Ukulungela: izinhlobo, izinhlobo, ukutshala

UFir ungowomndeni kaphayini. Ihlukahluka ezihlotsheni zayo ngenaliti eluhlaza ecwebezelayo ethambile futhi nekhono lokugcina amagatsha aphansi isikhathi eside. Imivimbo emhlophe engaphansi kwenaliti inika ukufuthelana ukubukeka okungavamile, okungumkhosi. Zihlotshiswe ngezigaxa zensomi eziqondile. Kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10 firs ikhula kancane, bese ukukhula kuyanda futhi kuyaqhubeka ukuguga kakhulu, kanti abanye babo bahlala iminyaka engama-400. Izinaliti ziyapholisa: ukugeza kusuka kulo kusiza nge-radiculitis kanye namakhaza, ukumnika kuphulukisa i-scurvy, ukugcoba kuphulukisa amanxeba.

Fir (Abies) - uhlobo lokuzivocavoca lomndeni kaPine (I-Pinaceae) Isici esibonakalayo sokuqina ukuthi izigaxa zazo, ngokungafani nezinye i-conifers, ziyakhula, kanti izinaliti ziyicaba. Ngokusho kwesichazamazwi se-etymological, igama lesiRussia lohlobo "Fir" livela kulo. UFichte - "i-spruce".

Izindiza ZaseKorea ZaseKorea. © Lestat

Imidondoshiya emincane futhi emincane

I-Balsamic fir imvelaphi yaseNyakatho Melika. Iphila iminyaka engu-150-200. Iqhwa alilimele. Ukwehla kwenhlabathi nomswakama, ukubekezelela umthunzi, ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu.

I-Balsam fir ingena izithelo kusuka eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengama-30 ubudala, kwakheka izigaxa ezibubende obumnyama.

Lesi yisihlahla esithambile esinobude obungu-15-25 m, sinenaliti oluhlaza okotshani obumnandi nobumnandi. Uhlelo lwezimpande alusezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke ibhalsamu fir kufanele litshalwe endaweni evikelekile emoyeni. Amagatsha aphansi, athelelwa emhlabathini, izimpande kalula uma zifafazwe nge-humus.

Noma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kwedolobha ihlotshiswa ngezindlela ezinjalo zokuhlobisa ze-balsamic fir njenge:

I-Columnar Columnaris (Columnaris);
enamagatsha atholwe ngaphezulu komhlaba aze afike ku-2,5 m Prostrata (Prostrate);
ama-Nana angama-50 kuphela ukuphakamaNana),
ngomqhele omfishane oyindilinga kanye nezinaliti ezifushane eziluhlaza ezimnyama;
isiliva i-Argenta (I-Argentina), enophimbo olumhlophe ngezinaliti;
glauka greyuka (IGlauca), ngezinaliti eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezivela kumalahle we-wax;
I-Variegata ehlukahlukeneI-Variegata), enamabala aphuzi ezinalwaneni.

Fir-leaved, noma imnyama. © MPF

Isikhumba esimhlophe, noma isikhumba fir ikhula eMpumalanga Ekude. Ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-180. Umuthi ukhula msinyana, ubusika-buqinile, bunomthunzi obekezelelako, obudinga ukutjhuguluka komoya nomhlabathi.

Le fir ingeniswe emasikweni aseMosco naseSt. Petersburg muva nje, futhi azikho izinhlobo eziphansi okwamanje. Kodwa-ke, sicebisa abanikazi beziza ezinkulu ukuthi basitshale. Ngenxa yegxolo elikhanyayo, ukuqhathanisa nezinaliti eziluhlaza obumnyama, amagatsha alengelwa emhlabathini, ahlotshiswe ngezigaxa z onsomi, lesi sihlahla esikhula sibe ngamamitha angama-30 senza umbono ongalibaleki.

I-fir eqinile imvelaphi yaseNyakatho Melika. Ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-350. Photophilous, ibekezelela ukucindezela kwesimo sezulu, umoya kanye nokulwa nesomiso. Ama-Landspaper ayakwazisa futhi ajwayele ukuwutyala kumzila ophakathi nendawo. Ikhula ngokushesha, ibekezelela ukufakelwa kahle. Ikhetha i-loams, kepha ngokomqondo ingakhula kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi, ngisho nosawoti. Ubusika obunzima bungaba nesithwathwa. Ezitshalweni eziqandisiwe, izinaliti ziba nsundu bese ziwa kancane.

I-fir emhlophe, noma i-fir-scated scaled. © Bruce Marlin

Ifir-colour eyodwa ikhula ize ifike kumamitha angama-40. Umqhele ufakwe imibala eminingi, njengokungathi ugoqwe usuka kumafulethi egiya, abehlela phansi. Amahlumela embozwe ngokhuni olukhanyayo olungwevu. Izinaliti zinika umuthi umuthi okhethekile - onsomi noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obukhulu futhi obude (kufika ku-6 cm).

Ngezindlela zokuhlobisa ze-fir ethafeni, i-Violacia iyamangalisa (Violacea), Ukuphakama okungu-6-8 m futhi kumbozwe ngezinaliti ezimhlophe ngombala omhlophe, umbala wawo owazuzwa ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kwembewu, kanye nokuphakama okufanayo kwe-Argentinaea (I-Argentina) ngezinaliti zesiliva ne-Aurea (Aurea), umbala wawo wokuqala wegolide, futhi ngokuhamba kweminyaka uba yisiliva grey. Kunamafishane. Isibonelo, iCompact Glauka (I-Compakta glauca) hhayi isihlahla, kodwa isihlahla esiphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-40, nezinaliti ezinde eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-fir yaseSiberia sikhula ngokwemvelo enyakatho mpumalanga yengxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia naseSiberia. Iphila iminyaka engu-150-200. Ubusika obunzima-obuqinile, obufuna umswakama womoya. Ukulungisa kuqala kukhanywa Ingakhula emthunzini naselangeni.

Izinaliti ze-fir zaseSiberia zikhipha izinguquko eziningi, ezinamandla okusebenzisa isibulala-magciwane emoyeni, ngakho-ke kungakuhle ukuthi ziyitshale eduze kwamafasitela endlu.

Nordman Fir. © Sten Porse

I-fir yaseSiberia yisihlahla esihle kakhulu esinamagatsha acashile ancishiselwe phansi kanye namagxolo abushelelezi amnyama grey. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kungamamitha angama-30. Izinaliti zingama-2-3 cm ubude, luhlaza okotshani obumnyama, obukhanyayo. Izingcingo kusuka onsomi okhanyayo kuya onsundu okhanyayo.

Phakathi kwezinto zokuhlobisa firs zaseSiberia ezikhula zingadluli kumamitha ayi-8, kukhona iGlauka enalithi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (IGlauca), Varigata Varigata (I-Variegata), i-Elegance yesiliva (I-Elegans), okuyi-compact eyengeziwe.

UFraser Fir imvelaphi yaseNyakatho Melika. Kusebusika kahle. Iwela emhlabathini, ifanela kuphela okukhanjiwe. Mthunzi ukubekezelela, kukhula ngokushesha.

Lesi sihlahla siphakeme ngamamitha angama-25 ukuphakama, sinomqhele omuhle we-pyramidal. Izinaliti zeFraser fir 2-3 cm ubude, i-silvery ngezansi. Izigaxa ezinhle ezinesikali esivelele zivuthwa ngo-Okthoba.

Ezindaweni ezincane, ifomu lokuhlobisa likaFraser Prostrat's fir lizobukeka lihle kakhulu (I-Prostrata), ikhula ngesimo sesihlahla esinwabuzelayo esinamagatsha asakazeke kabanzi.

I-Monochrome fir. © UMark Wagner

Ungakhula kanjani fir?

Ukutshala fir

Kungenzeka ukutshala uphinde udlulise i-fir entwasahlobo, ngo-Ephreli, nasekwindla, kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti nangoSepthemba wonke. Cishe bonke bathanda umswakama (kodwa hhayi onamanzi), ocebile, ogcwele ukujula. Izinto zokutshala ezinhle kakhulu zineminyaka engu-5-7 ubudala. Kungcono ukutshala i-fir ngezinsuku ezifudumele, ezinamafu, ngisho nangcono - emvuleni. Isihlalo silungiswa okungenani amaviki amabili ngaphambi kokutshala.

Bamba izimbobo ezingama-60-80 cm ngokujulile nangobubanzi, kuya ngosayizi wohlelo lwezimpande. Ngaphansi komgodi kukhululwe kube ukujula okuyi-10-15 cm nohhafu ogcwele ingxube yezakhi enomhlabathi wobumba, inhlabathi eshidi noma i-humus, i-peat nesihlabathi somfula (2: 3: 1: 1). Ngemuva kwalokho engeza ama-10 kg of sawdust, 200-300 g we-nitroammofoski bese uxuba futhi. Kuthululelwa ngesigaxa, kufafazwa phezulu ngenhlabathi yengadi (ngaphandle komanyolo), kutshalwe isitshalo ngezimpande ezivundlile, umgodi uphinde uphinde umbozwe ngenhlabathi yengadi. Ukubekwa kwesithombo kufakwa ukuze intamo yomsuka isezingeni lomhlabathi.

Izinsimbi ezincane zidinga ukukhuliswa kwenhlabathi okufika ku-10cm ngokujula kanye nokhula ngasikhathi sinye kusuka kukhula kanye nokufakwa umjikelezo wesiyingi esiseduze nesiqu nge-sawdust, izinkuni zokhuni, ukubekeka ngesendlalelo esingu-5-8 cm.

I-fir yaseKorea. © Meneerke bloem

Ibanga phakathi kwesitshalo, ngokuya ngohlobo lokutshala, limi ngale ndlela elandelayo: endaweni eyi-4-5 m, ngamaqembu ama-3-3,5 m, ezigungwini zephethini lokuhlola elifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5. Ibhalsamu fir, izungeze ihlumela elincane, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke.

Ukondla nokunisela fir

Iminyaka engu-2-3 ngemuva kokutshala entwasahlobo, kungakuhle ukuthi wethule njalo i-100-125 g / m2 Kemira universal endaweni yomjikelezo wesitringi. Izinhlobo kuphela zamanzi ziyaniselwa. Yenza lokhu ngesimo sezulu esomile, uthele amalitha ayi-15-20 wamanzi ngaphansi kwesitshalo ngasinye. Ukuchelela akufanele kuthathwe ikakhulukazi, ngoba ukweqisa ngokweqile kwefir kuphambene.

I-Pruning prun

I-Fir ayidingi ukwakheka komqhele; kuphela kugawulwa amagatsha omile, alimele noma onezifo. Kwenze nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.

Uma unenhlabathi enobumba esindayo, lapho utshala i-fir ngaphansi komgodi, udinga ukwenza amanzi ngokufaka udwala noma izitini ezaphukile, amathini nezitini zikabhiya, ezibekwe ungqimba olungama-20 cm.

Ilungiselela ubusika ebusika

Ama-firs anconyiwe emgqeni wobusika ophakathi kahle, futhi izitshalo ezincane kuphela ezidinga indawo yokukhosela. Ukuwavikela kusuka sekwedlule isikhathi sekwephuka kwentwasahlobo ekwindla, inhlabathi embuthanweni osondelene nesembozo imbozwe ngamaqabunga owomile noma i-peat (ungqimba lwe-10-12 cm), futhi umqhele wambozwa nge-lapnik.

Ukuzala kabusha kwefir

Izitshalo ezintsha zitshalwa kusuka ezinhlanyelweni (izinhlobo zefir) noma kusuka kwezisikiwe (amafomu wokuhlobisa).

I-Nut Fir

Imbewu ivunwa ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa kwama-cones. Etshalwe ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ngemuva kwenyanga yokufakelwa endaweni ebandayo. Elesibili liyathandeka. Iphethini ekhulayo ifana ne-spruce (bheka impahla "Spruce: izinhlobo, izinhlobo, ukulinyelwa"). Izithombo zefir zitshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo inenqwaba yomhlaba lapho ineminyaka engama-5-7.

I-Twig fir

Ama-cutways wefir asikwa kuphela kusuka amahlumela waminyaka yonke aqukethe ama-aplic aplic. Izimpande futhi zikhula ngendlela efanayo ne-spruce (bheka impahla "iSpruce: izinhlobo, izinhlobonhlobo, ukulinywa"). Ukuphela kwento abayinaka ngokukhethekile ukuthi izitshalo azinazo iziqongo ezimbili.

Izifo ze-Fir kanye nezinambuzane

Izinaliti zesihlahla se-Fir zingabangelwa i-fir-fir hermes (enye yezinhlobo zama-aphid). Amakholoni ayo kulula ukuwathola yi-pubescence emhlophe eneqhwa elingaphansi kwenaliti. Kuyadingeka ukususa umuthi walesi sinambuzane ngo-Ephreli, lapho izintokazi ezisusiwe kakhulu ziphuma. Ngokusebenzisa izihlahla, kusetshenziswa isixazululo esisebenzayo se-anti-uphondo noma kulungiswa uphondo (20 g nge-10 l lamanzi).

Izinhlobo zokuhlobisa fir zingathinteka ekugqwala. Lapho ungenwe yilesi sifo, amabala abomvu avela ezinalwaneni, bese kuvela ukuvuvukala eziqwini. Ukubuyisela ubuhle kubuhle bayo bangaphambili, izinaliti eziwile zidinga ukuqoqwa futhi zishiswe. Amagatsha ashisiwe ayasikwa futhi ashiswe, bese kuthi izindawo zokusika zigcotshwe ngamafutha engadini. Umqhele wesihlahla ufafazwa nge-Bordeaux ketshezi (200 g ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi).

Kepha into esemqoka ukukhipha isprocket kanye nesiqu engadini. Lawa ngamakhambi lapho i-patustgen yokugqwala ihlala khona.

Umbhali: UTatyana Dyakova, Ozokhethwa Kwisayensi Yezolimo