Wonke umuntu uyazi: ukuze umzimba ube khona, ukuba khona komoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, i-carbon ne-nitrogen kuyadingeka. Kuyacaca ukuthi i-nitrogen ingenye yezinto ezibalulekile empilweni yazo zombili izitshalo, abantu nezilwane. Kwizitshalo, umthombo we-nitrogen empeleni, ungumhlabathi. Ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi, "ukonakala" kwalo, inani le-nitrogen kulo nalo liyashintsha. Imvamisa, izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zizwa ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, ukukhula kumhlabathi onesihlabathi nesihlabathi. Yilezi zinhlobo zenhlabathi ezihlala zidinga ukucebiswa okwengeziwe ngamanyolo we-nitrogen, ukuze izitshalo ezikuzo zizizwe zisejwayelekile.
Umanyolo onamaminerali aqukethe i-nitrogen.
Okuqukethwe yi-nitrogen yenhlabathi
Kusungulwe ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ye-nitrogen esemhlabeni igxiliwe engxenyeni yayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-humus, kuyo ingaphezu kwe-5% ye-nitrogen. Njengokulindelekile, uma ubukhulu benkethe ye-humus bukhula, likhulu inani le-nitrogen, ngakho-ke, kulezi zitshalo zenhlabathi zizizwa zingcono.
I-humus yinto ephikelelayo kakhulu, ukubola kwayo kuhamba kancane, ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinamaminerali kusuka kulolu hlaka nako kwenzeka kancane kancane. Iphesenti elilodwa kuphela lalezi ezinhlanu elisemhlabathini liyindawo enamaminerali encibilikiswa emanzini, okusho ukuthi iyatholakala ukuthi isetshenziswe yizitshalo.
Ngenxa yalokho, noma kukhona ungqimba olubanzi lwe-humus, ukugqoka okwengeziwe kwezitshalo kuyadingeka, yize kuthathwa imithamo ephansi.
Kungani izitshalo zidinga i-nitrogen?
Kuvela ukuthi lesi sakhi asikho kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ayikho i-nitrogen kushukela, i-fiber, uwoyela nesitashi. Kukhona i-nitrogen ku-amino acid kanye namaprotheni. INitrogen iyisakhi esibalulekile se-nitic acid, okuyisakhi esiyinhloko saso noma yisiphi iseli elibhekele ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni nokuphindaphindwa kwemininingwane yofuzo (ukuphinda kabili ukwakhiwa kwezinto ezengeziwe zofuzo ezifanayo nalezo esele zisezakhi zofuzo).
Ngisho ne-chlorophyll, eyaziwa ngokusiza izitshalo ukuthola amandla elanga, nayo inenitrogen ekwakhiweni kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen ikhona ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ze-organic medium, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-alkaloids, ama-lipoids nezinye izinto ezifanayo.
Yonke inqwaba yezitshalo ezingenhla ine-nitrogen, futhi iningi lalesi sakhi liqukethwe amaqabunga amaqabunga okuqala. Ngokuqedwa kokuqhakaza kwezimbali kanye nokuqala kokwakhiwa kwesibeletho, lo muthi ugelezela ezithweni zokuzala zezitshalo bese unqwabelana lapho, wakhe amaprotheni.
Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwembewu, i-nitrogen ithathwa kwizitho zezitshalo ngobuningi obukhulu, futhi inciphe kakhulu. Uma kune-nitrogen eningi enhlabathini futhi lesi sitshalo sizosisebenzisa kakhulu, khona-ke lesi sakhi sizosatshalaliswa cishe kuzo zonke izitho zesitshalo, okuzoholela ekukhuleni ngokushesha kwesisindo sendiza, ukubambezeleka ekukhiqizeni amajikijolo nezithelo kanye nokwehla kwesitshalo esiphelele sezitshalo.
Ukuqoqwa okulinganiselwe kwe-nitrogen emhlabathini kuphela okungaqinisekisa ukuthola okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo eyanele.
Lezo zitshalo ezidla i-nitrogen ngobuningi, hhayi ngokweqile, zingakhula ngokuphelele, zakha imibala ejwayelekile yamaqabunga ohlobo olujwayelekile, oluhlaza okotshani, kungenjalo zizophela futhi zakhe izilimo eziphakathi nendawo.
Ummbila ucutshungulwa ngamanyolo we-nitrogen (ingemuva) futhi awenziwa.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zomquba eziqukethe i-nitrogen
Umanyolo weNitrogen yizinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen compounds. Sekukonke, kunamaqembu ayisihluthulelo amaningi omquba we-nitrogen. Lokhu ngamanyolo e-nitrate (i-calcium ne-sodium nitrate), umanyolo we-ammonium (i-ammonium chloride ne-ammonium sulfate), umanyolo we-ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate), umanyolo we-amide (urea) nomanyolo we-nitrogen we-liquid (amanzi e-ammonia noma i-anmonrous ammonia).
Umanyolo weNitrogen, iqembu le-nitrate
Qala ngokuthi calcium nitrate, - ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali yi-Ca (NO₃) ₂. Ngaphandle, i-calcium nitrate yi-granules emhlophe okukhona kuyo i-nitrogen efinyelela ku-18%. Lo manyolo ulungele inhlabathi ene-acidity ephezulu. Ngengeniso ehlelekile nonyaka ye-calcium nitrate enhlabathini nge-acidity ephezulu, intuthuko yezakhiwo zayo iyabonakala. ICalcium nitrate iyanyibilika kakhulu emanzini, ngakho-ke udinga ukugcina umanyolo ezikhwameni ezingavumeli ukuthi amanzi adlule.
Lapho wenza i-calcium nitrate, udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuxutshwa kwayo nomanyolo we-phosphorus akwamukeleki.
Umanyolo olandelayo sodium nitrateIfomula yayo yamakhemikhali yiNaNO₃. Lo manyolo uyi-crystalline, uqukethe okuncane - kuya ku-17% i-nitrogen. I-sodium nitrate iyanyibilika kakhulu emanzini futhi imunca kahle izimpande zezitshalo. Umanyolo lo uguquguqukayo futhi ulungele izitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Lo manyolo awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngenkathi ekwindla: i-nitrogen esekuyo izoguqulwa ingene emanzini omhlaba.
Njengoba sinikezwe i-solubility enhle kakhulu emanzini kanye ne-hygroscopicity, lo manyolo kumele ugcinwe ezindaweni ezomile.
Ammonium Umanyolo
Iqembu elilandelayo ngamanyolo we-ammonium. Okokuqala endaweni yaleli qembu ammonium sulfate, ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali yi (NH4)2Ngakho4. Ngaphandle, lo manyolo ungumphunga omhlophe weqhwa, uqukethe i-nitrogen engaphezulu kwe-20%.
I-Ammonium sulfate ingasetshenziswa kokubili njengomanyolo omkhulu we-nitrogen futhi njengendlela yokugqoka ephezulu eyengeziwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwalomanyolo kungenziwa ngesikhathi sekwindla: i-nitrogen evela kulo igxiliswa emhlabathini ngaphandle kokuthi ihlanzwe emanzini.
Ngokuqala konyaka kanye nangendlela ehlelekile kwe-ammonium sulfate enhlabathini, kungenzeka ukwenziwa kwe-acid acid, lapho lo manyolo kumele kuxutshaniswe nolamula noma ikhareji ngokwesilinganiso esisodwa kuya kwamabili.
I-Ammonium sulfate akuyona i-hygroscopic, ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa kwezinkinga zayo ngokuvamile akuveli. Into esemqoka okufanele uyikhumbule ukuthi lo manyolo awunakusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nanoma yikuphi ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-alkaline, ngoba kunengozi yokucindezela umsebenzi we-nitrogen.
I-Ammonium chloride, - ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali yi-NH₄Cl. Umanyolo uqukethe i-nitrogen eyi-26%. Ngaphandle, i-ammonium chloride iyimpuphu emhlophe qwa. Lapho wenza i-ammonium chloride, ayigezwa isuswe enhlabathini, ngesikhathi sokugcina lesi manyolo asikhekhi futhi asidingi ukugaya ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi yokugcina. I-nitrogen ekhishwa kwi-ammonium chloride ingene enhlabathini idonswa izitshalo ngokuphelele.
Ububi obukhulu baleli manyolo yi-chlorine equkethwe ukwakheka kwayo. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-nitrogen eyi-10 kg esetshenziselwa inhlabathi, ngokuya ngento esebenzayo, cishe i-chlorine elingaphezulu kokuphindwe kabili iphinda ingene emhlabathini, futhi ibhekwe njengobuthi izitshalo eziningi. Ngokunikezwe lokhu, ukwethulwa kwe-ammonium chloride kufanele kwenziwe ngokukhethekile ekwindla ukuze kungasebenzi ingxenye yechlorine, kodwa-ke, kuze kufike ku-2% wenitrogen elahlekile nalokhu.
Ammonium nitrate manyolo
Isigaba esilandelayo umanyolo we-ammonium nitrate, umholi kuleli qembu yi-ammonium nitrate. Ifomula yamakhemikhali ammonium nitrate kubukeka kanjena - NH₄NO₃. Lo manyolo ubonakala ngokufana ne-off-white granular powder. Umanyolo uqukethe cishe i-36% nitrogen. I-Ammonium nitrate ingasetjenziswa njengomanyolo omkhulu noma njengendlela yokugqoka ephezulu eyengeziwe.
Le Umanyolo ihlukaniswe njengento engenalo i-ballast, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kuwela ezifundeni ezinokushoda komswakama wamanzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi enhlabathini enomswakama owengeziwe, ukusebenza kahle kwalomanyolo kuncishiswa, ngoba i-nitrogen equkethwe kumanyolo icishe yahlanzwa ngokuphelele ingena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
I-Ammonium nitrate ngenxa yokwanda kwe-hygroscopicity ayikubekezeleli ukugcinwa emakamelweni amanzi, lapho ilukhuni futhi ikhekhe ngokushesha. Kuliqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi umanyolo uba ongaguquguquki, ngaphambi nje kokuwufaka enhlabathini, uzodinga ukugaya indawo yokufaka usawoti, kwesinye isikhathi okunzima impela.
Esimweni lapho amacebo akho afaka khona ukudalwa komxube we-ammonium nitrate ne-phosphorus, isibonelo, i-superphosphate, khona-ke kufanele uqale uxube i-superphosphate nanoma yimuphi umanyolo ongathathi hlangothi, onjengofulawa we-dolomite, ushoko noma ukhilimu, kanti isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuyixuba ne-ammonium nitrate.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukwethulwa okuhleliwe nokwenziwa minyaka yonke kwe-ammonium nitrate enhlabathini kuholela ekwandeni kwezinga layo le-acidity. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinga le-acidity yenhlabathi lenyuka kakhulu ngenkuthalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ezigabeni zokuqala zokusetshenziswa kwalo, ushintsho ku-acidity alunakukhinyabezeka.
Ukuze uvimbele i-acidization yenhlabathi, i-ammonium nitrate kufanele ifakwe kanye ne-chalk, ufulawa we-dolomite ne-lime ku-ratio engu-1 kuye ku-2.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi njengamanje, i-ammonium nitrate esefomini yayo emsulwa ayithengiswa, ithengiswa ngohlobo lokuxuba okuhlukahlukene. Ithandwa kakhulu futhi inokubuyekezwa okuhle uma usebenzisa ingxube equkethe ama-60% ammonium nitrate no-40% wezakhi ezahlukahlukene zokungathathi hlangothi. Kulesi isilinganiso, cishe i-19-21% ye-nitrogen ingxubevange.
Amapulangwe omanyolo we-nitrogen - urea.
Iqembu - umanyolo ngaphandle
Urea, - ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali inefomu CH4N2U-Orea ubizwa ngenye indlela - urea, lo manyolo uthathwa njengomunye ophumelela kakhulu. I-Urea iqukethe cishe i-47% nitrogen, kwesinye isikhathi i-1% incane. Ngaphandle, ingamagremu amhlophe qhwa. Lo manyolo ubonakala ngekhono elikhulayo lokufaka umhlabathi inhlabathi, ngakho-ke, lungasetshenziswa kuphela ngezinto ezingathathi hlangothi - ufulawa we-dolomite, ushoko, ukhilimu. I-Urea ayisetshenziswa kakhulu njengomanyolo oyinhloko; Lo manyolo omuhle we-foliar nawo ngoba awushisi amabala amaqabunga, kepha umunzwa kahle yizitshalo.
Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-urea ziyaziwa, ezibizwa nge-A no-B. Uhlobo ngaphansi kwegama A alusona isigaba sokusebenza ngempumelelo futhi akuvamile ukuthi lusetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni kwezitshalo. Imvamisa, uhlobo lwe-brand u urea lusetshenziselwa isengezo sokuphakelwa kwezilwane, isibonelo, izimbuzi, izinkomo, amahhashi. Umkhiqizo we-urea onegama B uqedwa lapho kwenziwa izithasiselo futhi usetshenziswe ngqo njengomanyolo.
Umanyolo wenitrogen
I-Amonia hydrate, noma i-ammonium hydroxide (amanzi e-ammonia noma i-ammonia ewuketshezi). Ifomula yamakhemikhali ye-ammonium hydroxide NH4OH. Eqinisweni, amanzi e-ammonia yi-amonia ancibilika emanzini. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-ammonia ewuketshezi, eyokuqala iqukethe okungenani i-nitrogen okungenani i-19% futhi ingabi ngaphezu kwama-26%, kanti eyesibili ingaqukatha kusuka ku-15% nitrogen iye ku-21%. Imvamisa, amanzi e-ammonia ayethulwa kusetshenziswa imishini ekhethekile ekwazi ukufaka lo manyolo enhlabathini ukuze ibe ngu-14 cm cm ngokujula.
Izinzuzo zomanyolo ketshezi intengo yazo ephansi ngokweqile, ukutholwa okusheshayo kwezitshalo, isikhathi eside sokwenza kanye nokusatshalaliswa komanyolo emhlabathini. Kukhona futhi izingqinamba - lokhu kuyinto yokuhamba nokuyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho okuyinkimbinkimbi yokushiswa okukhulu kwamaqabunga lapho umanyolo efika ebusweni bawo nesidingo semishini ekhethekile eyenzelwe ukusebenzisa umanyolo owuketshezi.
Ama-organic Nitrogen Fertilizer
Njengoba wazi, i-nitrogen ikhona emakhemikhali e-organic, kepha inani layo lincane. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ekungcoleni kwezinkomo, i-nitrogen ayidluli ngaphezu kwe-2.6%. Ezinyukeni zezinyoni, ezinobuthi impela, zifinyelela ku-2.7%. I-nitrogen nayo ikhona kumquba, kepha inani lakhona, ngokuya "ngezithako" zomquba, lihluke kakhulu. Iningi le-nitrogen kumquba womquba lenziwa nge-silt echibini, imfucumfucu yamaqabunga, inqwaba eluhlaza okhula nokhula lwethanga. Njengoba kunikezwe ukungazinzi kokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kumanyolo we-organic, ukusetshenziswa kwawo njengomanyolo omkhulu akufiseleki futhi kusongela ukuntuleka kokudla okunempilo kanye nokubulawa yindlala zezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umanyolo onjalo, yize uhamba kancane kepha usawugqinsa umhlabathi.
Umanyolo weNitrogen FertilizerIzitshalo i-nitrogen ebaluleke kakhulu
Ngokuvamile, isivuno ngasinye sidinga i-nitrogen, kepha umthamo wohlelo uyahlukahluka ezitshalweni ezithile. Ngokunikezwe lokhu, zonke izitshalo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba zesidingo se-nitrogen.
Esigabeni sokuqala Ungafaka izitshalo ezidinga ukondliwa nge-nitrogen ngaphambi kokuzitshala emhlabathini ukuze kusebenze ukukhula nentuthuko. Kwizilimo ezinjalo, cishe i-26-28 g ye-nitrogen, ebalwa ngesisekelo se-ammonium nitrate kanye nesekwere ngalinye lendawo, ziyadingeka ngemitha yesikwele. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa, kusuka ezitshalweni zemifino: amazambane, iklabishi, pepper yensimbi, isitshalo seqanda, i-zucchini, ithanga ne-rhubarb; kusuka ku-berry nezithelo: iplamu, i-cherry, okusajingijolo, okusajingijolo kanye nesitrobheli wasendle; kusuka kumbali: i-lilac, i-rose, i-dahlia, i-peony, i-violet, i-phlox, ibhalsamu, i-clove, i-nasturtium ne-zinnia.
Iqembu lesibili - Lezi yizitshalo ezidinga i-nitrogen engaphansi. Imvamisa, kuphela yi-18- g g ye-nitrogen eyanele, ngokuya nge-ammonium nitrate kanye nemitha ngayinye yendawo. Izilimo zemifino zifaka phakathi: utamatisi, iparsley, ikhukhamba, izaqathi, ummbila, izindebe negalikhi; kusuka ezitsheni kanye ne-berry: isihlahla se-apula, i-currant, ugqumugqumu; kusuka kumbali: yonke iminyaka kanye ne-delphiniums.
Isigaba sesithathu - Lezi yizitshalo ezidinga i-nitrogen ngokulinganisa, hhayi ngaphezu kwe-10-12 g nge-skwele esilinganayo, ebalwa ku-ammonium nitrate. Ukusuka kwimifino kuya kulesi sigaba, ungafaka: amazambane okuqala wokuvuthwa, izilimo zesaladi, ama-radada kanye no-anyanisi; kusuka ezitsheni - kuyiparele; kusuka kumbali: isibani, i-primrose, i-adonis, i-saxifrage ne-daisy.
Isigaba sokugcina idinga inani elincane le-nitrogen nge-skwele ngalinye, hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-5-6 g ngokuya nge-ammonium nitrate. Izilimo zemifino zifaka amakhambi abilayo kanye nezinsimu; kusuka kumbali - i-poppy, i-azalea, insizwa, izithende, i-stonecrop, i-Erica, i-purslane, i-rhododendrons ne-cosmeas.
Imithetho yokusebenzisa umanyolo we-nitrogen
Khumbula ukuthi imithamo efanelekile yomanyolo we-nitrogen kuphela engathinta ukukhula nokukhula kwezilimo ezahlukahlukene, kanti nokufakwa komanyolo kumele kubalwe kususelwa kumaphesenti e-nitrogen kumanyolo othize, futhi futhi kubenze kuye ngohlobo lomhlabathi, inkathi nohlobo lwesitshalo.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-nitrogen ingeniswa enhlabathini ekwindla, kunobungozi bokugcotshwa kwayo emanzini aphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esifanelekile sokufaka umquba nge-nitrogen isentwasahlobo.
Uma uhlela ukufaka umquba ngenhlabathi ephezulu, qiniseka ukuthi uhlanganisa i-nitrogen nezinto ezahlukahlukene ezingathathi hlangothi umphumela we-acidifying - chalk, lime, ufulawa we-dolomite. Ngakho-ke, umanyolo uzodonswa kangcono, futhi inhlabathi ngeke ivundiswe.
Kubaluleke kakhulu kubahlali bendawo yama-steppe kanye ne-steppe steppe, lapho inhlabathi imile khona kakhulu, ukufaka umanyolo we-nitrogen ngezikhathi ezithile, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okubukhali, okungathinta izitshalo ngendlela yokubambezeleka ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekunciphiseni isivuno.
Kungcono ukufeza umanyolo we-nitrogen enhlabathini ye-chernozem ezinsukwini eziyi-11 ukuya kwengu-12 ngemuva kokuncibilika kweqhwa. Ukugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu kwenziwa kahle usebenzisa i-urea, futhi lapho izitshalo zingena esigabeni esisebenzayo sesikhathi sokukhula, engeza i-ammonium nitrate.
Imiphumela yokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen
Sesikushilo ngokwengxenye lokhu, kepha ukusilela kwe-nitrogen akugcini nje ukukhula okungavinjelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa yamaqabunga ezitshalo aqala ukuthola umbala we-atypical, aphenduka aphuzi, futhi lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sokuqala sokufaka umanyolo.Ngokuntuleka okukhulu kwe-nitrogen, ngaphezu kokupenda kwamaqabunga amaqabunga, amathiphu abo aqala ukuoma kancane.
Izimpawu zokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen emacembe ommbila.
Kungenzeka kube khona ukulimala okuvela kumanyolo we-nitrogen?
Yebo, mhlawumbe uma kwenzeka ngokweqile kwabo. Imvamisa, ngokweqile kwe-nitrogen, isisindo sendawo sezitshalo siqala ukukhula kakhulu, amahlumela aqine, amaqabunga amaqabunga anda, ama-internode abe makhulu. Isisindo esiluhlaza sithola ubukhazikhazi nokuthambile, futhi ukuqhakaza kungenzeka buthakathaka futhi kufushane, noma kungenzeki nhlobo, ngakho-ke, i-ovary ayakhi futhi izithelo namajikijolo awakheki.
Uma kune-nitrogen eningi, khona-ke okufana nokushiswa kuvela emaqabunga amaqabunga, ngokuzayo amaqabunga anjalo ayawa bese ewa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukufa kwamahlamvu kwesinye isikhathi kuholela ekufeni okuyingxenye kohlelo lwezimpande, yingakho ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen kumele kube ngokwejwayelekile.
Imiphumela. Ngakho-ke, sabona ukuthi zonke izitshalo zidinga umanyolo we-nitrogen, noma kunjalo, imithamo yazo idinga ukunqunywa ngokufanele futhi isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana namagama anconyiwe, asuselwa kokunye, ezimeni zikamanyolo uqobo.
