Amakhabe amnandi, atshalwe ngobuningi emhlabeni wonke, ngesiLatin abizwa ngokuthi yiCitrullus lanatus. Lesi sitshalo esikhulu esakha iziswebhu kuze kube ngamamitha amathathu ubude singobomndeni wethanga. Izinhlobo zezilwane zasendle ezihlobene nazo zisatholakala eningizimu ye-Afrika namuhla, futhi umlando wamakhabe, njengesitshalo esitshaliwe, uneminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane.
Izici ezijwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamakhabe kukhona ubukhona bemivimbo emide, enamandla embozwe ngamaqabunga e-cirrus egqamile ngombala obonakalayo. Ukulungisa indawo evundlile futhi emile, amakhabe asebenzisa izimpondo, kuhlanganisa futhi kumiswe lapho kwenziwa intuthuko yesitshalo.
Izimbali ezi-Pale yellow eyodwa zitholakala kuma-axils amaqabunga. Lapho kwenzeka impova, kwakhiwa isithelo esikhulu endaweni imbali. Kungenxa yalesi berry yamanga enesendlalelo esingaphezulu esiluhlaza kanye nomongo oyimifino lapho ikhabe likhulile. Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula, izithelo, njengeziqu namahlamvu, zimbozwa izinwele ezinzima ezanyamalala njengoba zikhula futhi zithathwa njengenye yezimpawu zokuvuthwa kwekhabe.
Futhi okuvuthiwe nokuyindilinga, okunobubanzi bokufika kwama-60 cm amakhabe:
- ikhasi elilukhuni elibushelelezi, imvamisa ngombala oluhlaza okotshani noma omthende, kepha kunemibala yemibala emhlophe, ephuzi, yemabula nemibala.
- inyama ebomvu, enomnandi wepinki, obomvu okumnyama, owolintshi, ophuzi noma omhlophe enezinhlamvu eziningi ezinsundu noma zimnyama.
Ama-watermelons angama-thermophilic futhi akhula ngokunethezeka kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-20-25 ° C.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amashumishumi eminyaka, umsebenzi wokuzalela wenziwe ukuthola izinhlobo, zombili ezingamelana nesomiso futhi ezimelana kahle nezifo, futhi zihlukaniswa ngokuvuthwa kokuqala.
Ngakho-ke, imingcele yasenyakatho yokulinywa kwezitshalo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule iye yathuthuka kakhulu. Abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bazi ngamakhabe hhayi ngokuzwa kuphela, kodwa futhi bazijabulisa njalo ngamajikijolo amnandi. Futhi emibhedeni kwavela izithelo sezivuthiwe kakade ezinsukwini ezingama-65-75 ngemuva kokuvela kokuhluma kokuqala.
Umsuka nomlando wamakhabe
Ngokusho kwabavubukuli kanye nama-paleobotanists, izinhlobo zamakhabe anezimpande ezijwayelekile ezinabamele abancane bezilwane zohlobo lweCitrullus, ezisatholakala ngobuningi ezindaweni eziwugwadule zaseNingizimu Afrika, eMozambiki naseZambia, eNamibia naseBotswana. Kwakunamazwe la lapho kwembulwa inani elikhulu kakhulu lofuzo lwamakhabe, kuthela izithelo ezinenyama ebabayo, emisha nenencasa.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, amadlozi asendle amakhabe anamuhla cishe ayewukuphela komthombo wokuthambisa kwezilwane, nowezizwe zasendaweni, kanye nabahambi ogwadule.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwaqala khona umlando we-watermelon, njengesiko elalisetshenziswa ekudleni. Uma izitshalo ezibabayo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-glycoside zishiywe zinganakekelwa, khona-ke izinhlobo ezidliwayo ezingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-4,000 edlule zafika enyakatho ye-Afrika futhi zathakazelisa abantu ababehlala eNayile Valley. Ukusuka lapha, isiko, njengoba umlando we-watermelon usho, lasakazekela eMedithera, eMpumalanga Ephakathi nangaphezulu, yonke indlela eya eNdiya naseChina.
IBritish Encyclopedia ikhuluma ngokukhula ngamakhabe eGibhithe kusuka embusweni wokuqala. Kuphinde kukhulume ngokuba khona kwamafrescoes, atshela ngokuqoqwa kwalezi zithelo ezibonakalayo osebeni lweNayile.
Imbewu yekhabe noma ukhokho wayo okude kutholakala emathuneni oPharao besikhathi sobukhosi beXII.
Kunobufakazi obubhaliwe bokutshala kolunye lwezinhlobonhlobo zamakhabe asendle akhula eNdiya ngekhulu lesi-7 AD. Ngisho nanamuhla, izithelo ezincane zohlobo lweCitrullus lanatus fistulosus eNdiya zisetshenziswa njengesitshalo semifino.
Ngekhulu le-X, amakhabe eza eChina, izwe namuhla elingumbonisi oyinhloko walolu hlobo lwamakhabe emakethe yomhlaba. Futhi eYurophu, futhi ngokuqondile eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, amakhabe eza namaqhawe amaMoorish.
Emakhulwini eminyaka we-X-XII, lesi sitshalo sihlwanyelwa eCordoba naseSeville, lapho, ngokomlando wenkathi ephakathi, amakhabe awela kwezinye izingxenye zezwekazi. Kepha ngenxa yemikhawulo yesimo sezulu, bekungenakwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale izitshalo ezinzile noma kuphi ngaphandle eningizimu yeYurophu, kanti amakhabe ayesetshenziswa njengezitshalo ezingafani emasimini nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isiko le-melon landa ngokushesha ogwini lweNew World, lapho amakhabe afike ngezindlela ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: ngamakholoni aseYurophu nezigqila ezalethwa ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umlando wamakhabe eMelika waqala ngonyaka we-1576. Kuleli hlobo elikude eFlorida, amakhabe atshalwe izifiki zaseSpain abevele ethela izithelo.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana nje, kwavela amasimu wekhabe endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika. Ama-watermelons abona ukunambitheka kwezizwe zamaNdiya zesigodi saseMississippi, kanye nezakhamuzi zasePacific Islands, kubandakanya iHawaii.
Ama-watermelons ngokusobala angeniswa esifundeni saseRussia ngokuhamba ngomgwaqo omkhulu we-Great Silk, nokho, ngenxa yobunzima besimo sezulu kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, isiko lalisakazwa kuphela ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ngokwesibonelo, eLittle Russia, Kuban nase-steppe esifundeni seVolga. Ukuze ufunde ngomlando wamakhabe konke ngeke kusebenze, isikhathi esiningi lesi sitshalo sihlala eduze komuntu. Namuhla, ngisho nezimpande zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezilinyelwe ezitshalwe ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia emakotini asehlobo azaziwa ngokuqinisekile.
Kepha lokhu akuvimbi abantu ukuthi basebenze ekuthuthukiseni isitshalo nasekutholeni izinhlobo ezintsha. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingamakhulu ambalwa izinhlobo kanye nzalo yamakhabe amasiko emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokhu kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe bokugcina ukushisa, kwenzeka ukuthi kukhule izithelo ezimnandi ngisho nalapho abantu bebengakaze bezwe ngebhali enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafuyi bezithelo abasasenamkhawulo ekutshalweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha ngesiko lamagxolo aluhlaza nenyama ebomvu.
Ama-watermelons avuthwa emibhedeni, ngaphansi kwawo hhayi obomvu noma opinki kuphela, kepha nenyama emhlophe nephuzi ifihlwe ngaphansi kwepende elimhlophe, elimnyama, elinamabala noma aphuzi.
Futhi ukuthola ama-gourmet amahle kakhulu, abalimi esifundazweni saseJapan iZenzuji, bebeka i-ovary ecaleni elikhethekile, bakwazi ukutshala i-cubic yokuqala, futhi manje amakhabe angama-curly.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ikhabe
Yini eyenza abantu emhlabeni wonke bathande amakhabe? Impendulo esobala kakhulu ukunambitheka okumnandi, okuqabulayo kwezithelo ezivuthiwe. Kepha ayini amandla aphelele namakhemikhali wamakhabe, futhi lapho izinto zingathinta khona inzuzo yabantu impilo yakhe?
Amagremu ayi-100 we-red red pulp ye-ikhabe iqukethe:
- 0,1 amagremu amaprotheni;
- 0,15 amagremu wamafutha;
- 7.55 amagremu ama-carbohydrate, amagremu ayi-6.2 awo ushukela;
- Amagremu we-0,4 wefayibha yokudla;
- 91.45 amagremu amanzi.
Ngalesi simo, okuqukethwe ikhalori ye-watermelon ayidluli i-30 kcal, kepha lokhu akupheli izinzuzo zokudla izithelo. Isigaxa esingu-100 gram siqukethe amavithamini amaningi, kufaka phakathi i-10% yokudla okwenziwa nsuku zonke kwe-ascorbic acid, kanye okungenani ne-4% yenani le-beta-carotene edingeka kumuntu, i-Vitamin B1, B2 ne-B3, B5 ne-B6, i-choline kanye nezinto ezibalulekile ze-micro and macro. Lezi yi-calcium, i-magnesium nensimbi, i-potassium ne-phosphorus, i-manganese, i-sodium ne-zinc.
Indawo ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali uginindela yi-lycopene, lapho kumagremu ayi-100 aqukethe kufika ku-4530 mcg. Futhi ku-bark of watermelon kukhona i-amino acid ebaluleke njenge-citrulline.
Isikhathi esingakanani ukugcina ikhabe?
Ukuze wandise izinzuzo zamakhabe, izithelo ezivuthiwe ezitshalwe ngokuhambisana nemithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo kufanele zidliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokugcina, amakhabe nawo alahlekelwa amanye amavithamini, umswakama noshukela. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi umbuzo wokuthi isikhathi esingakanani ukubeka ikhabe ubaluleke kakhulu. Impendulo kuyo ixhomeke ezinhlobonhlobo nasendleleni yokugcina.
Uma uginindela wekhabethe le-Ogonyok noma iCrimson Suite ehlukahlukene, ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa ngemuva kokususwa ekuqothulweni, ulahlekelwe ubumnandi bayo bese buba bukhali, khona-ke izithelo ezintsha ze-Kholodok ezinhlobonhlobo, ezigcinwe izinyanga ezingaba ngu-5, zingamangaza etafuleni loNyaka oMusha.
Ekushiseni kwegumbi, kude nezinto zokufudumeza, ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nomswakama, ikhabe aligcinwanga isikhathi eside kangako, kuze kube inyanga. Egcekeni elipholile, elinama-airy noma emiphongolweni, amakhabe wonke ngokwesilinganiso ahlala emnandi izinyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4.
- Uma ufuna ukugcina ikhabe isikhathi eside, uginindela noma ujusi ungafakwa iqhwa.
- Izingcezwana zamakhabe zome, zithola uhlobo lwama-chip. Amaswidi wemvelo atshwayo enzelwa ujusi omisiwe.
- Kanye nekhabe, ukhukhamba, usawoti no-omuncu, kubenzele ujusi kanye nezicucwana zezithelo ujamu, ujamu nezithelo ezinamakha ezinephunga elimnandi.
Kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela, impilo yeshelufu lekhabe linwetshwa unyaka. Kepha ikhabe elisikiwe alikwazi ukugcinwa isikhathi eside. Ngisho esiqandisini sosuku, izimila ze-pathogenic zikhula kushukela olumnandi, olunomswakama, kanye namagciwane aholela ekuvuthweni kokuqina. Lapho kufudumele, le nqubo iqala emahoreni ambalwa.
Izimpawu zamakhabe avuthiwe
Ukuze ukwazi ukubona ikhabe elivuthiwe nelilungele ukudliwa, kubalulekile hhayi kumthengi ekhawuntareni kuphela, kodwa nakumhlali osehlobo othole isivuno esicebile. I-watermelon igcinwa isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi izakhi eziqoqiwe ku-pulp yayo, zincike ekuthembekeni kokukhetha. Ngaphandle kokusika izithelo, ukuvuthwa kunganqunywa ngokubonakala kwekhabe kanye nesiswebhu esikuyo.
Kunezimpawu ezimbalwa zekhabe elivuthiwe:
- Ikhasi lekhabe elivuthiwe linendawo enobushelelezi obunzima, kunzima ukulenza ngomunwe, okuvela kulo kuphela iphepha. Uma izinto eziluhlaza zinegxolo le-matte, khona-ke ikhabe elivuthiwe limbozwa ngentambo ye-wax.
- Indawo etholakala engxenyeni engezansi ehlangene nenhlabathi kufanele ibe ne-tint efudumele ephuzi. Uma kungekho ikhabe elivuthiwe endaweni leyo, akukho mivimbo noma enye iphethini, amagxolo awubisi, awomile futhi awonakali. Kukholakala ukuthi umbala ogqamile futhi ugcwele kakhulu ibala, lapho emnandi kakhulu futhi isivuthiwe isithelo.
- Isibonakaliso ikhabe elivuthiwe lingasebenza njenge-peduncle eyomile ne-antennae, eyakheka eduze kwe-sinus, lapho isigaxa sezithelo sishiya khona.
- Ngeke kube yinto engasho lutho ukuthi ungqongqoze ekhonkolweni lekhabe. Izithelo ezivuthiwe ziyosabela ngomsindo ojulile, ohlabayo. Futhi ivuthiwe, ilungele ukuvuna izithelo lapho icwiliswa emanzini.
Imvelo ye-nitrate ekhwameni
Njengezinye izitshalo, amakhabe ayakwazi ukuqongelela izinto ezingasebenziseki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhlanganiswa okuthinta kabi impilo yabantu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi okujwayelekile kwe-nitrate ku-ikhabe kungadlulwa kakhulu uma, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwekhabe, isitshalo:
- uhlangabezana nokushoda kokushisa, okwakuvezwa ekunciphiseni inqubo yentuthuko;
- uthole isamba esikhulu somanyolo we-nitrogen;
- yayingaphansi kwethonya lemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, okuholela ekuqongeleleni izinto eziyingozi;
- Ihlushwa ukuntuleka kokuswakama enhlabathini nasemoyeni;
- wabhekana nokushoda emhlabathini we-molybdenum, isibabule, cobalt noma potassium;
- yayisemhlabathini ene-acidity ephezulu noma okuqukethwe usawoti.
Isilinganiso esivumelekile esiphezulu se-nitrate ku-ikhabe i-60 mg / kg. Futhi lapha kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinto eziyingozi lihlanganiswe eduze kobuso, futhi ikakhulukazi ku-crust.
Kumuntu omdala, inani elivumelekile le-nitrate emzimbeni linqunywa ngesilinganiso se-5 mg ngekhilogremu ngayinye yesisindo. Inani eliphakeme le-nitrite lincane kakhulu futhi akufanele lidlule i-0,2 mg ngekhilogremu yesisindo somzimba womuntu.
Lapho ama-nitrate edlulwa ekhwameni, lezi zinto zibangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kubantu, futhi ngokufakwa njalo kwamanani amaningi alezi zinhlanganisela eziyingozi, isimila somdlavuza, i-cyanosis, ukulimala okukhulu ohlelweni lwezinzwa nokugaya ukudla kwenhliziyo, kanye nenhliziyo nama-vascular pathologies. Ama-nitrate nama-nitrate amabi kakhulu athinta ukukhula kwesibeletho ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
Ukuze wazi konke mayelana nekhabe elenzelwe ukudla futhi uqiniseke ngokuphepha kwalo, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo lapho ukhula futhi usebenzise izindlela zokuhlaziya ngokusobala.
