (i-alfalfa, i-vetch, i-phacelia namanye amasiko asemuva),
- ukuvikeleka kokupholisa emuva kwentwasahlobo (noma iyiphi i-siderates engamelana nokubanda),
- ukuvikela izinambuzane ngesimo sengxube yezitshalo eziqhakazayo (marigold, calendula, lupine, phacelia, melilot). Iphunga labo elixubekile lixosha izinambuzane.
Izitshalo zasebusika zomquba oluhlaza
ISiderata ihlwanyelwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene: entwasahlobo, ehlobo, ekwindla nangaphambi kobusika. Kubalulekile ukuvimba ukuvuthwa kwama-siderates, ngoba ngemuva kwalokho angangena eqenjini lokhula. Umphumela omuhle unikezwa ngokucheba kwabo ekuphakameni kwesisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba esingama-20-30 cm noma ngesikhathi sokuhluma.
Ukuhlwitha ebusika bomanyolo oluhlaza kunezinzuzo eziningana:
- ikhulula isikhathi lapho ihlwanyela futhi itshala izitshalo zasengadini zasentwasahlobo entwasahlobo (iklabishi lakuqala, izaqathi, amazambane akuqala nokunye),
- yandisa isikhathi sokubakhona kwama-siderates enhlabathini (kuze kube nguMeyi), osebenza njengokuphakanyiswa kahle kohlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo, ukukhishwa okwengeziwe kosawoti wamaminerali odingekayo ekushintsheni kwezitshalo sekwedlule isikhathi,
- inqwaba eluhlaza ecebile isebenza njengezigcawu ezinhle ezivela elangeni elishisayo lasentwasahlobo bese ibuyisa isimo sezulu esibandayo, bese kuthi ngemuva kokucheba kubuye kube nesembozo sembozo.
Vala umquba oluhlaza engadini.
Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala ubusika obumanzi bomquba
Ngokuya ngosayizi wembewu, umquba oluhlaza uhlwanyelwa ujule ngo-2 cm lapho uhlwanyelwa. Iba mkhulu kangcono.
- Ukuhlwanyelela ubusika kuvame ukwenziwa ngezikhathi ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela okuqhubekayo nangendlela ejwayelekile kuma-grooves akhiwe phakathi kwemigqa yesiko yesikhathi esizayo.
- Ukuhlwanyelwa ebusika kwama-siderates kwenziwa ngemuva kokuvunwa kokugcina kwezitshalo.
- Umbhede ongenalutho uhlanzwa ngokucophelela amaqabunga nokhula olunesifo.
- Uma inhlabathi inciphile kakhulu, umquba we-nitroammophoska noma we-phosphorus-potassium usetshenziswa ngesilinganiso sama-30- 40 g / sq. m
- Uma kunesidingo, bayibumba ngo-20-25 cm. Lapho betshala ingadi ngaphandle kokumba inhlabathi, isiza sihlanza ukhula ngokwelashwa komhlaba.
- Uma inhlabathi yomile kakhulu kungqimba lwama-5-10 cm, ukuchelela kwenziwa ngaphambi kokutshala umanyolo oluhlaza.
- Ngemuva kwesivuno sokuqala, umquba oluhlaza uhlwanyelwa kabili. Ukuhlwanyelwa kokuqala kwekwindla kwenziwa ngo-Agasti yizitshalo ezinezikhathi zokuthuthuka (ubhontshisi, uphizi, ibhali nabanye). Isisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba siguqulwa endaweni ephakeme ngamasentimitha angama-20-25. Isisindo esiluhlaza sifakwe emhlabathini, lapho kunesikhathi sokubola ngaphambi kokuqala kokubanda. Ukubola kwesisindo esinsundu esiluhlaza kukhulula inani elanele losawoti wamaminerali futhi ngasikhathi sinothisa inhlabathi ngodaba lwezinto eziphilayo.
- I-Podzimniy, ukuhlwanyelwa kwesibili kwezilimo ezivunwe kusenesikhathi kanye nokuyinhloko yezilimo ezenziwa kamuva, kwenziwa ngabasterate ebusika kule minyaka eyishumi nambili kaSepthemba-ishumi lokuqala lika-Okthoba (melilot, vetch, rye ebusika nabanye). ISiderata iyakwazi ukwenza uhlelo oluhle lwezimpande futhi inamaqabunga anele ngokwanele ngaphezulu kwama-5-10 cm noma ngaphezulu phezulu ngaphambi kwamakhaza asebusika. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngokuhlwanyela sekwephuzile, isivuno asinaso isikhathi sokwenza isisindo esingaphezulu kwekwindla. Izokhula ngokushesha kakhulu entwasahlobo. Isisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba esakhiwa ekwindla sisebenzela ukuqongelela iqhwa ebusika, sivikela ekuguguleni komoya, kanti entwasahlobo, umquba oluhlaza okhula uvimbela ukuhwamuka komswakama, kugcina inhlabathi imanzi.
Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokutshala noma ukuhlwanyela izilimo eziyinhloko, umquba oluhlaza wobusika uhlwanyelwa enhlabathini ngokuhlwanyela okuqhubekayo. Lapho utshala umquba oluhlaza enhlabathini, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungagcini ngokugcwalisa owokugcina ngenqwaba eluhlaza. Kwinhlabathi ene-acidified elahlekile nge-microflora enenzuzo, isisindo esiluhlaza ngeke sisetshenziswe ngesikhathi esifanele nge-microflora enenzuzo. Izinsalela zezitshalo ziba acidic bese ziqala ukubola enhlabathini (zizwakala ngephunga le-putrefactive). Emhlabathini onjalo, kungcono ukugcina ingxenye yesilayi sendawo esisetshenziselwe ukwenziwa umquba, futhi ugcwalise okusele emhlabathini.
Kungcono kakhulu ukusika isisindo sendiza ngokutshala okuqhubekayo komquba oluhlaza bese uyishiya phezu kwenhlabathi. Kumbozwe ngomhlabathi we-mulch kuzokwakha izimo zokubola ngokushesha kwezimpande emhlabathini. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2-4, ungatshala noma utshale izitshalo zokuqala.
Ngokuhlwanyela okujwayelekile (kwe-rocker) entwasahlobo, isisindo se-aerial siyanqunywa, siphonswe emigqeni, sihlwanyelwe kahle emhlabathini bese kuthi ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2-3 kutshalwe izitshalo ezingadi noma kuhlwanyelwe kule migqa.
Umbhede weklabishi uhlwanyelwa nge-clover.
Izilimo zeSidereal zezilimo zasebusika
Ukukhethwa kwezitshalo zomquba oluhlaza noma ukuxubeka kuya ngezinkomba zekhwalithi zenhlabathi kanye nesiko eliyinhloko ekuguqukeni kwesiko lengadi. Lapho ukhetha izilimo ezikhethekile, awukwazi ukuhlwanyela izilayi zomndeni ofanayo nesitshalo esikhulu. Ukwenza isibonelo, sebenzisa ukudlwengula noma ukudlwengula njengesiphambano ngaphansi kweklabishi (futhi okuvela emndenini obethelwe esiphambanweni).
Izilimo zeSidereal kumele zikhethwe kusengaphambili ngokuya ngemiphumela yazo enhlabathini nasekuvuneni okukhulu.
Ngamazambane, utamatisi, ukhukhamba, i-zucchini, isitshalo seqanda, upelepele omnandi, amasaladi amahle nabandulelayo rye, oats, lupine, isithombo samafutha, lwesinaphi, seradella, i-clover emnandi.
Kuma-beet, izaqathe, ubhontshisi, kungcono kakhulu lwesinaphi, ukudlwengula, isithombo samafutha, udlwenguliwe, uphizi, vetch. Zinegalelo ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi esindayo, evumayo, ukucindezelwa kokhula. Nikeza izitshalo ngenani elanele lezakhamzimba kusuka kusisindo samaminerali omquba oluhlaza.
Iqembu lama-siderates avikela inhlabathi ukubola kwamagciwane kanti ezinye izinambuzane zifaka ingxube ye-oatmeal, udlwenguliwe, ubhontshisi, phacelia, ryegrass waminyaka yonke. Zingumbhoshongo omuhle wokubhaka wenhlabathi eminyene futhi owandulelayo omuhle wethanga (i-zucchini, ukhukhamba, ithanga) nezilimo eziseduze (utamatisi, upelepele wensimbi, isitshalo seqanda).
Ngempumelelo uphulukisa inhlabathi kusuka kuma-wireworms kanye nama-nematode uma usebenzisa izilimo zomquba eziluhlaza ezifana lwesinaphi, isithombo samafutha, calendula, i-nasturtium.
Emhlabathini omanzi nasezindaweni ezinenqubo yokuguguleka, imiphumela emihle inikezwa noma yiziphi izitshalo zomndeni ezibethelwe ezakha uhlelo oluyimpande olujulile (phacelia, ukudlwengula, ukudlwengula, isinaphi). Ngasikhathi sinye, zingamanduleli amahle amazambane, ummbila, izitshalo zasebusika.
Emhlabathini ominyene kakhulu, kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa izitshalo ezidinga ukufakelwa umswakama okuphezulu (i-seradella, lupine) njenge-siderates, kanye nenhlabathi eyomile emelana nesomiso (umdlwenguli, ukudlwengula, ukudlwengula kanye ne-phacelia).
Emhlabathini ophelile odabeni lwe-organic, odinga inani lenyukethi le-nitrogen nezinye izakhi, izitshalo zomquba ezihlaza umhlabeleli ziyimidumba (i-vetch, i-alfalfa, uphizi, ubhontshisi wefolishi), ukubethelwa esiphambanweni (ubusika obudlwenguliwe, ukudlwengulwa kobusika, ukudlwengula kobusika), okusanhlamvu (rye, oats). Izilimo ezingenhla azikhawuleli ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izilimo noma ukuxubeka kwazo njengoshukela. Into esemqoka ukunquma umsebenzi ophambili lapho kwethulwa umquba oluhlaza ekushintsheni kwezilimo zezitshalo zasensimini.
