I-herbaceous perennial plant pyrethrum (Pyrethrum) imele umndeni we-Astrovidae, noma iCompositae. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyikhulu. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zinesici esisodwa - umbala wezimbali zomhlanga mhlophe noma opinki. Isitshalo sivela e-Europe, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. Isitshalo esinjalo sathola igama laso lesayensi ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zinezindawo zokwelapha, noma kunalokho, ziyakwazi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba ("pyretos" ngokuhumusha lisho "umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane"). Phakathi kwabantu, izimbali ezinjalo zinamanye amagama, isibonelo: i-chamomile, umabhalane noma i-chamomile.
Izici ze-feverfew
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-feverfew zingama-perennials. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi kunezinto ezenziwa minyaka yonke. Izimpande ezihlotshisiwe ezinezihlahla zingakhiwa noma zikhuphuke, kukhona ukubonakala kwazo ebusweni bazo. Ukuphakama kweziqu kungamamitha angama-0.6-1.Izitshalo ezinjalo zinesistimu yezimpande enamandla kakhulu, engangena shí enhlabathini ngamasentimitha angama-300. Amapuleti amaqabunga alandelayo anqunywa aba izingxenyana eziwububanzi obuhlukahlukene. Uhlangothi lwabo lwangaphambili luhlaza-grey, kanti uhlangothi olungalungile luyi-grey-ash. Amapuleti eqabunga le-basal aqobile ama-petioles; angamaphindwe ambalwa kuneqabunga ngokwawo. Amapuleti esiqabunga seqabunga nawo ane-petioles, eziba mfushane lapho zisondela esiqongweni sento. Ububanzi obhasikidi obodwa buvela ku-50 kuye ku-60 mm, bayingxenye ye-corymbose apical inflorescence. Obhasikidi bafaka umhlanga oyinyumba nezimbali ezincane zangaphakathi ze-bisexual, ezifakwa ngopende omhlophe, obomvu nakuzo zonke izithunzi ezibomvana. Izimbali zibonwa ngoMeyi nangoJuni. Izithelo ziyi-achene yombala onsundu onsundu, inezimbambo ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-10, umqhele wazo uhanjisiwe noma ululwe. Imbewu ihlala isebenza iminyaka emibili noma emithathu.
I-feverfew yangaphandle
Ukukhula kwe-pyrethrum kusuka ezinhlanyelweni
Uma imbewu kusuka ku-pyrethrum iqoqwa ngokuzimela, khona-ke izimbali ezikhule kuzo ngeke zigcine izici zokuhlukahluka kwesitshalo somzali. Kulokhu, uma ufuna izimbali ezikhula zibe zezinhlobonhlobo noma umbala othile, khona-ke ukuthengwa kwembewu kufanele kwenziwe epulazini engadini noma esitolo esikhethekile.
Imbewu yesitshalo esinjalo incane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ukwenza lula ukuhlwanyelwa, kunconywa ukuthi uyihlanganise nesihlabathi. Ukuhlwanyelwa kwenziwa ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaMashi, kuyilapho imbewu idinga ukungcwatshwa enhlabathini ngamasentimitha angama-0,3-0,5. Kukhona enye indlela elula yokutshala, ngoba lokhu imbewu kusakazwa ebusweni kwengxube yenhlabathi, emva kwalokho kumbozwe ngenani lomhlabathi oludingekayo. Izitshalo kufanele ziniselwe kusetshenziswa isibhamu sokufafaza esihlukaniswe kahle. Isitsha kufanele simbozwe ngefilimu noma ngengilazi, bese sikhishwa endaweni ekhanyiswe kahle futhi efudumele (kusuka kuma-degree angama-18 kuye kwangama-20). Ngemuva kokuvela kwezithombo zokuqala, indawo yokukhosela kuzodingeka isuswe ethangini. Ukubheka ezimbizeni noma ezinkomweni ngazinye kwenziwa ngemuva kokuba ipuleti langempela lesibili leqabunga liqale ukukhula ezitshalweni. Ngaphambi kokufaka i-feverfew emhlabathini ovulekile, kufanele uqiniswe izinsuku eziyi-15.
Imbali enjalo ingatshalwa ngendlela okungeyona eyezithombo, kodwa kuphela ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu. Ukuhlwanyela imbewu enhlabathini evulekile kwenziwa ngezinsuku zokuqala zikaSepthemba.
Ungatshala kanjani engadini
Ama-pyrethrum akhula ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo akhetha umhlabathi ocebile wezakhi. Mayelana nalokhu, futhi lapho kukhula esakhiweni segadi, azodinga inhlabathi evundile, evulekile futhi evumayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kukhule imbali enjalo enhlabathini emnyama, enesihlabathi noma eyomile, nendawo ephansi lapho ukungabikhona kwamanzi kungakulungele ukutshala, ngoba lesi sitshalo sihlangabezana nomthelela omubi kakhulu ekubambeni kwamanzi isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi uma kubanda ngaphandle. Indawo efanelekayo yokutshala isitshalo esinjalo izoba yilokho ekhanyiswa yilanga amahora ambalwa ngosuku, futhi iningi losuku kufanele libe semthunzini.
Lapho utshala phakathi kwezitshalo, ibanga elingamasentimitha angama-25-30 kufanele libukwe. Ama-feverfew atshaliwe adinga ukuthambisa okuningi, bese kuthi amasonto okuqala ayi-1.5 ngemuva kokutshala, azodinga ukushiswa yimitha yelanga ngqo. Ama-pyrethrums we-perennial aqala ukuqhakaza kakhulu ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kokutshala.
Nakekela i-feverfew engadini
Ukunakekela i-feverfew kulula kakhulu. Lokhu okuhlala njalo kulungele labo abangahlali benesikhathi sokunakekela izimbali zasengadini. Ngemuva kokuba izimbali ziqine ngemuva kokufakelwa, ngeke zesabe noma yikuphi ukhula, ngoba zingavimbela ukukhula kwazo. Kulokhu, ukhula lwembali enezimbali ngamafivafew luyadingeka kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula, ukuze kunciphise inani lokhula, ingaphezulu lomhlabathi lingambozwa ngesendlalelo se-mulch (organic). Ukuze isitshalo sikhule kahle futhi sikhule kahle, sidinga ukuthambisa okuhlelekile. Ngemuva kokuba izimbali ziniselwe, kunconywa ukuthi kukhululwe umhlabathi, lokhu kuzosiza ukugwema ukwakheka kwengqubu eminyene kuyo.
Kokubili umanyolo we-organic kanye namaminerali kusetshenziselwa ukugqoka okuphezulu. Akunakwenzeka ukudlisa i-pyrethrum ngokweqile nge-nitrogen, ngoba kulokhu kuzokwakha ngokuqinile isisindo esiluhlaza, bese izimbali ziba ngamaqabunga. Imbali iphendula kahle umquba obolile.
Amahlumela ezihlahla aphakeme, kepha hhayi aqine kakhulu, ngakho-ke angadinga i-garter. Lapho izimbali zokuqala zizophela, kunconywa ukukhipha wonke ama-peduncle, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuqala kokubunjelwa kwenzalo. Kulokhu, emavikini okugcina esikhathi sehlobo, i-feverfew izoqala ukuqhakaza futhi. Ngaphandle kokufakelwa endaweni efanayo, izimbali ezinjalo zingatshalwa zingadluli iminyaka emine. Ngalesi sikhathi, zizokhula kakhulu, ngoba okuzoqhakaza izimbali kube yindawo yazo. Ngakho-ke, njalo ngeminyaka emi-4, izimbali ezinjalo zinconywa ukuthi zidluliselwe endaweni entsha. Amabhasi agqitshwayo ahlukaniswa uma kunesidingo.
Izifo nezinambuzane
I-Pyrethrum imelana kakhulu nezifo nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezingavamile, angagula. Isibonelo, le mbali kwesinye isikhathi iyagula nge-fusarium noma i-grey bola. Isifo esinjengalesi njengokuvuthwa grey kulimaza lezo zingxenye zesihlahla ezitholakala ngaphezu komhlabathi, ngenxa yalokho, kuvela ukuqina kombala obumpunga ebusweni babo, ukuvela kwabo kwenzeka, ngenxa yalokho, isihlahla siyafa. Izitshalo ezithintekayo ziyasuswa enhlabathini bese zichithwa, futhi indawo lapho zikhulele khona kufanele ichithwe ngesisombululo sanoma isiphi isikhunta. Ukutheleleka nge-Fusarium nakho kuyisifo se-fungal esithathelwanayo. Amagciwane alo angena kulesi sitshalo ngezimpande, kuyilapho uhlelo lwamakhompiyali imbali luthinteka kakhulu. Isihlahla esinegciwane ngeke selapheka, maqondana nalokhu kumele sisuswe emhlabathini bese sibhujiswa, okuzogwema ukuqhubeka kokutheleleka ngaleli gciwane. Inhlabathi, kanye nezihlahla ezisele, kufanele ziphathwe ngesikhunta, lapho kukhona ithusi.
Ama-thrips, ama-slugs, kanye nama-aphid angalimaza kakhulu isitshalo esinjalo. Ama-Slugs athande ukudla ngamahlamvu wefivafew, futhi kuyomelwe ukuwaqoqa ngesandla. Ukususa ngokushesha ama-slugs, ungheha izinyoni noma ama-hedgehogs kusayithi lakho. Imvamisa ama-thrips ahlala emafayilini. Akunakwenzeka ukuba ubasuse, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukususa isihlahla esigcwele izinambuzane ezinjalo emhlabathini bese sichitha, futhi ingaphezulu lendawo kanye nezitshalo ezisele kufanele kufafazwe ngesibulala magciwane ohlelweni. Uma i-aphid ihleli imbali enjalo, khona-ke kuyanconywa futhi ukuqeda isitshalo esinjalo, noma kunjalo, uma ufisa, ungazama ukuselapha; ngoba lokhu, isihlahla siphathwa ngesibulala izinambuzane, ngokwesibonelo: i-Aktara, iBiotlin, i-Aktellik noma ezinye izindlela ezifanayo. Njengomthetho, akunakwenzeka ukubhubhisa wonke ama-aphid okokuqala, ngakho-ke, ukuze ekugcineni uqede izinambuzane ezinjalo, uzodinga ukucubungula isitshalo okungenani izikhathi ezi-2 noma ezi-3.
Ngemuva kwezimbali
Lapho isitshalo siphela ekwindla, ingxenye yayo engaphezulu komhlabathi kumele isuswe ingaphezulu kwesakhiwo. Ngaphambi kobusika, ingaphezulu lendawo kufanele limbozwe ngesendlalelo se-mulch (peat) noma embozwe ngamagatsha e-fir spruce. Uma umboza izitshalo ubusika, khona-ke ngeke zesabe noma yiziphi iqhwa. Ngemuva kwenkathi yentwasahlobo, amagatsha e-spruce ayasuswa endaweni, bese kuthi imboza yezithombo inyakaziswe, lokhu kuzovumela amahlumela amancane ukuba adabule ngokushesha emhlabathini.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ze-feverfew ezinesithombe nencazelo
Abalimi bahlakulela inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo ze-feverfew. Kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imbali enjalo inenombolo enkulu kakhulu yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene namafomu engadi.
Ipyrethrum enhle (Pyrethrum pulchrum = Tanacetum pulchrum)
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, le nhlobo ingatholakala eNyakatho China, Kazakhstan, Asia Ephakathi, eNyakatho neMongolia naseSiberia. Isimbali esinjalo sikhetha ukukhula e-tundra, ezindaweni ezinamathela ezinamadwala nasemithambekeni eduze kwamaqhwa. Lesi sitshalo se-perennial siyi-rhizome ne-semi-rosette, ukuphakama kufinyelela cishe isigamu semitha, ngaphezulu kune-pubescence, equkethe izinwele ezivunguzayo. Amahlumela ambalwa angenamaqabunga aqondile. Amapuleti amaqabunga amahlamvu ayisisekelo e-basal anama-petioles amade, ahlakazeka kabili, angavezwa noma abe ne-pubescence engandile. Ubude bamaqabunga anjalo bungamasentimitha ayi-15, futhi ububanzi bungamasentimitha ayi-2. Amapuleti esiqabunga seqabunga ayimpuphu. Amabhasikidi angaba munye noma abe yingxenye ye-inflorescence yezingcezu ezi-2 noma ezi-3. Ukwakheka kwamabhasikidi kufaka izimbali ze-tubular zombala onsomi nomhlanga - omhlophe.
I-pyrethrum enkulu-leaved (Pyrethrum macrophyllum = Tanacetum macrophyllum = Chrysanthemum macrophyllum)
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo lesi sitshalo saphakade yiCaucasus. Ukuphakama kwezimbali ezinjalo kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-1 kuya kwayi-1.5. Ububanzi be-inflorescence ye-corymbose cishe amasentimitha ayi-10; aqukethe izimbali ezincane zombala omhlophe. Lapho isitshalo siqala ukuqhakaza, obhasikidi baso bashintsha umbala abe bomvu ngokubomvu. Le mbali ibukeka inhle ngamaqembu amakhulu, ngenkathi kunconywa ukuyihlanganisa nama-millet, umumo obunjwe ngentambo, i-miscanthus, i-acanthumaceae nezinye izilimo zokuhlobisa okusanhlamvu.
I-Pyrethrum corymbosum (Pyrethrum corymbosum = Chrysanthemum corymbosum = Tanacetum corymbosum)
Le nhlobo ivela eCaucasus, eMpumalanga Yurophu nasezindaweni eziphansi ze-Altai, kuyilapho ikhetha ukukhula emameleni angafika phezulu. Lesi sitshalo se-rhizome se-perennial esinemibala eminingana noma eyodwa nje, sihlwanyelwe endaweni eyi-apex, ihlumela eliqondile, ukuphakama kwawo kungahlukahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-0,4 kuya kwayi-1.5. Izimpande zamaqabunga amaqabunga amade anobude obungamamitha ayi-0.3-0.4 i-cirrus dissected. Amapuleti esiqabunga seqabunga ayabonakala ngokufana nalawo asisekelo, noma kunjalo, azinawo amapuleti amade, kuyilapho amacembe angenhla naphakathi ephuphuthekile, kanti lawo aphansi angasho lutho. Ama-inflorescence a-loose corymbose aqukethe obhasikidi abayi-15 - 20 abekwe emilenzeni ende enoboya obude. Ama-Achenes aluhlaza grey nezimbali zomhlanga zimhlophe. Izimbali zibonwa ngoJuni.
ICinerariel pyrethrum (Pyrethrum cinerariifolium), noma i-Dalmatia chamomile
Ukuphakama kwesitshalo esinjalo se-herbaceous kungahluka kusuka ku-0,15 kuya ku-0.45 m. Amapuleti anamaqabunga ansundu angaphindwa kabili noma kathathu aphindwe ngokungafani. Emabhasikini ama-achenes apendwe ngombala onsomi, nezimbali eziseceleni - ngombala ophuzi noma omhlophe.
I-Pyrethrum red (Pyrethrum coccineum = Chrysanthemum coccineum), noma i-Caucasian chamomile
Le mbali ivame ukungaziphathi kahle nge-feverfew pink. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, le nhlobo ingatholakala eCaucasus. Unezinombolo eziningi zezindlela ezihlukile ezinezimbali zomhlanga ezidwetshwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene yemibala kusuka ku-cherry omnyama kuya kokumhlophe. Kaningi phakathi kwabo kunezindlela ezinamabhasikidi e-terry. Ngokuphikisana ne-pink pyrethrum, ubomvu we-pyrethrum unamapuleti amaqabunga we-cirrus aphindwe kabili. Ezingxenyeni zesitshalo esinjalo esingaphezulu komhlaba, kunezinto ezinobuthi ezinambuzaneni futhi ezingenangozi ngokuphelele kubantu nasezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele.
I-Pyrethrum roseum noma i-Persian daisy
Izwe lakulezinhlobo libuye iCaucasus. Lolu hlobo selukhule ngabantu isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-200. Amahlumela aqondile, ukuphakama kwawo kungahluka kusuka ku-0,6 kuya ku-0.7 m. Amapuleti amaqabunga aluhlaza we-Palei green akhula kuma-petioles futhi ahlakazekile. Amapuleti esiqabunga seqabunga awankulu njengalawo asalal. Ububanzi bobhasikidi bubalelwa ku-50 mm, bayiziqeshana ezi-2 noma ezi-3 kumabhulashi, kepha futhi bangashadile. Umbala wezimbali ze-tubular uphuzi, kanti umhlanga wona upinki. Lolu hlobo lunenqwaba yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezinhlobo, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-pyrethrum hybrid. Phakathi kwalokhu okuhlukahlukene kunezitshalo ezinamabhasikidi e-terry apendwe ngombala omhlophe, obomvu obumnyama noma opinki. Iqembu lama-hybrids amaRobinsons axutshwe kakhulu, izitshalo ezinjalo zinokuphakama okungamamitha ayi-0.8, ububanzi bezindebe zabo ezipinki noma ezibomvu zingamasentimitha ayi-12. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-pyrethrum hybrid zithandwa kakhulu:
- Atrosangvinea. Ukuphakama kwezihlahla kungamamitha ayi-0.6, kuyilapho ubukhulu bama-inflorescence bungafinyelela ku-60 mm. Umbala wezimbali ze-tubular uphuzi, kanti umhlanga ziba bomvu obomvu.
- UBrenda. Izimbali zomhlanga zinombala ojulile wepinki.
- James Kelvey. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kucishe kube ngu-0,6 m, ububanzi bezinkonjane bubalelwa ku-60 mm. Umbala wezimbali eziseceleni ubomvu obomvu.
- I.M. Robinson. Izimbali ezinciphile zipendwe ngombala obomvana.
- Amakamelo weKelvey. Izimbali ze-tubular zalesi sitshalo ziphuzi, kanti nezimbali zomhlanga zibomvu.
- Lord Rosebury. Le nhlobonhlobo inamabhasikidi aminyene.
- UVanessa Obhaskiti be-Terry, isikhungo sokuphuzi yi-convex.
Izinhlobo ezingadi ezaziwayo ze-pyrethrum pink: pink, ebomvu, pink pink, ephansi futhi emhlophe terry.
I-Girl Pyrethrum (Pyrethrum parthenium = Chrysanthemum parthenium = Tanacetum parthenium)
Kuwo wonke ama-feverfews wonyaka, lolu hlobo lithandwa kakhulu. Izwe lakubo liseNingizimu yeYurophu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, lesi sitshalo esinjalo sisebenza njalo, njengaleyo engachazwa ngenhla, kodwa-ke, yona itshalwa abalimi njengonyaka. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla esinamakhompiyutha kucishe kube yingxenye yemitha, kuhlwe kakhulu. Ipuleti elinombala oluhlaza okotshani noma oluhlaza satshani lingahlakazeka kakhulu noma lisikwe ngokujulile, kukhona ukubonakala kobuso babo. Ama-apical racemose inflorescence aqukethe obhasikidi abancane, ububanzi bawo obungu-15-30 mm, angaba terry noma alula. Izimbali zomhlanga zidwetshwe ziphuzi noma zimhlophe. Ukungezwani okuthandwa kakhulu engadini yiqabunga eliphuzi (amaqabunga amakhulu amaqabunga anomibala ophuzi ophuzi, izimbali eziseceleni zimhlophe) nomdwebo omile (lesi sitshalo sasemngceleni sinezimbali eziphuphuthekile). Ithandwa kakhulu yizinhlobonhlobo ezinama-terry inflorescence wesimo oyindilinga, ngokwesibonelo:
- Zilbeoteppih. Obhasikidi abayiziphalaphala abunjiwe bapendwe mhlophe.
- Schneebal. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kusuka ku-0,5 kuye ku-0,25 m, amaqabunga amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani, ubukhulu be-inflorescence emhlophe ecishe ibe ngu-25 mm, afaka izimbali ze-tubular kuphela.
- UDahl White. Ama-inflorescence amhlophe afana ngokufana nezinkinobho.
- Ama-Snow Puffs, I-Snow Ball kanye ne-White Stars. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zinama-inflorescence ayindilinga, aneziketi ezakhiwe ngezimbali ezimfushane, ezibanzi zomhlanga.
- Virgo. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kungamamitha angama-0,8.
- IGoldball.Ububanzi be-terry inflorescence yombala ophuzi ngu-25 mm, zifaka izimbali ze-tubular kuphela.
Izici ze-feverfew: zilimaze futhi uzuze
Izici eziwusizo ze-feverfew
Ezikhathini zasendulo, i-feverfew yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba, ukuqeda izinqubo zokuvuvukala nobuhlungu endaweni yekhanda. I-Aspirin ne-feverfew zinezindawo ezifanayo. Kakade ngekhulu le-17, ososayensi abangamaNgisi bamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi lesi sitshalo sinezokwelapha. Ngalezo zinsuku, lalisetshenziswa njengekhambi lobuhlungu ekhanda. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili yekhulu, ososayensi baseBrithani bathola ukuthi le mbali ingadambisa i-migraines, ethinta inani elikhulu labantu. I-powder elungiselelwe kusuka kumakhasi alesi sitshalo isiza ukuqeda i-migraines ngokushesha okukhulu nangokunempilo kuneminye imithi. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-parthenolide iyingxenye ye-pyrethrum, iyasiza ukuvimba ukukhiqizwa kwe-serotonin yi-pineal gland. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kungaphezu kwe-serotonin emikhunjini nasemangqamuzaneni obuchopho abangela ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlaselwa yi-migraine.
Izidakamizwa ezinjengeLysurite neMetisergide nazo ziyasiza nge-migraines, kodwa lapho zithathwa, imiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene ayabhekwa. I-Pyrethrum ayinayo i -backback enjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sitshalo sisiza ukuvimba ukukhiqizwa kwe-histamine, kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwegazi ekwakhekeni emikhunjini, futhi kunomphumela we-antimicrobial and antiallergic. Izicelo ze-rheumatism nesifo samathambo, ukuhlaselwa kwesifuba somoya nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini kwenziwa kusuka kumahlamvu. Ngokuhambisana neminye imithi, lesi sitshalo sisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-allergies, i-psoriasis kanye ne-dermatitis.
Ukulimaza
I-Pyrethrum akufanele ithathwe ngabesifazane abazala inhlabathi nenkulisa, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili, abantu abathatha ama-coagulants futhi bangabekezelelani.
