Omunye nomunye wethu, ojwayele ngisho ne-biology, uyaqonda ukuthi impumelelo yokutshala izilimo zasensimini ngokushesha incike ekuhlanganiseni kwezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Izimo zesimo sezulu, izinsuku zokutshala, izinhlobonhlobo, isikhathi nesikhathi nokubhala kwezindlela zokulima - lokhu akuyona yonke into enomthelela oqondile esitshalweni.
Umhlaba omnyama, ocebile emhlabathini we-humus.
Enye yamaphuzu ayisisekelo, evame ukudlala indima evelele emiphumeleni yokubeka ingadi nokubhidliza ingadi, uhlobo lomhlabathi. Amandla wokutshala izilimo ezithile, isidingo somanyolo othile, imvamisa yokunisela kanye nokhula kuzoncika enhlabathini esakhiweni sakho. Yebo yebo! Konke lokhu kungaba nomehluko obonakalayo futhi kube yinzuzo noma okulimazayo uma ungazi ukuthi umhlabathi obhekene nawo.
Izinhlobo eziphambili zenhlabathi
Izinhlobo eziphambili zenhlabathi ezivame ukuhlangana nabalimi eRussia zifaka ubumba, isihlabathi, isihlabathi, i-loamy, i-calcareous kanye ne-marshy. Ngayinye yazo inezici ezinhle nezingalungile, okusho ukuthi iyahlukahluka kwizincomo zokuthuthukisa nokukhetha izilimo. Ngefomu labo elihlanzekile, akuvamile, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganiswa, kodwa ngobuningi bezimpawu ezithile. Ukwazi lezi zakhiwo kwenza ama-80% empumelelo yesivuno esihle.
Inhlabathi yobumba
Kulula ukunquma inhlabathi yobumba: ngemuva kokumba, inesakhiwo esikhulu esiminyene, inamathela emafutheni ezinyaweni emvuleni, imunca amanzi kabi, futhi inamathela kalula. Uma umvimba omude udingidwa ngaphandle komhlaba omncane onjalo (omanzi), ungagobeka kalula kube yindandatho, ngenkathi ungeke uqhekeke.
Ngenxa yobuningi bawo obukhulu, inhlabathi enjalo ibhekwa njengesindayo. Iyafudumala kancane, ayina umoya omncane, ine-coeffakwan ephansi yokufakwa kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala izilimo kuso kuyinkinga impela. Kodwa-ke, uma inhlabathi yobumba itshalwe kahle, ingavunda impela.
Inhlabathi yobumba.
Ukwenza lula kanye nokunothisa lolu hlobo lomhlabathi, kunconywa ukusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kwesihlabathi, i-peat, umlotha kanye no-lime. Isihlabathi sinciphisa umthamo womswakama. Ash ucebisa ngezakhamzimba. I-Peat iyathukulula futhi inyuse izakhiwo zokuthatha amanzi. I-Lime inciphisa i-acidity futhi ithuthukise ukubusa komoya kwenhlabathi.
Okungakanani ukufaka isandla kungumbuzo ngamunye ohlobene ngqo nokusebenza kwenhlabathi yakho, onganqunywa ngokuqondile kuphela ezimeni zelebhu. Kepha, ngokujwayelekile: isihlabathi - hhayi ngaphezu kwama-40 kg nge-1 m², isikhunta - cishe ama-300 - 400 g nge-m for, ngokumba ngokujulile kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-4 (kule nhlabathi ephethe okusabela kwe-asidi), akukho mingcele yokwenziwa komlotha nomlotha. Uma kunokukhethwa kwezinto eziphilayo, umquba wamahhashi inketho engcono kakhulu yokwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi yobumba. Ukuhlwanyela isaladi esifana nesinaphi, i-rye, ne-oats ngeke kube yize.
Izinhlabathi zobumba azilula ukuzitshala. Ukushisa okumpande okumpofu, ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo, ukuswakama komswakama, ukwakheka kokuqothuka kwenhlabathi akusebenzi isivuno. Kodwa-ke, izihlahla nezihlahlana, ezinesistimu yezimpande enamandla ngokwanele, zibekezelela lolu hlobo lomhlabathi kahle. Of yemifino ngobumba, amazambane, beet, peas kanye ne-artichoke yaseJapan bazizwa kahle.
Kwezinye izilimo, kungenzeka ukuncoma imibhede ephezulu, ukutshala emigqonyeni, ukusebenzisa ukujula okuncane kokuhlwanyelwa kwezimbewu nezilimo eziyizigaxa enhlabathini, ukutshala izithombo ngendlela ethambekele (ukufudumala okungcono kohlelo lwezimpande). Phakathi kwemikhuba yezolimo, kufanele kubhekwe kakhulu inhlabathi yobumba.
Inhlabathi enesihlabathi
Inhlabathi yesihlabathi ibhekisela enhlabathini elula. Akunzima ukuyazi nayo le nto: isikhululekile, siyakhululeka, futhi sidlula amanzi kalula. Uma uthatha idlanzana lomhlaba onjalo bese uzama ukwakha inhlama, akukho okuzosebenza.
Zonke izimfanelo ezihambisana nenhlabathi yesihlabathi zinokubaluleka kwazo kanye nobuncane bazo. Inhlabathi enjalo iyafudumala masisha, isatshiswa kahle, icutshungulwa kalula, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ngokushesha iphola, yomile ngokushesha, futhi ibamba izinto ezinamaminerali buthaka endaweni yezimpande (izakhi zomzimba ziyagezwa ngamanzi zingene ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi). Ngenxa yalokho, abampofu phambi kweMicroflora enenzuzo futhi ayifaneleki kahle ngokutshala noma yiziphi izilimo.
Inhlabathi enesihlabathi.
Ukuze wandise ukuzala kwenhlabathi enjalo, kubalulekile ukunakekela njalo ukuthuthukisa izindawo zawo zokubopha nokubopha. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwe-peat, umquba, i-humus, ubumba noma ufulawa wokudonsa (kuze kufinyelele kumabhakede amabili nge-1 m²), ukusetshenziswa komquba oluhlaza (ngokugxunyekwa emhlabathini), ukulungiswa kwezinga eliphakeme ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine kunikeza umphumela oqinile.
Kepha noma ngabe indawo isesenhlelweni yokutshala kuphela, kungenzeka ukuthi ukhule izaqathe, u-anyanisi, amakhabe, ama-sitrobheli, ama-currants, izihlahla zezithelo kuwo. Iklabishi, uphizi, amazambane kanye nama-beet kuzozizwa kukubi kakhulu kunhlabathi enesihlabathi, kepha uma uwafaka umanyolo ngomanyolo owenza ngokushesha, kumithamo emincane futhi uvame ngokwanele, ungafinyelela imiphumela emihle.
Kulabo abangafuni ukulima ngokulima, kukhona enye indlela yokuthuthukisa le nhlabathi - ukwakhiwa kongqimba oluvundile lobumba ngokubumba. Ukuze wenze lokhu, esikhundleni semibhede, kuyadingeka ukwakha isigodlo sobumba (beka ubumba ngesendlalelo esingu-5 - 6 cm) futhi uthele kuso u-30- 35 cm wesanti loam noma umhlabathi othambile, othathwe ohlangothini.
Umhlabathi weSand loam
Inhlabathi ye-sandy loam kungenye indlela yokwenza inhlabathi ekhanyayo ngokuya ngokwenziwa kwemishini. Ngokwezimfanelo zayo, iyafana nenhlabathi enesihlabathi, kepha iqukethe amaphesenti aphakeme kakhudlwana wobumba, okusho ukuthi inamandla okugcina okungcono kokukhipha amaminerali nezinto eziphilayo, ingagcini nje ngokushisa ngokushesha, kodwa futhi futhi nokugcina ukushisa isikhathi eside, kudlula umswakama omncane futhi yomile kancane, i-aerates kahle futhi kulula ukuyicubungula. Ungayibona ngendlela efanayo yokucindezela inhlabathi enomswakama ibe umvimba noma isigaxa: uma ibumba, kepha ingabambi kahle ukwakheka kwayo, inhlabathi enesihlabathi iphambi kwakho.
Umhlabathi weSand loamy.
Konke kungakhula kule nhlabathi enjalo, ngezindlela ezijwayelekile zobuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nokukhethwa kwezinhlobo eziguliwe. Lokhu kungenye yezinketho ezinhle zezingadi. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokwandisa nokugcina ukuzala kwale nhlabathi nazo ngeke zande. Kunconywa ukuthi bangeze njalo izinto ezi-organic (kumithamo ejwayelekile), amasiko okuhlwanyelayo, kanye ne-mulch.
Umhlabathi we-Loamy
Umhlabathi we-Loamy luhlobo olufanele kakhulu lomhlabathi wokutshala izilimo zezimbali. Kulula ukucubungula, kuqukethe iphesenti elikhulu lezakhi zomzimba, kunomoya ophakeme kanye nokuhanjiswa kwamanzi, ayikwazi ukugcina umswakama kuphela, kepha futhi ukuwusabalalisa ngokulinganayo ngaphesheya, futhi kugcina ukushisa kahle. Uma uthatha idlanzana lomhlaba entendeni yesandla sakho, futhi ulihlelele, ungakha kalula isoseji, kodwa-ke, elingakwazi ukugoba indandatho, ngoba izowa lapho ikhubazekile.
Umhlabathi we-Loamy.
Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezitholakalayo, inhlabathi e-loamy ayidingi ukwenziwa ngcono, kepha kudingeka kuphela ukulondolozela ukuzala kwayo: i-mulch, ukwethula umquba (3-4 kg nge-1 sq. M) wokumba ekwindla, futhi, uma kunesidingo, faka izitshalo ezitshalwe kuso ngomanyolo wamaminerali. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukhule ezinsongeni ezincolile.
Umhlabathi we-calcareous
Inhlabathi yel Limestone ihlukaniswa njengomhlabathi ompofu. Imvamisa inombala onsundu okhanyayo, inani elikhulu lamatshe amdaka, abonakala njengendawo ene-alkaline, asheshe afudumale futhi ome emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, anikeze insimbi ne-manganese kabi ezitshalweni, futhi angaba nesakhiwo esindayo noma esikhanyayo. Ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe, amahlamvu aphuzi aphuzi kulomhlabathi futhi ukukhula okungagculisi kuyabonakala.
Umhlabathi we-calcareous.
Ukuze uthuthukise ukwakheka futhi wandise ukuzala kwenhlabathi ene-calcareous, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa njalo umanyolo we-organic, hhayi kuphela ukuthola ukwelashwa okuyinhloko, kepha futhi ngesimo se-mulch, ukuhlwanyela umquba oluhlaza, sebenzisa umanyolo we-potash.
Kuyenzeka ukhule kulolu hlobo lomhlabathi, wonke, kepha ngokuvula okuningana kwezikhala zemigqa, ukunisela ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nokusetshenziswa okucatshangwayo kukamanyolo wamaminerali kanye ne-organic. I-acidity ethambile izothinta: amazambane, utamatisi, isigaxa, izaqathi, ithanga, isithombo, ukhukhamba kanye nesaladi, ngakho-ke udinga ukubondla ngomanyolo abathanda i-acidify, hhayi i-alkalinize inhlabathi (isibonelo, i-ammonium sulfate, urea).
Inhlabathi eshisayo
Inhlabathi eswakeme noma ebunjiwe nayo ithola uhlelo lokusebenza ngokuwohloka kwezakhiwo zasengadini. Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukuzibiza ukuthi zilungele izilimo ezikhulayo: izakhamzimba eziqukethwe kuzo azitholakali kakhulu ezitshalweni, zimunca amanzi ngokushesha, kepha futhi ziyanikeza ngokushesha, zingafudumali kahle, zivame ukuba nenkomba ephezulu ye-acidity. Kepha, inhlabathi enjalo igcina kahle umanyolo wezimbiwa futhi zitholakala kalula ngokutshala.
I-peaty ephakathi nendawo ebolile yenhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic.
Ukuze uthuthukise ukuzala kwenhlabathi enemashi, kuyadingeka ukwanelisa umhlaba ngesihlabathi (ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukufeza ukumba okujulile ukuze ukhuphule isihlabathi kusuka ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi) noma ufulawa wobumba, usebenzise ubukhulu obuningi ekukhetheni ikakhulukazi ama-asidi anakekelayo, unakekele ukukhulisa okuqukethwe kwama-bacterium azuzayo emhlabeni (ukwethula umquba, ubulongwe uketshezi, umquba, ungazinaki izengezo ze-microbiological), ungakhohlwa ngomanyolo we-potash ne-phosphorus.
Uma ubeka ingadi emithini yenhlabathi, kungcono ukutshala izihlahla kungaba emigodini, enomhlabathi obekwe ngakunye ngokwesiko, noma emagqumeni aqonde ngokuphakama okungama-0,5 kuya ku-1 m.
Ngaphansi kwengadi, hlwanyela umhlaba ngokucophelela, noma, njengasesimweni senhlabathi enesihlabathi, beka ungqimba lobumba bese uthele i-loam yobumba exutshaniswe ne-peat, umanyolo we-organic kanye ne-lime kuwo. Kepha uma ukhula kuphela ama-gooseberries, ama-currant, ama-chokeberries amnyama kanye nesitrobheli seyadini, ngakho-ke akukho ongakwenza - nje ngamanzi bese ukhula ukhula, ngoba lezi zilimo ziyaphumelela enhlabathini enjalo ngaphandle kokutshala.
Umhlaba omnyama
Futhi, ngokweqiniso, sikhuluma ngenhlabathi, kunzima ukungasho i-chernozems. Emakhotheni ethu ehlobo awatholakali kaningi, kepha afanele ukunakwa ngokukhethekile.
Chernozem.
Ama-chernozems yizinhlabathi zokuzala okuphezulu. Isakhiwo esizinzileyo se-granular-lumpy, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-humus, iphesenti ephezulu ye-calcium, amandla amahle okuthatha amanzi kanye nokubamba amanzi kusivumela ukuba sibancome njengenketho engcono kakhulu yezilimo ezikhulayo. Kodwa-ke, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umhlabathi, zivame ukuncishiswa ekusebenzeni njalo, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-3 emva kokukhula kwazo, kunconyelwa ukufaka umanyolo we-organic emibhedeni, ukuhlwanyela umquba oluhlaza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chernozems angabizwa nangokuthi yizinhlabathi ezikhanyayo, ngokwesisekelo salokhu, ngokuvamile athukululwa ngokusebenzisa isihlabathi noma i-peat. Futhi zingaba yi-acidic, hlangothi ne-alkaline, futhi edinga ukulungiswa kwayo.
Chernozem.
Ukuqonda ukuthi udinga ngempela inhlabathi emnyama phambi kwakho, udinga ukuthatha isivakashi somhlaba bese usifaka esifubeni sesandla sakho, kufanele kube nokuma okuqinile kwesibindi esandleni sakho.
Abanye abantu badida i-chernozem ne-peat - kukhona nendlela yokubheka lokhu: udinga ukufaka inqwaba yomhlabathi omanzi esandleni sakho bese uyibeka elangeni - lesi peat siyoma ngokushesha, ngenkathi i-chernozem izogcina umswakama isikhathi eside.
