Sonke siyazi ukuthi izitshalo zomquba eziluhlaza zingacebisa inhlabathi ngezinto eziphilayo, zikwenze kube okuthe xaxa futhi okunempilo, uma nje lesi sitshalo silinywa noma singcwatshwe ngokuphelele emhlabathini. Masikhulume namuhla ngesinaphi njengenkambiso eseceleni, kepha masinyane senze ukubhuka: ayilungele zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, kungcono ukuyitshala ngaphandle, kunokuba inhlabathi eminyene nobumba, ekugcineni inqubo yokuwohloka kwayo ingancipha kakhulu.
I-mustard emhlophe, noma i-mustard yesiNgisi (iSinapis alba).
Isinaphi esimhlophe njenge-siderat
Yinhlamvu emhlophe esetshenziswa njengesiko elingafani nalokhu - isiko lonyaka lomndeni obethelwe esiphambanweni. Ikhula kusuka ezinhlanyelweni, futhi abayisebenzisi ezweni lethu kuphela, kodwa nasemazweni ahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, yize izwe lakubo liyindawo yeMedithera.
Ukuphakama okuphezulu kwesitshalo cishe ngamasentimitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa; isitshalo sigcotshwe ngobuningi bamaqabunga anamandla, sinamahlamvu wohlobo lwe-cirrus. Ama-mustard aqhakaza aqhakaza kakhulu futhi anikeze ama-pods; kwiphodishi elilodwa kungaba nembewu engaba yikhulu nengxenye, ngalinye lingabi ngaphezu kwamamilimitha ububanzi. Ama-mustard blooms aqhakaza kusuka ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti, okungukuthi, aqhakaza ngokoqobo lonke ihlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, izimbali ezinezimbali ezinhle zisetshenziselwa impova ngokuphelele ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezindizayo nomoya.
Ukusuka cishe ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, imbewu iyavuthwa, inambitha i-Islandy, kepha ibuthakathaka, futhi uma ungasebenzisi isinaphi esimhlophe njengesihlwathi, ungafaka imbewu yayo ngokuphephile kuma-marinade noma amasosa. Njengembewu, ungadla amaqabunga amadevu amhlophe, ikakhulukazi amancane futhi aqala ukukhula. Bahamba baya kumasaladi futhi kuyisiko ukungabazikezi ngommese, kodwa ukubaklebhula, bathi kugqame kanjalo.
Kepha sithathe umhlalaphansi esihlokweni sokupheka, sibuyela ensimini, lapho sizokhula khona isinaphi esimhlophe njenge-siderata.
Izinzuzo zesinaphi esimhlophe njengesitshalo esiseduze
Ukusetshenziswa kwesinaphi esimhlophe kukhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kumhlabathi ompofu (kepha awupheleli ngokweqile), kuvuselela ngokoqobo, kwakha inani elanele lezinto eziphilayo, lapho sekuvele inyanga noma okuthe xaxa ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu, lesi sitshalo se-sideral sigxilisiwe (siyadingeka ngaphambi kokuqhakaza) emhlabathini, ukucebisa inhlabathi nge-phosphorus etholakalayo ne-nitrogen.
I-mustard emhlophe, ekhule njengesitshalo somquba oluhlaza, ingangena kalula kuzo zonke izinto eziyiminingi ezixubekile zamaminerali bese iwaguqula abe amafomu atholakala ezitshalweni.
Okuthandeka kakhulu kubahlali behlobo ukuthi amadevu amhlophe ngokweqile anciphisa ukukhula kwawo wonke ukhula, kokubili ngesikhathi sokukhula nangemuva kokufaka okushubile okuluhlaza emhlabathini.
Ngezikhathi zezimvula ezihlala isikhathi eside noma ezindaweni lapho abalimi bezama ukumanzisa inhlabathi kahle, isinaphi esimhlophe siyancipha, futhi kungenzeka siyeke ukufakwa kwezakhi zomzimba ezibalulekile ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezingafinyeleleki ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadevu amhlophe afaka izinto ezikhethekile enhlabathini evimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta, amagciwane ahlukahlukene, yingakho abaningi bedumisa ukuthi ngemuva kokumhlophe lwesinaphi utamatisi wabo, amazambane nemifino efanayo akazange ahlupheke ngenxa yokulimala sekwedlule isikhathi, akazange athintwe yisibazi, futhi futhi akazange akwenze lokho wahlushwa im microflora ebekekayo.
Ngosizo lwesinaphi esimhlophe ezindaweni ezincane, ungakhohlisa ngokweqiniso ukujikeleza kwezitshalo ngokuvuselela inhlabathi futhi ubuyisele isivuno endaweni yaso yangaphambili ngaphambi kwesikhathi sonyaka noma izinkathi ezimbalwa zonyaka.
Ngokusho kwedatha engekho emthethweni, ngokususelwa kwimpendulo evela kubalimi, ngisho nokutshala olulodwa lwesinaphi esimhlophe njengomanyolo oluhlaza sekuvele kunciphisa kakhulu inani le-wireworm futhi, okujwayelekile, ama-slugs enhlabathini.
Uma utshale i-mustard emhlophe sekwephuzile futhi ungagundanga, khona-ke akunandaba, izogcina iqhwa lisendaweni efanele ngokuphelele.
Labo abane-apiary kufanele batshale isinaphi esimhlophe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo: izinyosi zizothatha ukufumbathiswa kokuqala kuwo, kepha lapho-ke kuyofanela uqhamuke nokususwa kwayo, kukuwe ukunquma ukuthi kuyabiza yini ngaphezulu - uju noma ingadi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadevu amhlophe abambisene kahle nezilimo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, asheshisa ukukhula nokukhula kwezithelo zobhontshisi, ubhontshisi futhi, njengoba akumangazi, ngisho nezithelo zomvini, futhi abalimi bathi uma utshala isinaphi esimhlophe emaphaseleni engadi, ungakhohlwa unomphela mayelana inundu kanye aphid!
Vele, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukutshala lwesinaphi esimhlophe akudingi ezinye izindleko ezengeziwe (ngaphandle kokuthi ukuthambisa), futhi imbewu yayo ibiza ipeni futhi ingatholakala kunoma yisiphi isitolo sembewu.
Akukho lutho oluphelele kulomhlaba, kulokhu ngiye ngaqiniseka ngokuhamba kweminyaka, yebo amadevu amhlophe anenqwaba yama-pluses anezinkinga zawo. Isibonelo, uyagula futhi unobunzima - uvame ukuhlushwa ukugqwala, indawo eyaziwayo yamaqabunga, ebizwa ngokuthi i-alternariosis, futhi ngisho ne-Powdery isikhutha ne-keel.
Ukutshala nini lwesinaphi esimhlophe njengomanyolo oluhlaza?
I-mustard emhlophe ingahlwanyelwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kusukela ngoMashi (uma inhlabathi inciphile) kuze kube uSepthemba. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, isivuno sikulungele ukuhlwanyelwa kakade ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, lapho inhlabathi inyibilika cishe inyanga ngaphambili.
Imvamisa, noma kunjalo, ekwandiseni umphumela wokusebenzisa isinaphi esimhlophe njengesiko elisecaleni, iyahlwanyelwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela isivuno esikhulu kule ndawo, okungukuthi imifino, ama-sitrobheli, amakhambi nezinye izinto. Ungalokothi ugijime ukutshala isivuno esikhulu, ngemuva kokutshala lwesinaphi emhlabathini okungenani isigamu senyanga kufanele sidlule, ngaphandle kwalokho izinsalela zesinaphi ezijikelezayo emhlabathini zingaphikisana nokukhulisa isivuno esikhulu.
Musa ukuhlwanyela imastadi emhlophe nama-turnips aseduze kwabo - awabekezelelani, kodwa endaweni lapho imibhede yezimbali nemibhede yezimbali izophulwa khona kamuva, kungenzeka ukuthi uyihlwanyele.
Kubalulekile! I-mustard emhlophe njengomanyolo oluhlaza akufanele ihlwanyelwe ngemuva kwezitshalo ezibethelwe njengekhabishi, isithombo, isithombo; yonke into ilula, banezifo ezijwayelekile, futhi ingangenwa yizo.
Enkabeni yeRussia, amadevu amhlophe avame ukuhlwanyelwa ngo-Agasti noma Septhemba.Ngasikhathi sinye, kuzwakala kule ndawo, futhi ukufakwa kwayo enhlabathini kwenziwa ngonyaka olandelayo. Vele, uma ekwindla kudonsela phansi, futhi lwesinaphi liqala ukukhula kakhulu, khona-ke emva kwezinsuku ezingama-30 (ngaphandle kokulinda ukuqhakaza) lingatshalwa emhlabathini nakunyaka wamanje.
ENingizimu, lwesinaphi esimhlophe ngokuvamile sihlwanyelwa ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, yize le nqubo ingatatalulwa kuze kube ngu-Okthoba futhi ngisho noNovemba, ngoba ayesabi amazinga okushisa aphansi. Kube sekufakazelwe ngamehlo ukuthi i-mustard emhlophe, yize ingeyona yonke, kepha, ngokusobala, kuphela imbewu yayo egcwaliseke kakhulu (isb., Lapho isikhulile ngokuphelele, isefinyelele ifomu layo eligcwele) ingahluma kuphela ngama-degree ambalwa ngaphezulu kwe-zero.
Ngemuva kokuhluma, ngendlela, okuluhlaza okuncane okucwazimulayo kuvame ukumelana namazinga okushisa amabi afinyelela kumahlanu degrees ngaphansi kwe-zero, futhi uma ekwindla lide, likhula buthule (litshalwe ngo-Okthoba!) Ngamasentimitha ayishumi.
Noma kunjalo, kungakuhle ukuthi ungagxili ngokweqile futhi uhlwanyele isinaphi esimhlophe ngokushesha nje lapho isivuno esikhulu sesivuniwe, kungenjalo kuzoqala ukukhula okusebenzayo kwezitshalo zokhula.
Imibhede ehlwanyelwe ngesinaphi esimhlophe.
Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwesinaphi njenge-siderate
Ukuze sikwenze kucace kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi angayisebenzisa kanjani isinaphi esimhlophe njengomanyolo oluhlaza, ake sinikeze isibonelo esilula. Masithi sinesiphetho sika-Agasti futhi sivuna utamatisi obhula emhlabathini ovulekile. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho isinaphi emhlophe singatshalwa khonale eduze kwesihlahla samatamatisi. Ngemuva kokuba isivuno sonke sikatamatisi sesivuniwe, esiphakathi neRussia maphakathi noSepthemba, ungangezela ingxube ye-oatmeal lwesinaphi ukuze ushintsho. Ngemuva kwalokho sishiya umanyolo oluhlaza ukuze ukhule, konke kubusika ngaphansi kweqhwa, futhi entwasahlobo sikha konke phezulu ngomlimi olula.
Esimweni lapho ukukhula kwentuthuko yesinaphi kwakukuningi kakhulu, awukwazi ngisho nokukuhogela, kuzoba yinto efana ne-mulch, kepha kulokhu-ke kungcono ukusebenzisa i-phytosporin, uphatha le ndawo amahlandla ambalwa ngesikhawu sesonto, ulandela ngokuqinile imiyalo, bese uphinde futhi kulesi siza ukutshala izithombo zamatamatisi.
Imithetho yokutshala lwesinaphi esimhlophe
Kuhle ukutshala lwesinaphi emibhedeni, okungenziwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngokuqondene nokukhethwa kwendawo, ikhula kokubili endaweni evulekile nasethunzini elingakhethi, kodwa ukukhula okusebenzayo kakhulu kubonwa ezimweni zosuku olude nasendaweni evulekile.
Inhlabathi, uma kungekho lutho olukhule kukho ngaphambili, ungafaka umanyolo ngamabhakede (ama-2-3 amabhakede wokumba ngemitha yesikwele), uma udinga ukususa umhlabathi, ungasebenzisa ufulawa we-dolomite (300 g ngesikwere samamitha) ngalezi zinhloso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi isalokhu ibunjiwe, isuswe bese kwenziwa imibhede.
Amabanga emibhedeni akufanele alinganiswe, ukuhlwanyela kuvame ukuba mnene impela, vele uthathe imbewu ngesandla bese ufafaza inhlabathi. Imvamisa, cishe amagremu amahlanu wembewu yesinaphi emhlophe adliwa ngemitha yesikwere.
Uma izithombo ziminyene, khona-ke lokhu kungcono kuphela - zizokubambezela ukufakwa kwezakhi ngomsoco noma ngamanzi emvula futhi zivimbele ngokuphelele ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
Ukujula kokuhlwanyelwa kwembewu kubalulekile ngasikhathi sinye, cishe kungamasentimitha, mhlawumbe kancane, kepha kungcono akusekho.
Ukunakekelwa kwesinaphi okumhlophe
Ekuqaleni, sesibhale kafushane ukuthi amadevu amhlophe azokhombisa izakhiwo zawo ngendlela enhle kunenhlabathi yokukhanya nesihlabathi, okuphakathi nendawo okukhanyayo, nenhlabathi ekhanyayo futhi ne-chernozem, noma ngabe i-chernozem ihlangene kakhulu. Emhlabathini osindayo, uzokhula kabi kakhulu, futhi kuzoba nengqondo encane kuwo. Ngokuqondene ne-acidity, azikho izintandokazi ezithile, ingakhula emhlabathini we-acidic, futhi ngokungathathi hlangothi, futhi ngisho ne-alkaline, ukusakazwa kwesilinganiso se-pH esifanele kusilinganiso - kusuka ku-4.0 kuye ku-8,5, kepha, kunjalo, i-6 ithathwa njengekulungele , 5.
Amahlumela ezinhlamvu zesinaphi avela ngokushesha okukhulu, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu noma ezine, uma izinga lokushisa lingaba degrees Celsius, amahlumela okuqala ebusweni bomhlaba angabonakala, kepha ke ukukhula kuyancipha. Kuzothatha isikhathi esingangenyanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi okuthe xaxa, ukuthatha indawo ephelele eyabelwe lwesinaphi. Abafuna ukulinda ama-buds kuzodingeka balinde amasonto amahlanu, bese kuphele isonto izimbali zivule, zembula izimbali eziphuzi.
Ukuze ukhule kahle futhi uthuthuke, kuthuthukisa ukuchelela lwesinaphi okungenani kanye ngesonto, uthele imitha yesikwele phezu kwebhakede lamanzi.
Ukuhlwanyela isinaphi emhlopheUkucheba lwesinaphi nokufakwa enhlabathini
Kubalulekile ukucheba lwesinaphi esimhlophe ngaphambi kokuvela kwezimbali, ngalesi sikhathi singafinyelela ukuphakama kwamasentimitha ayi-15-20. Uma izitshalo zephuze futhi ziqhakaza, iziqu ziba ngamaqhafuqhafu kakhulu, ama-petioles emaqabuneni ayoba lukhuni kakhulu, futhi ngemuva kokukhazimula nokufakwa enhlabathini, isisindo esiluhlaza esinjengalesi "siba kancane".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza izimbali, lwesinaphi sidla izakhamzimba eziningi ezivela enhlabathini bese sizisebenzisela sona futhi, empeleni, siphelelwa ngumsebenzi waso oyinhloko, okungukuthi, siyeka ukuba yisitshalo esiseceleni.
Uma uvumela ukuzilawula ngokwakho, khona-ke ngokuvamile ujike amadevu amhlophe asuke kumanyolo oluhlaza awenze ube yingozi futhi onzima ukuwususa ukhula.
Njengokulindelekile, ukumba kwenziwa ngokufakwa kwenqwaba eluhlaza lwesinaphi enhlabathini nganoma yikuphi okukhethwa kukho - ugandaganda wokuhamba ngemuva noma ifosholo elijwayelekile, onamaphi amathuba. Kwisimo sezulu esomile, ukuze isisindo esiluhlaza lwesinaphi sibole ngokushesha emhlabathini, kanye ngesonto kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuchelela, sithela imitha yesikwele ebhokisini lamanzi.
Ukuze wandise ukushesha kwenqubo yokubola kwenqwaba eluhlaza lwesinaphi, ungasebenzisa amalungiselelo owaziwa ngeBaikal EM-1.
Umphumela ngokudumazeka okuncane
Ungacabangi, noma kunjalo, ukuthi mustard ingenza isimangaliso sangempela. Emhlabathini ophelile, ophelelwe ngamandla, ngaphezu kwesinaphi, kuzofakwa i-humus, futhi uma umhlabathi ubulawa nje, ngakho konke lokhu kufanele kuhlanganiswe iminyaka emihlanu ngokulandelana.
Akufanelekile ukuba nethemba lokuthi ukwakheka komhlabathi ompofu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umanyolo kungavuselwa ngokoqobo izitshalo ezimbalwa nje, ukugunda nokutshala lwesinaphi emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi maqondana nenhlabathi enesihlabathi nobumba. Yebo, ungqimba lwe-humus luzokhula, kepha kancane kancane ukuze izilimo zikhule kahle enhlabathini enjalo futhi zinikeze izilimo ezigcwele. Umjikelezo owodwa nje wokutshala noma yisiphi isivuno semifino singanela ukwenza wonke umsebenzi wakho.
Khumbula ukuthi ukuhlwanyela nokutshala lwesinaphi esimhlophe emhlabathini ngeke kuzixazulule zonke izinkinga zenhlabathi ngasikhathi sinye futhi ngeke kusize ukufaka esikhundleni zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, okumele kwenziwe minyaka yonke.
Impendulo yombuzo, okuyiqiniso okungaba khona kumazwana wokuphawula: kuthiwani uma lwesinaphi selikhulile, kodwa lingakakhiphi imbewu? Lutho, shiya ebusika futhi ungagugi, kepha entwasahlobo, kungcono ukuthi uxhume umlimi ngokunamathiselwe komlimi enhlabathini.
