Isitshalo se-cactus singesinye esingaqondakali emhlabeni. Lokhu kuncipha kungakwenza ngaphandle komswakama izinyanga bese kukhula enhlabathini ebumpofu kakhulu lapho kungekho izakhi zomzimba. Izimpawu eziguquguqukayo ze-cacti azibavumeli nje kuphela ukuthi baphile ngaphansi kwelanga elishayo, kodwa futhi ziyaqhakaza. Yini isici semvelo se-cacti, futhi zikhula ngasiphi isimo semvelo?
Lapho i-cacti ikhula khona emvelweni: izimo zezemvelo
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo i- prickly plant cactus (kusuka eGreek cactos) iyaseningizimu naseNyakatho Melika. Isikhungo sokudaleka kwalo mndeni sisabhekwa njengeNingizimu Melika, sisuka lapho sasakazekela ezweni laseNyakatho Melika. Lapho ikhula khona i-cacti, zingaba khona izimo ezihluke ngokuphelele, ngoba lezi zitshalo zinendawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa, ehlanganisa izindawo zemvelo ezihlukile. Lokhu ngokwako kunquma izimo ezahlukahlukene zokukhula kwezitshalo: isimo sezulu, umhlabathi kanye nomhlabathi. Ama-cacti ahlala emahlathini ashisayo (izinhlobo ze-epiphytic ezikhula ezihlahleni zezihlahla), kuma-savannas, ezinhlobonhlobo zogwadule naseziphepheni, futhi ezintabeni zikhuphuka zifinyelela kumamitha angama-4 500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Futhi kuphi enye indawo lapho i-cacti ikhula endle? Iningi lalawa anciphisayo avumelaniswa nempilo ezimweni zasogwadule, imvula encane kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa kusuka ngosuku kuya kobusuku. Izimo zemvelo ze-cacti ezinzima ezihlukumezanayo ziwuphawu lwamagwadule asezintabeni eziphakeme ngamazinga awo okushisa aphakathi nobusuku kanye nomehluko phakathi kokushisa kwasemini nobusuku phezu kwenhlabathi kuze kufike ku-45 °. Kuya enyakatho, uhla lwe-cacti lufinyelela ku-56 ° C. N, naseningizimu kuya ku-54 ° S. w. Amaphuzu amakhulu ebanga afinyelelwa ikakhulu ngabamele i-Opuntsevo subfamily.
Indawo yendawo ye-cacti ezwenikazi ayifane kakhulu. Ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu kakhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kubukeka eMexico, ugwadule lwentaba lwasePeru, eChile, e-Argentina naseBolivia.
Ama-cacti ayizitshalo ezinepulasitiki ephezulu yemvelo. Izimpawu ezithile zokuqina kwe-cacti ziyabavumela ukuba baphile hhayi eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika kuphela, kepha futhi nasezindaweni zemvelo ezihlukile kwamanye amazwekazi. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zephiniga enobuhlakani zalethwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu futhi zatuswa ngempumelelo. E-USSR yangaphambili, ithini lamapheya lalihlonishwa eCrimea kanye nasesifundeni sase-Astrakhan, naseTurkmenistan. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-epiphytic cacti zitholakala emahlathini ase-Afrika, eMadagascar, eSri Lanka naseziqhingini zoLwandlekazi i-Indian. Kodwa-ke, kukholakala ukuthi balethwa yilezi zindawo ngumuntu.
Yimuphi umndeni ohlanganisa izitshalo ze-cicki zasogwadule ezinamahloni: amaqembu nemindeni engezansi
Kusukela endaweni yokubukwa kwe-taxonomy, ama-cacti ayizitshalo ezi-dicotyledonous zohlelo lwama-clove, omndeni wakwaCactaceae. I-clove oda ihlanganisa izitshalo ezihluke kakhulu ngokubukeka ezingamalungu emindeni ehlukene.
Umndeni we-cacti ungowezindawo ezinotshani obungapheliyo, obusika nezihlahla ezinjengesihlahla ukuphakama kwesiqu okungu-2-5 cmIsikhumba esincanekuya ku-10-12 m (I-Giant carnegia) Kuze kube manje, asikho i-taxonomy esunguliwe futhi eyamukelwa ngokuvamile yomndeni wakwaCactus. Amasu okuqamba kule ndawo awakamukelwa ngokuvamile futhi aphikiswa ngochwepheshe. Ngokusho kukasomatekisi wakudala futhi osabalele we-K. Bakeberg, umndeni ufinyelele ku-220 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-3000. Ukuba khona kwenani elinjalo le-cacti, lezi zitshalo zasogwadule, bekungabazeki ukuthi kungabazeki. Muva nje, ngokusho kwenye ye-E anderson's taxonomy entsha futhi eqashelwa kakhulu, inani le-genera lehliselwe ku-124. Umndeni wakwaCactaceae uhlukaniswe imindeni emithathu engezansi, incazelo ye-cacti yalowo nalowo wethu yethulwa ngezansi.
Ngokuzithoba Peireskioideae (I-Pereskievye) njengamanje imelwe uhlobo olulodwa lwePeireskia, izinhlobo eziyi-17 zezitshalo, ezifanekiselwa ikakhulu ngamabhasi afinyelela ku-8-11 m tall. Ubungqabavu bale cacti ubukhona besiqu esinezimbali, esimbozwe ngemijiko emide enamaqabunga akhule kahle noma ancishisiwe. Izibilini zisiza ukubambelela kweziqu zezihlahla. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, amaqabunga alahlekelwa umbala wawo, futhi ngesikhathi esomile phakathi nenkathi eyomile ayawa. Izimbali zikhulu ku-inflorescence, akuvamile ukuba zodwa. Umbala wezimbali umhlophe, ubomvu, uphuzi, owolintshi. Izithelo zifana ne-berry-like, ezidliwayo. Zikhula ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMexico, eWest Indies naseNingizimu Melika.
Ngokuzithoba Opuntioideae (Kuvulwa) imelelwa yi-cacti enezingqimba ezihlanganisiwe, ezinesimo sediski, ezinama-oval noma ezi-cylindrical futhi zinamaqabunga anciphile futhi awele ngokushesha, anama-glochidia (ama-spines amancane) kuma-areoles. Imelwe yi-genera Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia, Opuntia, Tephrocactus. Ukuchazwa kwezitshalo ze-cactus zalesi sakhiwo esingezansi kunjengokulandelayo: izihlahla ezihlanzekile noma ezinwabuzelayo, kanye nezihlahlana, zivame ukwakha amafomu abumba umcamelo. Izimbali zikhulu, ziphuzi, ziwolintshi noma zimhlophe. Izithelo zikhulu, ziyadla ezinhlotsheni eziningi. Isici esibonakalayo se-cacti yalesi sitshanyana imbewu ebushelelezi, imbewu, ethi, ngokungafani namanye amalungu omndeni, inegobolondo eliqinile. I-subfamily inendawo enkulu kunazo zonke emazweni aseMelika. Amapharele anobuhlakani akhula esuka eCanada aye ePatagonia.
Ngokuzithoba I-Stereoideae (UCereus) iyisitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke esisetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezithile zokuphila kusuka kuma-epiphytes kanye nezitshalo eziyindilinga ezimbfushane kuya ezihlotsheni ezinkulu zezihlahla. Yiziphi izici ze-cacti zalesi sigcawu esingezansi? Abamele iCereus abanawo amaqabunga kanye ne-glochidia. I-subfamily ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili (izizwe). Iqembu leTropic Forest Cacti (iHylocereeae) limelelwa ngama-epiphytes, ama-curac kanye nama-cacti anezinambuzane anezimpande ze-aerial: i-genera Rhipsalis, Hatiora, Epiphyllum, Selenicereus, iHylocereus, njll.
Iqembu UCereus (Segeeee) limelelwa yi-cacindic eyindilinga noma eyindilinga eyindilinga kusuka ezitshalweni ezincane eziyindilinga kanye nezihlahla zama shrub ziye ezinhlotsheni ezifana nesihlahla. Ibanga laleli qembu lezitshalo ze-cacti liseduze nobubanzi bama-Opuntsievs. Yizinhlobo zamaCereus ezithakazelisa kakhulu abaqoqi, zombili ngenxa yobuningi bezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezinhlobo, futhi ngenxa yokwehluka kwezindlela zokuphila kwabo, kanye neziqu ezahlukahlukene, ameva nezimbali.
Okulandelayo, uzofunda ngezimpawu ze-cacti morphological, ukuthi lezi zitshalo ziyaqhakaza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izimfanelo zazo.
Izici zokuziphatha kanye nezingxenye zesitshalo se-cactus: izici zesiqu
Iziqu ze-cacti, njengoba sekuphawuliwe, zinesimo esihlukile. Imvamisa inezimbambo, ezivame ukwehlukaniswa zibe ama-papillae, eziguqulwa izisekelo zamaqabunga. Kaningi izimbambo ziqonde, zehla kusuka phezulu kwesiqu ziye ezisekelweni, kepha zingagxiliswa futhi zigobeke. Kwelinye i-cacti, izimbambo zithambile futhi akunakuphakama ngaphezu kwesiqu. Iziqu zimbozwe ngesikhumba (i-cuticle) kusuka kwento efana ne-wax evikela emathonyeni angaphandle, kufaka phakathi ukuhwamuka komswakama. I-cuticle isuselwa kungqimba ejulile - i-epidermis. Amabhande ama-capillaries aphakanyisiwe avela kumaseli we-epidermal, agcina ebusweni nge-pubescence, ekwazi ukudonsa umswakama ovela emoyeni futhi iholele kumaseli angaphakathi esiqu.
Isibonakaliso esibalulekile se-cactus ukubakhona kwameva. Lezi zingxenye zesitshalo se-cactus nazo zingabamba umswakama ovela emoyeni futhi ziholele kumaseli angaphakathi esiqu. Lokhu kuvumela izitshalo ukusebenzisa kahle umswakama ovela emoyeni emazingeni okushisa.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesakhiwo sesitshalo se-cactus nokunye okutholakalayo ukubakhona kwama-areoles, okuyi-axillary buds eguquliwe. Ukusuka kuma-areoles asezimbangeni zesiqu, izimbali nezithelo zikhula, njengokuqhakaza okuvamile, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo, amaqabunga. Ebuningini be-cacti, ama-areoles aphatha izinhlungu zomgogodla futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, angaba ne-pubescence yezinwele ezondile. E-mammillaria nakwenye i-cacti, i-areola ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Enye ingxenye isesifubeni (i-axilla), kanti enye isemaphethelweni we-papilla. Izimbali nezinqubo ze-cacti ezinjalo zikhula kusuka ku-axilla, futhi izinhlayiya zomzimba zikhula ekugcineni kwe-papilla. Uma kudingekile, i-areola enengcezu yezicubu ingagxila futhi igonyelwe ukukhiqiza isitshalo esisha.
Enye yezimpawu zesiqu se-cactus ukuthi ikhula isuka phezulu lapho okubizwa khona indawo okuthiwa ukukhula. Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kweseli endaweni yokukhula, i-cactus ikhula ububanzi nobude. Iningi le-cacti likhula impilo yabo yonke. Amanye ama-cacti anokukhula kwesiqu okuphelele. Ku-cacti enjalo, ukwahlukana endaweni yokukhula kuyaphela ngezikhathi ezithile, bese kuvela amahlumela amasha kuma-areoles. Okusho ukuthi, isiqu se-cactus sinesakhiwo esiveziwe. Ukwephulwa kwephuzu lokukhula kumisa ukukhula kwesiqu futhi kufake isandla ekubonakala kwamahlumela. Lesi sici sesakhiwo se-cactus kwesinye isikhathi sisetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa okwenziwe ngezitshalo ngokusika noma ngokufukula indawo lapho sikhula khona. Isiqu se-cacti siqukethe amanzi afinyelela ku-96%. Inani elikhulu lamanzi, izici zokwakheka kwesiqu (ukuba khona kwezimbambo, imisipha, izinwele) kanye nezici zomzimba ze-cacti zibasiza ukuba baphile ezimweni ezikhula kanzima.
Ngaphezu kwezindlela ezijwayelekile zeziqu, emvelweni kanye nokuqoqwa kunezindlela ezimbili ze-cacti ene-stalk emibi egcwele kakhulu: i-crested and monstrous. Imvamisa, iphuzu lokukhula kwe-cactus lingaphezulu kwesiqu. Ukukhula kwamaseli wonyaka kule ndawo kukhulisa ukuphakama nobubanzi besiqu. Izinto ezivezwa ngamaseli zivimbela ukukhula kwamaseli afanayo ahlakazekile kuso sonke isiqu. Kwephula le ndlela, amaseli aqala ukwahlukana kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesiqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezindlela zokulahliwe, iphuzu lokukhula kwe-apical linwetshwa emgqeni, bese ikhiyubhu ithatha ukwakheka okunjenge-comb, futhi ngezimo eziyisimanga, amaseli aqala ukukhula kuso sonke isiqu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ifomu elinyelwayo lithatha uhlobo lwamachweba akhulele ezindizeni ezihlukile, futhi ifomu lesilo linesiqu esinezindawo ezikhule ngokwedlule, izigaba ze-asymmetric. Lawa mafomu ahlobisa kakhulu futhi avame ukutholakala emaqoqweni. Isizathu sokuphambuka okunjalo, okungenzeka kakhulu, yinhlanganisela yezici eziningana ezingakacaciswa. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukuphambuka kungenzeka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-cactus. Izimo ezifanayo ziyaziwa phakathi kwezinye izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingezona ezingama-chlorophyllic zezitshalo ezibomvu, ophuzi, nezinye izimbali nazo zitholakala emaqoqweni. Njengoba kungekho zitho zokwenza i-photosynthetic kulezo zitshalo, azikwazi ukudonsa ngokuzimela ikhabhoni dioksijeni ezivela emkhathini futhi ziyakwazi ukukhula kuphela esimweni sezwe. Ukuze ulondoloze ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezithile zamakhreyithi, nawo ahlanganiswa.
Ukufaniswa kwesitshalo se-cactus kuzobe kungaphelelanga ngaphandle kwencazelo yameva. Izibilini ze-cacti ziyisikali sezinso esiguquliwe. Ihlukaniswe yaba yimikhakha emaphakathi ne-radial. Umgogodla ophakathi nendawo (umgogodla) utholakala enkabeni ye-areola. Ngokuvamile kukhudlwana, kuyindilinga noma kuthambile futhi kuvame ukuthwala igwegwe ekugcineni. Imisebe eminingi emisebe engaphezulu emincane futhi emincane itholakala emngceleni we-areola. Izicubu zemiphunga zigcwele i-calcium nezinye izinto eziyinikeza ubunzima. Inani lemisebe ye-radial ku-areola eyodwa lingafinyelela ishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu. Ama-areols ezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ngaphezu kwameva, angathwala izinwele. Cacti of the subfamily Pereskievy and Opuntsevs on the stems baphathe amancane futhi aphula kalula ameva - i-glochidia. Kunezinhlobo ze-cacti ezinama-spine futhi athambile athi "iphepha", isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-tephrocactus. Kuwo wonke ama-cacti, amaqabunga akhule kahle atholakala ePeres kuphela.
Izimpawu zokuguqula i-cactus nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila
Ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwe-cacti emvelweni, empilweni ezimweni ezingezinhle nakho kubangelwa ukwakheka kwezimpande zazo. Izinhlobo eziningi zinesistimu yezimpande eyenziwe kahle eyenziwe kahle. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ngempumelelo noma inani elincane lezulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-cacti (ngokwesibonelo, i-genus Ariocarpus) zinezimpande ezigqinsiwe, lapho inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba ligxiliswa khona. Lokhu kusiza i-cactus isebenzise indawo yayo yokuhlala futhi ivumela isitshalo ukuba siphile ezimweni ezinzima. Kwezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu, izimpande ezinjalo zingafinyelela isisindo samakhilogremu ambalwa.
Ngezinhlobo eziningana zohlobo I-Echinopsis, i-Submatucana kanti ezinye, izinqubo ezilandela ukhula esiqwini esikhulu, okwazi ukunika izimpande ngokwazo, zimpawu. Uma ubheka phezulu esiqwini, ngokushesha zinika izimpande. Ezimpandeni zenye i-cacti, kwakheka ama-buds anikeza impilo kuzitshalo ezintsha (inzalo yezimpande). I-Epiphytic cacti on the stems ikhulisa izimpande ezitholakala emoyeni, inikeze isitshalo umswakama owengeziwe nokunamathiselwe endaweni engaphansi.
Ukuqhakaza kwe-cactus: izimpawu, incazelo yesakhiwo sembali nezithelo
Izimbali ze-cactus zihlala zodwa, ezimeni eziningi zitholakala esiqongweni sesiqu, esisodwa kuyi-areola. Zinemibala ehlukahlukene, ngaphandle kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukwakheka kwembali ye-cactus kufaka ama-stamens amaningi kanye nesihlungo sepestle. Kwezinye izinhlobo, zingahluka ngombala, ngokwesibonelo, amabala aphuzi kanye nohlu oluluhlaza lwe-pestle e-Echinocereus. Izimbali ziyavela kuma-areoles amadala namancane.
Kunezinhlobo ze-cacti lapho izimbali zikhula khona esithweni esikhethekile - i-cephaly (uhlobo lwe-Melocactus, i-Discocactus), esakha phezulu kwesiqu. I-Cephaly iyiqoqo endaweni yokuqhakaza yenani elikhulu le-fluff, izinwele nezinwele. Ikhula minyaka yonke, ifinyelela ekuphakameni kwe-1 m kwezinye izinhlobo zezimbali. Izimbali zingakhula naku-pseudocephaly ye-lateral, ngokwesibonelo, ku-cacti ye-genus Cephalocereus, Pilosocereus, njll. Ubukhulu bezimbali ze-cactus ziyahlukahluka kusuka kokuncane kuya kokukhulu, ngobude nobubanzi be-25-30 cm (genus Selenicereus ) Izimbali zezinye izinhlobo zinephunga (uhlobo lwe-Echinopsis, ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lweDolichothele, njll.). Izimbali zenzeka phakathi nobusuku nobusuku. Ama-cacti amaningi aqhakaza ngesikhathi sasemini ekuseni noma ntambama. Imvamisa, izimbali zamakhakhasi ziba ngumbili futhi zi-pollin. Ezweni le-cacti, ngaphezu komoya, izinambuzane nezinyoni, kufaka phakathi ama-hummingbird, abamba iqhaza ekuvundeni.
Ngemuva kokuqhakaza izimbali, amajikijolo afana namanzi, izithelo eziqabile ezomile ziboshwe. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ziyadla. Ubukhulu bezithelo buvela ku-2-3 mm kuya ku-10 cm. Izithelo ezinkulu kakhulu zitholakala kumapheya abolile. Izithelo zingavuthwa kwisizini yamanje noma ngonyaka olandelayo (genus Mammillaria). I-berry evuthiwe ingaqukatha izicucu ezimbalwa iye emhlanjini noma embewu engaphezulu. Enye yembewu encane kunazo zonke e-blosfeldii, strombocactus kanye parodies. Imbewu ezinkulu zikaphayini onamaqabunga zinegobolondo elinzima futhi eliqinile. Ku-cacti esele, ijazi lembewu lincane, liba ntekenteke. Ukuhluma kwembewu kwezinhlobo eziningi kuhlala kuze kube unyaka noma ngaphezulu, ku-cereus naku-mammillaria kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-7-9. KuRoseocactus fissuratus, icala lokuhluma kwembewu ngemuva kweminyaka engama-30 liyaziwa.
Yini izici zemvelo zezitshalo ze-cactus futhi zihlanganisani
Ezinye izici ze-biology kanye ne-physiology. I-Cacti - izitshalo ezimnandi (lat. Unqenqema - umnandi). Iziqu zazo ziqukethe inani elikhulu lamanzi. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokomzimba walezi zitshalo uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-photosynthesis, futhi luphawu lokunye okuphathelene nakho. Esikhathini esiningi sezitshalo, i-photosynthesis, eyenzeka ngokufakwa kwe-carbon dioxide kanye nokuhwamuka kwamanzi kanyekanye, kwenzeka ngesikhathi sasemini. Le nqubo, ebanikeza ithuba lokuphila futhi benyuse isisindo sabo, kuya ngobukhulu bemisebe yelanga, izinga lokushisa nokutholakala kwamanzi.Umndeni wakwaCactus wakheka ezimweni ezinzima zesimo sezulu esishisayo, lapho ukulahleka okukhulu kwamanzi ngesikhathi sasemini kungamukeleki. Ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nezinye izitshalo eziningi, i-cacti inohlobo oluhlukile lwe-photosynthesis. Umsuka wayo ukuthi ukumunca nokubopha i-carbon dioksi ngokukhishwa kwe-oksijini akwenzeki phakathi nosuku, kodwa ebusuku, ngokusebenzisa i-stomata evulekile ngaleso sikhathi. I-acidity yejusi yezitshalo ebusuku iba phezulu kakhulu. Ntambama, lapho i-stomata ivaliwe futhi ivimbele ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, kukhutshwa ikhabhoni dioksiyamu esiqwini futhi kusetshenziswe inqubo ye-photosynthesis.
Ngenxa yezici ezinjalo ze-photosynthesis, i-cacti iyakwazi ukukhula ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezinzima nokuntuleka komswakama.
Esinye isici somzimba se-cacti ukukhula kwabo kancane. Uhlelo lwezimpande kanye nesiqu sezitshalo azikwazi ukumunca ngokushesha inani elikhulu lezakhi zomzimba futhi uziguqule ngokushesha nje ukwanda kwesisindo sezimpande kanye nesiqu. Lesi sici kumele sibhekwe lapho kulinywa i-cacti. Isifiso sokukhula ngokushesha ngezinhlobo ezinkulu ngenxa yokufaka umanyolo singaphenduka iziqu zezitshalo ezonakalisiwe futhi nokufa kwazo. Okungenani ngokudla okwengeziwe, zonke izici zemvelo lapho kuqoqwa khona iqoqo kufanele zibhekwe. Okokuqala, ukukhanyisa: lapho ephakeme kakhulu, umhlabathi ungaba umsoco ngokwengeziwe.
Inani lezomnotho kanye nobuhle be-cacti. Ekhaya, i-cacti inenani elithile lomnotho. Iziqu zazo zisetshenziswa ekudleni okuluhlaza futhi kuphekwe. Izithelo zisetshenziselwa nokudla, ikakhulukazi ithini lamapheya. Iziqu ezomile zezitshalo ezinkulu zisetshenziselwa izinto ezifana nophethiloli nokukhanya. Cacti asetshenziswa njengokudla kwemfuyo. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-alkaloids nezinye izinto, ama-cacti athole uhlelo lokusebenza kwezokwelapha. Inani elikhulu labamele abomndeni wakwaCactus bayizimbali zokuhlobisa, okuluhlaza okotshani kanye nezangaphakathi, kulinywe kabanzi emhlabeni wonke
