Ngaphambi kokutshala isiko lezithelo namabhero esakhiweni, udinga ukuhlola ukuhambisana kwesihlahla noma isihlahlana esinokubakhona nabanye "abahlali" bakule ndawo. Izitshalo zingabi yingozi ngokuphelele ngaphandle, kepha ngenxa yobukhona bezifo nezinambuzane ezijwayelekile, futhi ngenxa yokulimala kwemvelo, ngeke zikwazi ukuhlala ndawonye endaweni eyodwa. Izici zomuntu ngamunye zesiko esisodwa nazo zinomthelela - ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi enhlabathini, amaqabunga anobuthi awela ekwindla (ubuthi obuvela lapho bungena emhlabathini), ikhono lezitshalo ezingomakhelwane ukuhlanganisa izimpande zazo ngokoqobo nezinye. Yiziphi izitshalo ezingeke zitshalwe eduzane nganoma yisiphi isimo, sizokutshela kulesi sihloko.
Yiziphi izitshalo zasengadini okungafanele zitshalwe eduzane?
Umakhelwane omuhle uyisihluthulelo sokuhlala kahle kwezitshalo
Ukuthi izitshalo ezihlushwa yilezi zifo ezifanayo, ezihlushwa yilezi zinambuzane ezifanayo ngeke zitshalwe kusondelene, mhlawumbe, kucacile kuwo wonke umuntu. Vele, uma ubuyela emuva ngamamitha amathathu noma amane ukusuka emthini esihlahleni, lokhu ngeke kukusindise u-100% ekuqubukeni kokutheleleka, kepha kuzosiza ekwehliseni ubungozi bawo kakhulu. Kuliqiniso, ezindaweni ezincinci ukulondolozela ibanga lamamitha ayi-3-4 cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, lapho utshala izitshalo, udinga ukugwema omakhelwane "abangabangani" abanezinkinga ezifanayo.
Kepha uma ukhetha omakhelwane esizeni ngubani, kungabonakala sengathi, awunazo izitha ezijwayelekile (izifo kanye nezinambuzane), ungalindela eminye imiphumela emibi ngokuphila kwabo. Okungenani, ukuvimbela izitshalo ngakunye. Futhi avelanga ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bezolimo obungalungile bokunakekelwa kwezitshalo. Isibonelo, lapho ukushintshanisa kwezilimo kunganakwa ngokuphelele, kokubili engadini nasensimini. Okusho ukuthi, lapho izitshalo ezifanayo zitshalelwa indawo lapho kuvuniwa, imifino ezisuswe noma izihlahla zezithelo ngonyaka olandelayo, emhlabathini onamanzi osuvele unegciwane.
Ezinye izitshalo zingavimbela ezinye, zidedele amakhemikhali ayingozi emhlabathini. Okusho ukuthi, i-plant allelopathy ingahle ivele (ngokoqobo kusuka esiGrekini sasendulo - "ukuhlupheka"). Ngakho-ke, emvelweni kukhona umzabalazo wezitshalo endaweni yazo ngaphansi kwelanga.
Njengomphumela we-allelopathy, izitshalo zingakwazi, yize zinakekelwa kahle, zinciphe futhi zinciphise ukukhula, zihlangabezana nezifo ezithile, yize zonke, njengomthetho, izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuvimbela zazisetshenziswa ngesikhathi.
Kuliqiniso, ochwepheshe baphinde babone ukuhlangana okuhle: izinto eziyingozi ezivezwa izimpande zezitshalo ezithile futhi okuthiwa “zenzelwe” izitshalo eziyimbangi zingathathi hlangothi noma zibe lusizo nakwabanye.
Umakhelwane ofanele, njengokuvimbela kwezifo ezithile
Njengoba wazi, kunezifo nezinambuzane ezithinta hhayi isitshalo esisodwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zihlasele wonke umndeni noma zithathwa njengezingajwayelekile, zichitha izitshalo eziningi ezikhula esizeni. Njengesibonelo, singabiza igama le-ejenti ebangelwa yi-tubercularia ne-cytospore necrosis yezitshalo ezi-deciduous - zilimaza ngokoqobo zonke izitshalo ezinqumayo, futhi akukho ongakwenza ngakho.
Kepha kunezifo ezengeziwe “ezikhethiwe”. Isibonelo, ukugqwala okubangelwa amakhowe. Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwale fungus uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Udinga ukudlulela ezigabeni ezintathu zonke, futhi kwisigaba ngasinye, ekubeni esitshalweni, uyakwazi ukukhula futhi athwalele phansi izinhlamvu zakhe.
Isigaba sokuqala kakhulu senzeka entwasahlobo, lapho kukhula ama-ecziospores, bese kuthi ngesikhathi sehlobo urediniospores avele bese, ekugcineni, ngesikhathi sekwindla ekwakhekeni okuyingozi kakhulu - ama-basidiospores nama-teliospores. Lezi zinhlaka ezahlukahlukene kumakhowe axutshwe zivuthwa ezitshalweni ezihluke ngokuphelele, kwesinye isikhathi zishintsha zibe ngababili, noma ngisho nabathathu.
Futhi into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi noma ngabe asikho esinye sezitshalo lapho isigaba sokuqala, sesibili noma sesithathu sokugqwala singakhula khona, khona-ke lesi sifo uqobo ngeke sivele. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kufakazelwa ukuthi uma i-barberry ingakhuli eduze kwezilimo zokusanhlamvu, khona-ke ukugqwala ngeke kuthinte izitshalo. IBarberry ingumnikazi ophakathi nendawo wesikhunta obangela ukugqwala okusanhlamvu, uma kubhujiswa, kucishe kuqinisekiswe ukuvikela izitshalo ekugqwabeni.
Ngaphambi kokutshala isihlahla esizeni, hlola ukuhambisana kwaso nokwakomakhelwane.
Yini engakwazi futhi engatshalwa eduzane?
Isihlahla se-Apple
Omakhelwane ababi besihlahla se-apula
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, e-USA, ama-apula ezihlahla zezithelo aqala ukukhiqiza kakhulu izitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba - ama-apula angumbungu ngokuphelele. Futhi njalo ngonyaka ikhwalithi yabo yaya iba mibi. Kwavela ukuthi ama-apula athinteka amabhu ama-rollan, noma kunalokho, amacimbi awo. Futhi ukutshala kwama-rollan, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi kwaqala ukutshala nxazonke zezithelo zezithelo, kufanele kusolwe. Izingadi, eduze nalapho izihlahla ezi-rowan zazingenasikhathi noma zazingafuni ukutshala, lesi sinambuzane asinaki. Kusukela lapho, kuyaziwa ukuthi eduze kwami isihlahla sama-apula asikwazi ukutshala umlotha wasentabeni.
IViburnum idla umswakama omkhulu enhlabathini, iwudonse ngokwawo, kulokhu umuthi we-apula uyaqina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lama-aphid livame ukuhlala ku-viburnum, okuthi, ngenxa yalokho, isakazekele esihlahleni se-apula.
Ngokuqondene namaConifers, njenge, ngokwesibonelo, i-fir, angakwazi ukufaka umhlabathi kakhulu isikhathi eside, lapho enza umsebenzi obalulekile akhipha izinsalela eziningi ezingcolisa inhlabathi zingene emhlabathini. Imvamisa, udinga ukulinda iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokutshala isihlahla sama-apula esikhundleni sanoma yisiphi isitshalo se-coniffort.
ILilac ngokoqobo idonsela izinambuzane nezifo ezahlukahlukene, okuthi kamuva zihambele esihlahleni se-apula.
Indawo engomakhelwane ne-peach kanye ne-cherry yesihlahla se-apula nayo igcwele izinkathazo, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezitshalo zikhula kakhulu, zidla izakhi zomzimba eziningi emhlabathini futhi zivame ukukhiqiza isisindo esikhulu sezimpande amahlumela, okuyinto ecindezela kakhulu isihlahla sama-apula.
Izihlahla ze-apula nezama-cherry nazo ngeke zibe abangane bazo, kufakazelwa ukuthi izimpande zekherishi zishintsha ngokoqobo izimpande zomuthi we-aphula kusuka kungqimba yenhlabathi engaphezulu ziye ezingaphansi, lapho kukhona ubuncane bokuzala nomswakama, futhi lokhu kubangela ukuthi isihlahla samaapula sibune.
Umakhelwane omubi uyi-hawthorn - idonsela ngokoqobo zonke izinambuzane ezitholakala esihlahleni se-apula.
Uma utshala ama-junipers eduze kwesihlahla se-apula, khona-ke ukugqwala nje kuzovela engadini, kube nzima kakhulu ukukuqothula.
Kuyinto engathandeki ukugcina amathanga okhula eduze kwama-apula ama-apula, phakathi kwawo lapho okungahle kube khona umhlonyane obabayo, ama-aphid akhiqiza kahle kuwo, athambekele ngenhliziyo emthini wesihlahla se-apula lapho kushiya amaqabunga amancane namahlumela kuwo.
Akukalulekanga futhi ukuthi utshale amazambane emigwaqweni ye-apple yezithelo entsha, njengoba kwenza abanye. Iqiniso ngukuthi amazambane adla inani elikhulu lomsoco ovela emhlabathini, aluqede kakhulu, kanti izihlahla zama-apula empeleni zizohlushwa yindlala, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo lapho umhlabathi ungavuthiswanga umquba, ukuthambisa okungandile kuyenziwa bese isihlahla se-apula sitshalwe eziseleni ezifiphele ezinezimpande ezibuthakathaka. uhlelo.
Omakhelwane abahle besihlahla se-apula
Uhlangothi oluseningizimu lokutshala i-apula lungatshalwa notamatisi. Utamatisi mubi kumabhabhathane enundu, futhi umakhelwane onjalo uthathwa njengokuvimbela okuhle kulokhu.
"Abangane" nge-apula kanye ne-raspberry. Into ekhona ukuthi uhlelo lwempande le-raspberry luyakwazi ukulungisa i-nitrogen, umuthi we-apula ongayisebenzisa, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye, uhlelo lwezimpande ze-raspberry lonyusa umoya nomoya wamanzi omhlaba. Abalimi bavame ukubona umphumela omuhle ovela ekuxhumaneni kwamahlumela walezi zitshalo - izindawo ezikhethekile zama-raspberries zisiza ukuvikela isihlahla sama-apula kulesi sifo esiyingozi njengesibazi, nesihlahla se-apula, sivikele ama-raspberries kulesi sifo, futhi okungekho ingozi kulesi sitshalo se-berry - grey rot.
Enye umuthi wama-apula yi-maple-leaved maple, isusa ngobuhlakani lesi sitshalo sezithelo enkulweni esephepheni - ayiveli esihlahleni se-apula. Kuyavela ukuthi ukuguquguquka, okuvezwa yilolu hlobo lwe-maple, kuthinta inundu. Ngasikhathi sinye, akudingekile ukuthi i-maple ikhule ibe yindawo ephakeme, ukunciphisa ukukhula kwe-maple kunezindlela eziningi zokutshala futhi ingagcinwa ngosayizi onesizotha, ngokwesibonelo, imitha noma isigamu nesigamu ukuphakama. Uma ufuna i-phytoncides emoyeni ezungeze isihlahla sama-apula ibe yindawo ephezulu kakhulu, khona-ke kanye ngosuku ungaphuma uyongena engadini futhi uvimbe kalula amaqabunga emaple.
Izitshalo ezinjengesihlahla sama-apula kanye ne-honeysuckle zithathwa njengezihambisana nesimo, kodwa kungcono ukutshala i-honeysuckle ezungeze izihlahla zeapula, kepha ungashintshi lezi zilimo ngemigqa. Esihlahleni sama-apula, igolidefish ingaba yingozi, ebangela ukulimala okungalungiseki kanye ne-honeysuckle. Futhi, kusuka ku-honeysuckle, ihlumela elinamaqabunga lingasakazekela esihlahleni se-apula.
Iparele engadini "inobungane" nezitshalo ezifanayo nesihlahla se-apula.
Pearl
Omakhelwane Ababi Beparele
Iparele isebenzisana nesihlahla sama-apula ngokuya ngokungathandi izitshalo ezifanayo, futhi ngezitshalo ezinjenge-beech, i-barberry nazo zonke izitshalo zamatshe ezakhiwe, ngeke nje iphile, ngoba i-beech inohlelo olunamandla lwezimpande nesisindo esikhulu sasemoyeni, futhi i-barberry inezinto eziningi ezifanayo eliphakathi kwezifo nezinambuzane. Akufanele utshale ama-junipers eduze kwengadi yeparele (konke ngenxa yokugqwala okufanayo okudumazayo).
Ungakhohlwa nge-allelopathy - ukwakheka kwezimpande zethanga nakho kunobuthi, ikakhulukazi ama-cherries.
Omakhelwane abahle beparele
Kepha iparele lizoba ngabangani kulo, liku-oki, umlotha ovamile wezintaba, ipopula futhi, ikakhulukazi, iplagi emnyama. Yize i-oki inohlelo olunamandla lwezimpande, izimpande zayo zijula kakhulu kunaleya yeparele, ngakho-ke isihlahla akuyona esincintisana naso. Umlotha wasentabeni udla izakhi zomswakama kanye nomswakama futhi ungafaka nomanyolo wenhlabathi ngobuningi bamaqabunga namajikijolo uma kungavuniwe. I-Poplar lapho itshala ohlangothini olusenyakatho ingavikela i-pear ebandayo.
Ama-Cherry
Omakhelwane ababi bama-cherries
Ama-apricots, ama-currants amnyama, ama-raspberries kanye neningi lezinhlobo zokuqala zezihlahla zama-apula bazoba omakhelwane ababi bama-cherries.
Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-apricot izimpande ama-secretion ayingozi kuma-cherries - abulala lesi sitshalo kancane kancane.
I-Cherry ne-blackcurrant akufanele itshalwe eduzane, okokuqala, ngesizathu sokuthi ngeke kwenzeke ukucubungula isivuno esithile, njengoba izinsuku zazo zokumila zingahambelani, futhi izimpande ezimnyama zingadlala indima yezimpande zokhula, zidonsa ngokuzikhandla umswakama kanye nezakhi zomzimba ezivela enhlabathini.
Musa ukutshala utamatisi, upelepele wensimbi kanye nama-sitrobheli emigqeni yama-cherries: isibonelo, lesi sibonelo, sivame ukuheha i-nematode, lapho zonke izilimo ngaphandle kokunye zingahlupheka.
Umndeni we-nightshade kufanele uvikeleke kuma-cherries ngenxa yokusabalala okusebenzayo kwe-nightshade verticillin yomiswa (i-wilt). Lesi yisifo esiyingozi (sabhala ngakho ngasikhathi sinye), kuholela ekufeni okusheshayo kwezinkuni kuma-cherries. Imvamisa kuba khona isithombe esinjalo - ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhakaza, i-cherry iyaphela.
Omakhelwane abahle cherries
Kepha iplamu ne-cherry kuzoba ngabangane abahle bama-cherries - uhlelo lwazo lwezimpande lutholakala cishe ekujuleni okufanayo, ukuphakama kwezitshalo kucishe kufane futhi nesikhathi sokuvuthwa sesitshalo sisondele, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukunisela, ukufaka umquba, ukucubungula ngaphandle kokulimaza izitshalo ezingomakhelwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zama-cherries zingama-pollinator amahle ama-cherries.
I-Plum
Omakhelwane ababi be-plum
Uma uthatha isinqumo sokutshala i-plum esizeni, khona-ke uyihlwanyele ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka kuparele, ama-raspberries, ama-currants amnyama nezihlahla zeapula. Zonke izifo nezilokazane abanazo ngokufana, konke okunye, basebenzisa izinto ezifanayo ezivela enhlabathini futhi bazoba izimbangi ezinkulu.
Omakhelwane abahle bezinqwaba
I-Black elderberry ayisona nje isitshalo sokwelapha kubantu, kodwa futhi ingasindisa ama-plums kuma-aphid. IMaple izoba nomthelela omuhle kuphela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwamaplamu nokukhiqizwa kwawo, kungowaseCanada kuphela, kodwa hhayi owaseMelika, othathwa njengomuthi wokhula oyingozi kakhulu eRussia. Njengoba wazi, i-maple yaseCanada ifinyelela usayizi omkhulu, ngakho-ke uma unquma ukuyitshala eduze kweplamu, udinga ukunakekela ukulawula ukukhula kwayo ukuphakama ngokuthena konyaka.
Amabhilikosi
Izitha ze-Apricot, ngenxa yezifo ezejwayelekile, izinambuzane nezinto ezidliwe enhlabathini, yizihlahla zama-apula, amapharele, amaplamu, ama-cherries, umlotha wasentabeni, ama-cherries, nangokwemvelo, zonke izinhlobo zamantongomane ngamahlamvu awo anobuthi.
Musa ukutshala ama-raspberries kanye nama-currants eduze kwe-apricot, nawo anezinambuzane eziningi ezivamile. Kungcono ukwaba indawo ehlukile kuma-apricot, kude nezinye izitshalo.
Kungcono ukwaba indawo ehlukile kuma-apricot, kude nezinye izitshalo.
Peach
I-Peach ngeke ibe abangane nama-apula kanye namapheya, ngoba kunethuba lokutheleleka ngezifo ezifanayo noma ukunqotshwa kwezinambuzane ezifanayo, futhi nenani lezinto abazisebenzayo ziyefana. Kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi uhlelo lwezimpande lwamaphareji, ukungena kwisizinda sendawo yezimpande ze-apula nethanga, kungadala ukufa nokufa okuphelele kwalokhu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuliqiniso, ungazitshala kwisiza esisodwa, kepha kuzodingeka ukuthi ubuyise ezine noma, ukuze uthembeke kakhudlwana, amamitha amahlanu.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uma utshala ama-cherries noma ama-cherries endaweni eseduze, ipherishi lizozama ngazo zonke izindlela, lizame ukukhula ngendlela ehlukile ukusuka kulo, futhi uhlangothi olusendaweni yalezi zitshalo luzophela kancane kancane amahlamvu bese amahlumela akulo ezoqala ukoma. Lokhu kungenxa yokuzwela okwengeziwe kwepiki ukukhanyisa, idinga inani elikhulu lokukhanya futhi ayibekezeleli noma yisiphi isithunzi. Uma kungekho zinyathelo ezithathwayo, khona-ke emva kweminyaka embalwa, ipiki ingafa ngokuphelele.
Barberry
Uma ungafuni ukuthi isihlahla sezithelo sihlale sigula, ungatshali i-barberry eduze kwaso, ngeke sithinte kuphela i-hawthorn, imephu yaseMelika, iru, kepha ezinye izilimo zingacindezelwa, futhi lokhu kusebenza nakwizitshalo zezithelo.
Ukusuka ezithelo, i-barberry ingahambisana ne-iplamu kuphela, enesistimu enezimpande enamandla futhi engenazitha ezivamile, futhi kusuka amajikijolo okuqala, ane-honeysuckle. Kepha zonke lezi zilimo zinesitha esisodwa esijwayelekile futhi esingathi sína - i-juniper, esisabalalisa ukugqwala yonke indawo.
I-barberry ayisebenzi kakhulu nezitshalo, ngoba ikhipha inani eliningi lobuthi - i-berberine enhlabathini, lokhu kuthinta kabi ezinye izitshalo, kuvimbela ukukhula kwazo nokukhula kwazo.
I-currant ebomvu
Ama-currants abomvu angahambisana kuphela nama-rose okhalweni, ngoba azinazo izifo ezivamile nezinambuzane nakho, futhi akukho zimpawu zokuthi i-allelopathy phakathi kwabo, kepha kuzodingeka babhekane nenqwaba yamahlumela we-rosehip njalo ngonyaka, kepha ama-currants ngeke akhule kahle ngama-raspberries, ngoba inkathazo eyingozi ejwayelekile - i-gooseberry moth.
Uma ufuna ukuvikela ama-currant kusuka umkhaza, bese utshala u-anyanisi emigodini yalesi sitshalo.
I-currant emnyama
I-currant emnyama - into esemqoka ukuthi uyihlwanyele kude ne-bird bird, ngoba indlu yengilazi, isitha esibi kunazo zonke se-currant, ikhinyabeza i-bird bird. Musa ukutshala ama-currants nama-gooseberries eduze kwabo: banesifo esikhulu sezifo ezivamile nezinambuzane.
I-currant yegolide
Kwi-currant yegolide, i-allelopathy mhlawumbe ibizwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena uqobo, eduze kwezitshalo, ukhula kahle, kodwa ngokudabukisa kakhulu omakhelwane.
Ulwandle i-sihlahla sivikelekile
Isitshalo sasolwandle siyisitshalo sangempela sokuhlukumeza, sihlanganisa ezinye izitshalo ngamahlumela awo. Ngokuyinhloko, i-sea buckthorn ingahlanganiswa kuphela nama-sitrobheli engadini, kepha ungakhohlwa ngokuba khona kwezifo ezivamile nezinambuzane kulezi zilimo.
Isiphetho Vele, ezindaweni ezincane lapho ufuna ukutshala izihlahla zezithelo eziningi kanye nezihlahla ngangokunokwenzeka, awunakukwazi ukugcina ibanga elifanele phakathi kwezitshalo. Siyethemba ukuthi i-athikili yethu izokusiza ukuhlela indawo efanelekile "yabakhileyo" bengadi yakho. Ukuphawula kwakho maqondana nokusondelana okuhle noma akusondele kangako kwezitshalo kuzokujabulela ukufunda kumazwana.
