Ama-siderates amahle kakhulu: i-lupine yonyaka

ILupine ingeyomndeni we-legume futhi umuntu ubelokhu eyikhulisa iminyaka eyikhulu. Kunobufakazi bokuthi inhloso imbewu yokuqala ye-lupine yaphonswa emhlabathini eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine edlule. Imbewu yayo iqukethe ingxenye yamaprotheni cishe ingxenye yesithathu yamafutha. Izilwane zidla ngokulangazela zombili lezi zinhlamvu kanye nesisindo sasemoyeni se-lupine, ezisuka kuzo zisheshe zithole isisindo futhi zivame ukugula.

Inkambu etshalwe nge-lupine ephuzi.

Okwamanje, cishe amakhulu amabili ezinhlobo ze-lupine ayaziwa, kepha ezweni lethu kuphela izinhlobo ezine ezikhulwe kusiko, kufaka phakathi njenge-siderates. Sizokhuluma namuhla cishe ezintathu zazo - izinhlobo zonyaka.

Yini lupine ilungele inhlabathi?

Ngokungeziwe kokulondolozwa kwe-biomass, lapho kulinywa noma kugaywa, kuthuthukiswa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, kuyiguqula isuke kwi-coarser iye kwi-looser, lupine, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iqoqa i-nitrogen enhlabathini efanelekile ngokwesimo sokutholakala, futhi ngobuningi obungeke bungezwe ngezinye izikhathi ngezinye izikhathi kulokhu akufuneki. Ngokunikwa lezi zakhiwo zenhlabathi ezinhle impela, i-lupine ivame ukubhekwa futhi ikhule ngokufana nomanyolo oluhlaza othuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi.

Ubulili uqobo Lupine, noma ubhontshisi wolf (I-Lupinus) ifaka izitshalo ze-herbaceous, lezi zizo zombili unyaka nonyaka, kanye nezihlahla nezihlahlana. ILupine inohlelo lwezimpande olunamandla futhi olukhuliswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke ikwazi ukuthola inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba kusuka ekujuleni kwalo emhlabathini futhi ikhule kahle ngaphandle kokunisela cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi. Cabanga nje: impande esemaphakathi yesitshalo se-herbaceous ingangena ekujuleni kwamamitha amabili. Amaqhubu ngokwawo, aqukethe ama-bacterius alungisa i-nitrogen, atholakala phezulu, enza kuphela ukuthi athatha i-nitrogen yomoya bese eyiguqula ibe yizihlobo eziboshwe ngazo.

Njengamanyolo oluhlaza, noma ama-siderate, okuzwakala ngokwengeziwe ngokwesayensi, zisebenzisa i-lupins yonyaka. Ngani? Okuningi kuya ngesivinini sokukhula kwabo, bakhula ngokunqwabelana kwama-bacterium angama-nodule enhlabathini futhi bakhule ngesisindo semifino, ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-lupin zisetshenziswa ezimeni ezimbalwa zonyaka zingaphenduka ukhula lwangempela, imishini esindayo kuphela engasusa isiza, okuyinto engenzeki ngama-lupins waminyaka yonke.

Imvamisa itshalwa njengesiko eliseceleni, cishe ejwayelekile kwabaningi lupine mhlophefuthi lupins mncane futhi kunjalo lupine ophuzi.

Ukuzala kabusha kwembewu kuma-lupins, imbewu ivame ukuvuthwa ubhontshisi, ihluke ngokumangalisayo ngesimo, umbala, usayizi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wososayensi bethu, umhlaba ufunde ukuthi kunokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kombala wembali ye-lupine nombala wesikhumba sembewu. Ngemuva kokuthi lokhu kutholakele, kwaba lula ukukhetha ama-lupins lapho kufanele ahlwanyelwe: phela, imbewu emhlophe ivela ezimbali ezinamaphayini amhlophe, kanti amacembe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka avela ezitshalweni ezinhlamvu zawo zipendwe ngemibala emnyama. Imbewu ye-lupine ayikho enkulu kunethanga elijwayelekile ngosayizi.

Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa iLupine Njenge-Siderate

Kuze kube manje, sikhulume ngamafuphi kuphela izinzuzo ze-lupine njengendawo ephakathi nendawo, futhi manje sizokhuluma ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe. Emgogodleni wayo, lokhu kucishe kube okungabizi kakhulu futhi kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokushintsha ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kube ngcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitshalo se-lupine uqobo, esinezakhiwo eziningi nezimfanelo ezinhle, nayo iletha izinzuzo. Isibonelo, uhlelo olunamandla kakhulu lwezimpande, esivele sishilo, luyakwazi ukuqeda ngokoqobo i-monohydrophosphates futhi ngaleyo ndlela lubaphakamisele ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zomhlabathi ezifinyeleleka kwezinye izitshalo. ILupine, ngohlelo lwayo olunamandla futhi olubanzi lwezimpande, ikhulula ngokuphelele inhlabathi ehlangene kakhulu bese iyondla nge-nitrogen.

Kukholelwa ukuthi i-lupine imane nje iyisiko elifanelekile lendawo yokwakha inhlabathi enempilo kumsoco, ene-acidity ephezulu (yize kungeyona yonke i-lupine izokhula ngokujwayelekile kulezi), nenhlabathi enomdlandla, okuwukuthi, izikhulule ngokweqile futhi ayinalutho. Ama-alkaloid aqukethe ku-biomass ye-lupine, ngemuva kokulima futhi awugcine emhlabathini, awudlali kakhulu futhi hhayi ngentshiseko, kodwa nokho aneqhaza ekwenziweni kwenhlabathi, futhi ngokutshala isikhathi eside, i-substrate ivame ukuthatha ngisho nefomu le-alkaline.

La ma-alkaloid afanayo akhona ku-lupine avimbela umsebenzi wama-wireworms enhlabathini, futhi uma ukhule endaweni ehlala njalo, ama-wireworms, kanye ne-microflora eyingozi, anganyamalala ngokuphelele.

Ngenxa yokuthi ngemuva kokukhula i-lupine, yonke inqwaba yayo eluhlaza ifakwe enhlabathini futhi, ngokubola, iphenduka umanyolo omuhle oluhlaza, futhi ichumise inhlabathi nge-nitrogen, ezindaweni lapho izilimo zikhula khona ngemuva komanyolo oluhlaza, isivuno sikhula ngokubonakalayo. Futhi okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi ngenxa yokukhula okusebenzayo komanyolo oluhlaza wonyaka, umphumela ungvele utholakale esikhathini esingaphezu kwenyanga ngemuva kokutshala. Uma konke lokhu kucatshangelwa ukuthi izilimo ze-lupine empeleni azidingi ukunakekelwa, kuvela ukuthi lokhu kuyindaba nje yasendulo, hhayi isitshalo.

Inkambu ehlwanyelwe ngama-siderat lupins wonyaka.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ze-lupine zonyaka

I-lupine yonyaka, njengoba sesishilo kakade, isetshenziswa ngempumelelo kuhlelo lokudla lwasekhaya nakwezasendulo. Kwirejista Yombuso manje kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 ze-lupine, ngakho-ke kukhona ngempela okufanele ukhethe kukho.

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-lupine, ekukhuleni kwayo, ikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-alkaloids yokuvikelwa kwayo, okungukuthi, izinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen ezivikela isivini sayo (isitshalo), futhi, nazo, zivimbe ngokuphelele futhi zingavimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene we-pathogenic, zibulala i-nematode , hlukana nokubola kwezimpande.

I-White Lupine (i-Lupinus albus)

Isitshalo esibekezelela kakhulu isomiso kanye ne-pollinator-ngaphandle kwesitshalo, kepha sinamathela ekushiseni. Le lupine ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ingane, ingelula kalula amamitha amabili, futhi ubude bayo bufinyelele kumashumi amathathu amasentimitha. Lapho nje ukuqhakaza sekuqediwe, izithelo zawo (ubhontshisi) ngokushesha ziqala ukwakheka, ngasinye sazo sisuka kumathathu kuya kwayisithupha wembewu emhlophe qhwa.

Njengesiko elingafani nalutho, izinhlobo ezahlukene zivame ukusetshenziswa. I-Desniansky 2 (lokhu kuhluka okungcono okuthuthukile kusuka ku-Desnyansky, okwatholakala emuva ngo-2003), futhi IGamma futhi Degas. Izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ezisele, ezifakiwe kwiRegional State, nazo zilungile, kepha zivame ukuya ekudleni kwemfuyo, ngoba ziqongelela okuncane kakhulu noma azibutheli i-alkaloids nakancane. I-lupine emhlophe, nokho, ine -backback: ithanda ukukhululwa kwenhlabathi okungapheli, ibekezelela kabi ukuqothuka kwenhlabathi futhi ngeke iyeke ukukhipha umanyolo nge-potassium sulfate (ka-10-15 g ngesikwele samamitha ayi-2-3 izikhathi zokufakwa kwenhlabathi).

I-Narup-leaved Lupine (Lupinus angustifolius)

Lesi futhi yisitshalo esingadingi impova, kepha siphansi, amamitha elilodwa nesigamu ngoba umkhawulo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi balibiza ngokuthi luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ama-inflorescence aleli lupine kungenzeka abepinki, amhlophe qwa, futhi empeleni, onsomi futhi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka empeleni. Imbewu ivame ukuzungezwa, kepha uma izokuthengisela imbewu enomgqomo, ke-ke ungathuki, nazo zinjalo, okuyinto evamile ngokuphelele. Into esemqoka ukuthi ubhekisise kahle imbewu, kufanele ibe nokuthile okufana nephethini yemabula. I-lupine enamahlamvu amancane njengoba isiko le-sideral livame ukusetshenziswa, akumangazi futhi ngobusika-i-hardy, ikhula ngokushesha futhi ayidingi ukugqoka okuphezulu.

Imvamisa, ama-siderates asebenzisa izinhlobo zawo: I-Siderat 38, I-Benyakonsky 334, Pink 399, I-Benyakonsky 484, I-Nemchinovsky eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, Knight, Crystal, Eqhweni, Imvula, I-Belozerny 110, Ithemba, I-Shift, I-Narrow-leaved 109 nabanye. Imvamisa, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zisetshenziswa njengama-siderates futhi ziya kokondla izilwane zasepulazini ngenxa yenani lazo eliphezulu lokudla. Okuwukuphela kwento ehlukahlukene. I-Siderat 38. Iqiniso ukuthi lapho selikhulile, kwatholakala iqiniso elihehayo: liqukethe i-ethyl alcohol etholakala ezimpandeni futhi, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, izitshalo ezinjalo azihambi ngokudla kwemfuyo. Kodwa-ke, lapho isikhule njengenkambiso eseceleni, lokhu kuhlukahluka akunakulingana, kuyakhula ngentshiseko, futhi kukhula ngokushesha okukhulu ngobuningi bezinto zasemoyeni kanye nohlelo lwezimpande. Uma siqhathanisa i-lupine ephuzi nalokhu okuhlukahlukene, khona-ke singakwazi ukwahlukanisa izinzuzo ezicacile ngokuqhathaniswa nokumelana nokubanda, kufaka phakathi nentwasahlobo yamuva. Ingakhula ezinhlolweni zenhlabathi enezithelo eziningi, kancane kancane ikwenze ikwenze kube unyaka nonyaka.

Kuyathakazelisa futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-lupine luthatha izakhi zomzimba eziningi ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi zenhlabathi, ngenxa yalokho, empeleni, awudingi ukulinda ukubola okuphelele kwesisindo semifino ngemuva kokulima, kuzoba nokudla okwanele kwezitshalo ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi.

I-Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus)

Lesi sitshalo "sesiphambano" esijwayelekile, esiphansi, esivame ukungabi ngaphezu kwamamitha ukuphakama. I-inflorescence yayo ifana ne-spikelet, ophuzi noma okhanyayo olumbala. Kumabhontjisi avuthwe ngokuphelele, kwesinye isikhathi kunezinhlamvu ezingaba mihlanu zombala we-beige, okuvame kakhulu kube nocezwana oluncane, abaningi abaliphutha ngalesi sifo.

Uma siqhathanisa le lupine neqabunga elinamaqabunga amancanyana, singasho ukuthi ophuzi uthande ukushisa kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngisho noma amahlumela awo angavela, adinga ukushisa okungama-12 degrees, yize kungadlulisela amafrikhidi okubuya ngemuva kokusinda kusuka kuma-degree amane kuya kwayisithupha weqhwa. Le lupine nayo idinga ukuchelela, okungenani kanye ngonyaka ngesibalo samabhakede ngemitha elilodwa lomhlaba, futhi kuzoba ngcono ukukhulisa ama-lupins kuma-sandstones kanye nama-sandwich loams, ukuwathuthukisa. Imvamisa, lezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-lupine ezinjalo zikhule ezweni lethu - I-Gorodnensky, I-Siderat 892, Ezemfundo 1, Kastrychnik, Isisusa 369, Torch, Qhakambisa futhi Ukuchayeka ngokweqile.

I-lupine enamaqabunga ama-narine (Lupinus angustifolius).

I-Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus).

Ukukhula kwe-lupine yonyaka

Ngakho-ke, sesivele sikhulume nge-lupine njengesiko ngokwanele, sidlulela emithethweni yokulinywa kwayo, nokusebenzisa.

Okuhluke kakhulu, kepha ama-lupins ngeke akhule ebumbini elisindayo kakhulu, elakhiwe ngobumba kuphela, nasezinhlafuneni ze-peat acidifying.

Ngaphambi kokutshala imbewu ye-lupine, inhlabathi idinga ukumba kuze kufinyelele emgodini ophelele wefosholo bese kufakwa. Ngokuqondene nomanyolo, esigabeni sokuqala, noma ngabe inhlabathi ingempofu kakhulu, ngeke ngincome ukusebenzisa umanyolo we-nitrogen noma i-organic organic. Iqiniso ukuthi ama-bacterium alungisa i-nitrogen ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuqala kokukhula kwezitshalo aqala ukuzithuthukisa, kepha i-nitrogen eyeqile, noma isesimweni sendaba yezinto eziphilayo, ngeke nje isize le nqubo, kepha, kunalokho, izoyinciphisa.

Ukuhlwanyelwa kwezilimo zomquba oluhlaza, ikakhulukazi - i-lupine, imvamisa iqala sekwephuzile entwasahlobo, imvamisa engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi, lapho inhlabathi isivele isifudumele ngokwanele, futhi ngeke kube nengcuphe yokubuya kwamafu eqandayo.

Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala, noma kunalokho, ukuhlwanyela, bulula kakhulu: konke okudingekayo ukukimba kahle, ukukala inhlabathi, ukwenza ama-grooves (amasentimitha amathathu ukujula), nebanga phakathi kwawo okungama-20 cm, bese uzama ukufaka imbewu kuwo ukuze kusale phakathi kokunye ibanga elingu-9-12 cm (ngokuya ngamandla okukhula kwezitshalo). Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwembewu ye-lupine ngamamitha skwele ayikhulu emhlabeni engadini ejwayelekile cishe amakhilogremu amathathu, noma ngabe imbewu incane, khona-ke mhlawumbe incane.

Uma imbewu igcinwe isikhathi eside (unyaka noma ngaphezulu) noma ungayazi impilo eqondile yeshelufu, khona-ke ukuze ihlangane ngokushesha futhi kalula, kungcono ukuyinciphisa, okungukuthi, ilimaze kancane igobolondo lembewu ngayinye. Ungacabangi ukuthi eqinisweni lilula kakhulu, igobolondo lembewu ye-lupine liqinile impela, mhlawumbe kunesikhathi esake sabona ngalo ukuthi amahlumela akhuphukela phezulu angeke akwazi ukukhululwa ku-cotyledon, ngakho-ke kudingeka uqaphele futhi ungazilimazi. Imvamisa ukusikeka okucocekile ngommese okhaliphile noma ukubamba imbewu ngaphezulu kwe-emery, iphepha elincane kunazo zonke, kwanele ukusheshisa ukuhluma kwazo.

Amahlumela e-lupine.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-lupine yonyaka njengenhlangano

Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela i-lupine, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lesi sitshalo sidedelana, okungukuthi, sihlose ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi yesiza sakho, hhayi indawo yakho uqobo, ngakho-ke udinga ukusinakekela ngokufanele. Imvamisa, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa emva kokuqala kokukhula (akukho kamuva), izitshalo ziyagawulwa futhi ziggerwe kahle ngokushintshwa kwedamu. Lokhu akwenzeki njalo ukwenze ngefosholo noma isikulufu. Imvamisa, baphendukela osizweni ngogandaganda ohamba ngemuva, kuqala ukusika izimpande ngomsiki wendiza, bese bemba umhlabathi, baxube isisindo esiluhlaza naso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo leyo kufanele ishiywe yodwa izinyanga ezimbalwa ukuze inqwaba eluhlaza ibolile futhi isilungele ukutshala ezinye izitshalo kuyo. Kuleso simo, uma isimo sezulu sesomile, khona-ke kanye ngeviki unganisela isiza, uchithe amabhakede ambalwa amanzi ngesikwele ngasinye, noma usebenzise ukumfaka kwamakhambi wokulungiselela okuvamile noma amanye amalungiselelo e-EM.

Uma, ngokuguqulwa kwe-lupine ibe umquba oluhlaza, sekwephuze kakhulu futhi amabhulukwe agcwele ubhontshisi aba mnyama, kulula ukusika yonke inqwaba eluhlaza ngombila ojwayelekile bese uyifaka inqwaba yomquba. Ngani? Yebo, lapho sezikhulile ukukhula, izingqimba ze-lupine ziba mnene kangangokuba ziyobola isikhathi eside emhlabathini.

I-Lupine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphambi kokutshala enhlabathini kusuka ekutshaleni idinga izinsuku ezingama-55-60 kuphela, uma unikezwe lokhu, kuyamukeleka impela ukuthi uyihlwanyele ekwindla, kulandelwe ukuyitshala enhlabathini ekwindla. I-lupine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlwanyelwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuna isivuno esiyisisekelo esivandeni, esivame ukwenzeka eshumini sesibili sika-Agasti, futhi lapho sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, mhlawumbe ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa, lesi sitshalo esisetshenziswayo singagawulwa.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, isisindo esiluhlaza, vele, asidingi ukungcwatshwa ngokujula okuthe xaxa, kuzokwanela nje ukuwuxuba nenhlabathi. Labo balimi abanganalo ithuba lokuxubanisa utshani obelungenwe ekwindla kanye nenhlabathi bangamane bawulugwebu futhi bawushiye ebusweni benhlabathi kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sentwasahlobo.

Yini ekhula kahle ngemuva kwama-siderates?

Ubhatata, utamatisi, upelepele lwensimbi, ama-strawberry asendle kanye neklabishi akhula kahle ensimini, ebengaphansi kotshani obuluhlaza, abamele umndeni we-legume bakhula kakhulu kubo bonke, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinambuzane ezivamile kuzo zombili lezi zinto.

Ithiphu. Ngokwakho okubonile, kungcono ukugcina imigwaqo yegadi ingabi ngaphansi komusi omnyama, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-lupine, okungukuthi, futhi ngaphansi kwesodoli. I-lupine emhlophe noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ilungele kangcono lezi zinhloso, noma kunjalo, ungakhohlwa ukuthambisa okwengeziwe futhi ukhumbule ukuthi ngemuva kokucheba ama-siderat emaphasethini engadi, awadingi ukuthi atshalwe enhlabathini, kungcono ukumane umboze umhlabathi nawo, udale into efana nesendlalelo se-mulching.

I-lupine ehlwanyelwe njenge-siderat incane.

Kungani i-lupine ikhula kabi?

Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukuphendula omunye wemibuzo ebuzwa njalo - kungani i-lupine esakhiweni ingafuni ukukhula. Siyaphendula - isizathu sokuqala imvamisa yi-acidity enhlabathini, njengoba sesibhale kakade, akuwona wonke ama-lupins akhula kahle emhlabathini we-acidic, futhi i-lupine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuvamile ayifuni ukukhula emhlabathini we-alkaline.

Iseluleko sokuthi ubekezele kancane: esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula, ama-lupins akhula kancane, ngokwesibonelo, amabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni asisebenzisa, esitshala ngaphansi kwama-oats, ubusika, amakhambi wonyaka, futhi ngemuva kokucheba inqwaba yawo eluhlaza, i-lupine nayo iqala ukukhula. Ngakho-ke ungathola izitshalo ezimbalwa ensimini eyodwa.

Futhi ukuze unganqobi ama-lupins ezinsolweni, zama ukukutshala ngemuva kokusanhlamvu kwasebusika, nansi ukumila kukhula kuzonciphisa ngokuphelele!

Usenemibuzo? - silinde bona kumazwana!