I-pepper emnyama, noma i- "Malabar berry"

Pepper - isithelo sehlathi elikhuphukayo.

I-pepper emnyama kwesinye isikhathi nayo ibizwa nge- "Malabar berry" endaweni yendawo yayo yemvelo - iziqhingi zaseMalabar (eningizimu yeNdiya). Emvelweni, isihlahla simboza izihlahla, sikhuphuka. Njengoba upelepele uye waba yisilimo sokulima, izigxobo zitshalwa kuso ukuze zitshalwe, njengamaphupho, futhi lokhu kubekela umkhawulo ukukhula kwawo kuze kube amamitha angama-4-5. Isitshalo lesi isihlahla esikhuphukayo esifinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-15. -100 mm. Ngemuva kokuqhakaza, izithelo eziyindilinga ziyakhula, kuqala ziluhlaza, bese ziphenduka ziphuzi noma zibomvu.

Upelepele omnyama (Piper nigrum). © Vijayasankar Raman

Ubude beshashi bungama-80-140 mm, uqukethe ama-Drupes angama-20-30. Ukuze uthole upelepele omnyama, izithelo zivunwa zingavuthiwe - luhlaza okotshani noma ngiphuzi kancane. Ngesikhathi yomiswa phansi kwelanga, ziyabangana futhi zibe mnyama. Izithelo zepelepisi zivuthwa ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokuqoqwa kwaso sinwetshwa kakhulu.

Izitshalo ezingokwaluphi uhlobo lw upelepisi, umndeni wepelesi, kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwesigidi nesigidi. Kodwa-ke, njengesinongo, yizinhlobo ezingama-5-6 kuphela ezisetshenziswayo, ezikhula eSouth Asia. Ama-pepper wangempela afaka upelepele omnyama, upelepele omhlophe, upelepele we-cubeb, pepper omude kanye nopelepele wase-Afrika.

Isimilo nemvelaphi:

Upelepele omnyama - Izithelo ezivuthiwe ezingavuthiwe ze shrub efanayo yasendaweni ezishisayo. Izithelo ezingavuthiwe ezivuthiwe zibukeka njengethanga elincanyana elimnyama (yingakho igama lephepha elimnyama) elinephunga elimnandi. I-pepper emnyama ivela ogwini olusempumalanga yeNdiya, lapho isakhula khona njengesitshalo sehlathi lasendle. Wabe esengena e-Indonesia nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukuya e-Afrika naseMelika - kuphela ngekhulu lama-20. Upelepele omnyama wabangela ukutholakala kweMelika kanye nokuvela kwepelepele elibomvu. Yize kunjalo, kwakungemva kwakhe nezinye izinongo zaseNdiya lapho ukuphuma kwabo kufakwe nguChristopher Columbus.

ESanskrit, upelepele omnyama ubizwa ngokuthi yi-marich. Lokhu kungenye yamagama elanga, futhi upelepele omnyama uthole leli gama ngenxa yokuqukethwe okukhulu kwamandla elanga kulo.

Upelepele omnyama (Piper nigrum). © uStefanu Setukavala

Igama lesiGrikhi "peperi", i-"piper" yesiLatini, "ipelepele" yesiNgisi, kanye "nepelepele" yase Russian - wonke aqhamuka egameni leSanskrit le- “pippali”.

ENdiya, upelepele ubukelwe kakhulu kusukela ngesikhathi sakudala futhi ungomunye wezinongo zokuqala zasendulo ezahlula iYurophu, kusukela eGrisi yasendulo naseRoma. Umfundi ka-Aristotle, isazi sefilosofi esingumGrikhi uTheophparus (372-287 BC), kwesinye isikhathi obizwa ngokuthi “nguyise wezitshalo”, wehlukanisa upelepisi baba izinhlobo ezimbili: ezimnyama nezinde. Ukusuka ogwini lwaseMalabar lwaseNdiya, upelepele uhambe emhlabeni ngokuhamba olwandle nangasemhlabeni. Nge-Persian Gulf yathunyelwa e-Arabia, nangoLwandle Olubomvu - eGibhithe. Kamuva, ngonyaka ka-40 AD, imikhumbi yoMbuso WaseRoma yajoyina ukuhweba upelepele. Ukuhweba okuqondile phakathi kweRoma neNdiya kwasiza ukuqothula ubukhosi base-Arab kuzo zonke izinhlobo “zengcebo ebabazekayo.” EMbusweni WaseRoma, upelepele uthathe indawo eqinile phakathi kwezimpahla ezithengiswa kakhulu ezithengiswa kakhulu. UFrederic Rosengarten encwadini yakhe ethi Spices ubhala ukuthi ngesikhathi kubusa uMbusi uMarcus Aurelius, ukuhweba ngepepper kwafinyelela ezingeni elingakaze libonwe kangangokuba ngo-176 CE Intela yamakhasimende e-Alexandria yakhokhwa ikakhulu ngopelepele omude noma omhlophe. I-pepper emnyama ayifakwanga ekufayweni kwentela, mhlawumbe iziphathimandla zazikwenza ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kwezepolitiki, besaba ukubangela ukunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu. Ukuvimbela ukuphangwa kweRoma ngamabutho enkosi yamaGoth kanye nomnqobi we-Alaric ngonyaka ka-408 A.D. amaRoma amkhokhela intela, okuthi phakathi kokunye ingcebo ifake amakhilogremu ayi-3,000 epepper.

ICosmas Indinopleustes, umthengisi kamuva owaba indela engcwele edumile futhi waya eNdiya naseCeylon, wachaza kabanzi encwadini yakhe ethi “Christian Topography” izindlela zokukhulisa, ukuqoqa nokupheka upende ngabakhileyo ePhalamende laseMalabar. Kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho, ngekhulu le-1 A.D. Amakoloni amaNdiya asungula amasimu wepepuru eJava. UMarco Polo ezikhumbuzweni zakhe uchaza “ubuningi bepelesi” eJava. Ukhuluma ngemikhumbi yaseChinese eya olwandle, yilelo nalelo lalinamabhasikidi ayi-6,000 epelepele.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, upelepele uthathe indawo ebalulekile eYurophu eseceleni. Kwakusetshenziselwa izinongo nokunambitha ukudla okuhle okuluhlaza nokonakalayo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukulahla ukunambitheka kwenyama okunengekayo.

Ama-peas wonke we-pepper ngaleso sikhathi abiza kakhulu futhi amukelwa yiziphathimandla njengokukhokhwa kwentela, intela, izikweletu, futhi njenge-dowry. Ngo-1180, ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaHenry II, i- "Whole Pepper Merchants Guild" yaqala ukusebenza eLondon, eyabizwa nge- "Spice Merchants Guild", kwathi ikhulu leminyaka yaziwa njenge- "Grocers Company", eyayikhula ngaphansi kwayo kuze kube namuhla. .

Ukutshala upelepele omnyama. © Scot Nelson

Ngekhulu le-13, ukukhula komnotho kanye nomnotho omkhulu waseVenice naseGenoa, ikakhulukazi owokugcina, kwatholakala ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhweba ngezinongo. AmaPhuthukezi kanye nabaseSpain babenomona bebuka lokhu kungazwakali kokucebisa. Ukuwa (ngo-1453) kweConstantinople kanye nentela ebabazekayo yababusi abangamaSulumane ekuthengisweni kwezinongo kwenze sanyuka isidingo sokuhamba kwabo ngolwandle ukuya eMpumalanga. Isidingo sase-Europe sezinongo, ikakhulukazi i-pepper emnyama, kanye nesifiso sokucebiswa kahle kwaba yisisusa esikhulu ekuhambeni kukaColumbus, nangohambo lwasolwandle lwaseVasco de Gama. Konke lokhu kuvumela amaPutukezi ukuthi athathe ubukhosi ekuthengisweni kwamakha, okuyinto abayigcina iminyaka eyi-100. Ngemuva kwezimpi ezinqumayo namaSulumane, athumba ugu lwaseMalabar olufiswa yiNdiya (ngonyaka we-1511), uCeylon, uJava kanye neSumatra.

Kamuva, amandla amakhulu ekukhiqizeni i-pepper adlulela ezandleni zamaDashi, futhi aba ngababo kuze kube ngu-1799, lapho inkampani yabo yase-East European yaqothuka. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukaputeni waseMelika uCarns wahlekisa nge-schooner ethekwini laseNew York ngomthwalo wepelepele omnyama, lapho athengisa khona lapho athola khona amadola angama-100,000. Eminyakeni engama-50 eyalandela (engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19), imikhumbi yabathengisi baseMelika yabamba iqhaza elikhulu kwezentengiso yepepuru yomhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi leli bhizinisi lazala izingane eziyizigidi zokuqala zaseMelika. Njengamanje, abakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu bepelepele yiNdiya, i-Indonesia neBrazil, ekhiqiza amathani angaphezu kuka-40,000 e-pepper ngonyaka. Abathengi bokuqala be-pepper emnyama yi-United States, Russia, Germany, Japan kanye ne-England.

Isimilo ngemvelaphi:

MALABAR. Inani elikhulu le-pepper emnyama livela eKerala, etholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNdiya (ugu lwaseMalabar). Namuhla, iMalabar ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi upelepele waseNdiya. Ama-Pepper amajikijolo makhulu ngephunga eliqinile. Amafutha ayo abalulekile aqukethe isigaxa esinephunga elimnandi. Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-piperine, futhi lokhu kuyinikeza i-pungency.
I-LAMPONG. I-Indonesia futhi ikakhulukazi isiqhingi saseSumatra kungenye into ekhiqiza upepper omnyama weprimiyamu. Ama-Pepper atshalwe esifundazweni saseLamphong engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesiqhingi saseSumatra, futhi ukuthunyelwa kuya echwebeni lasePandang. Ama-Pepper avela ku-Lamphong awawona aphansi ngekhwalithi kuya kweNdiya. Imnandi nje futhi inephunga, iqukethe okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamafutha abalulekile ne-piperine. Umehluko ovela eNdiya - upelepele mncane ngosayizi. Upelepele ongaphansi ovela eLamphong ulula kancane kuneNdiya.
IBRAZILIAN. IBrazil ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wakamuva we-pepper emakethe. Ama-Pepper atshalwa esifundeni esisenyakatho sePara, eceleni komfula i-Amazon. Ukutshala kwakheka kuphela ngo-1930, kanti isivuno esanele sokuhweba okuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe satholakala kuphela ngonyaka we-1957. Kusukela lapho, iBrazil ibingomunye wabathengisi abaphambili bepepper abamnyama nabamhlophe. I-pepper emnyama yaseBrazil inendawo ebushelelezi ebukeka kahle ngayo. I-peel ye-pepper v imnyama, futhi ngaphakathi kwe-berry kukhona ukhilimu omhlophe.
CHINESE. Muva nje, iqale ukuthunyelwa emakethe yezangaphandle, yize ihlala ikhula eChina. Kukhanya kakhulu ngombala futhi kuthambile ekunambithekeni. Ikhula ikakhulukazi esiqhingini saseHainan, eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe.
SARAWAK. Ikoloni langaphambili laseBrithani laseSarawak (manje eliyingxenye yeRiphabhuliki yaseMalaysia) ogwini olusenyakatho nentshonalanga yeBorneo kungenye into ekhiqiza upelepele emhlabeni. Imbobo yokuhanjiswa kwempahla v Kuching. Inqwaba yepelepele yeSarawak iya eSingapore ukuyoshintshana nokuthunyelwa okusha emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi e-UK, Japan naseJalimane.
Ceylon Manje izwe selibizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi yiSri Lanka, kepha upelepele (ofana netiye) ubizwa ngeCeylon. Usuka eColombo - inhlokodolobha netheku elikhulu lezwe. Le pepper isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwenziwa kwama-extracts, ngoba inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokushisa uwoyela obalulekile, i-piperine ne-capicin.

OKUNYE. Lezi yiMadagascar, Thailand, Nigeria neVietnam. Ama-Pepper akhiqizwa ngamanani amancane. Manje iVietnam iqinisa isikhundla sayo, kodwa ikhwalithi yepepho lapho ayihlali ihlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi enhle yepepuru.

Izithelo zepepper emnyama. © Eric Royer Stoner

Kunezimfanelo ezimbili ezibalulekile zepelepele - ubukhali baso (ngenxa yepiperine) nephunga (kuya ngokuqukethwe kawoyela obalulekile). Okuhle kakhulu kubhekwa njengopelepele obukhulu kakhulu futhi osindayo wekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ovela ogwini lwaseMalabar eNdiya. Le yiMalabar Ibanga 1 noma i-MG1. Ukuqina kwayo kungama-570-580 amagremu ilitha ngalinye. Upelepele onjalo ukonga kakhulu ukuwusebenzisa futhi unconyelwe ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amasoseji aphekiwe.

Ukulima:

Upelepele omnyama ukhula eSri Lanka, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, eBrazil. Ukukhula kwezitshalo kukhawulelwe ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-5. Akhula ngezinduku eziphakeme, ezifana nama-hops. Kuqala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni emithathu. Ukutshala kungasetshenziswa iminyaka engu-15 ukuya kwengama-20. Kuvunwa lapho izithelo ziqala ukubomvu. Ngenkathi yomile elangeni, izithelo ziphenduka mnyama. Upelepele omnyama ungcono, unzima, umnyama futhi unzima. Izinhlamvu ezingama-1000 zepepper emnyama yekhwalithi efanele kufanele zibe nesisindo ncamashi esingu-460 g. Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini zasendulo, upelepele omnyama wawusebenza njengebhalansi yokukala imikhiqizo yemithi edinga ukunemba okukhulu.

I-pepper emhlophe inokunambitheka okubushelelezi, iphunga elihle nelinamandla futhi yaziswa ngaphezulu. Thola upelepele omhlophe eThailand, eLaos, eCambodia.

Okuqukethwe izakhi: Ubunzima be-pepper buxhomeke kwi-piperine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe i-pyroline, i-havicin, ushukela, i-enzyme, uwoyela obalulekile kanye nesitashi, i-alkaloids kanye ne-gum. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amafutha abalulekile ahamba lapho kugcinwa ngokungafanele.

Izithelo zepepper emnyama. © Scot Nelson

Isicelo:

I-pepper emnyama ikhuthaza ukugaya, amaRoma ayidla kakhulu. Kepha lokhu akunakunconywa. Kodwa-ke, ngobungako lapho isetshenziswa ekhishini lethu, lokhu akuyona ingozi empilweni.

I-Pepper isetshenziselwa isobho, i-grvy, amasoso, isaladi yemifino, ama-marinade, lapho kulungiswa zonke izinhlobo zenyama, kufaka phakathi umdlalo, iklabishi le-Savoy, ubhontshisi, uphizi, udali, i-sauerkraut, i-goulash, amaqanda, ushizi, utamatisi, inhlanzi, imifino ebilisiwe inani lezinye izitsha ezilungiselelwe ekhishini lethu. Ukubulawa kwezingulube okwenziwe ekhaya, ukwenziwa kwamasoseji kanye nemikhiqizo yenyama eminingana akunakwenza ngaphandle kwepelethi emnyama.

Upelepele omnyama - isipayisi esisebenza ngezindlela eziningi izitsha eziningi. Iyaqhubeka ithengiswe ngesimo sethanga noma inhlabathi. Peas eliphansi linephunga elikhulukazi. Kwisimo somhlabathi, upelepele omnyama usetshenziselwa ukukholisa izitsha ezahlukahlukene, inyama enezinhlamvu, ukugcwaliswa. Pepper ifakwa ezitsheni kungekudala ngaphambi kokulungela, uma kungenjalo, ngesikhathi sokupheka isikhathi eside, isitsha sithola ukufutheka ngokweqile. I-pepper engaphansi iyanconywa ukuba igcinwe ngokufakwa uphawu okwenziwe ngobuciko, kungenjalo ngokushesha iyaphela futhi ilahlekelwe yindawo yayo

Kanye nopelepele iphunga futhi i-capicum ebomvuI-pepper emnyama isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokuluka lapho kukhiqizwa ama-marinade yemifino, amasaladi, nenyama ekheniwe. Uma ezimweni ezisohlwini kusetshenziswa upelepele omnyama ngesimo sethanga, khona-ke kumasobho, ku-grvy nasemisosheni, kososo nasezihlathini - umhlabathi kuphela.

Izinhlobo zezinongo:

Upelepele omnyama utholakala ezithelo ezingavuthiwe zesitshalo. Ukuze uzihlanze futhi ulungiselele ukomiswa, izithelo zithunyelwa ngokushesha ngamanzi ashisayo. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kubhubhisa udonga lweseli le-pepper, kusheshiswe umsebenzi wama-enzyme obhekene "ne-browning". Izithelo bese zomiswa elangeni noma ngomshini izinsuku eziningana. Ngalesi sikhathi, igobolondo le-fetus liyomile futhi libe mnyama bese lizungeza imbewu, kwakheka ungqimba olunemibala emnyama. Ngakho-ke izithelo ezomile zibizwa ngokuthi zi-peas ezimnyama. Upelepele omnyama udliwe womabili nge-peas ephelele, nangasemhlabathini - njenge-isithokelo esehlukile, nangezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene.

Upelepele omhlophe yinhlamvu emnyama evuthiwe emnyama engenayo i-pericarp. Imvamisa, ukukhiqiza upelepele omhlophe, izithelo ezivuthiwe zifakwe emanzini cishe isonto elilodwa. Ngenxa yokugcotshwa, igobolondo le-fetus liyabola bese lithamba, emva kwalokho lihlukaniswe bese imbewu eyomile yomile. Kunezinye izindlela ezingafani zokuhlukanisa igobolondo nembewu yepelepele, kufaka phakathi Mechanic, amakhemikhali kanye nemvelo.

Upelepele omhlophe unombala okhanyayo okhanyayo, unokunambitheka okwehla esiphundu kunephunga elimnandi nelinamandla. Lesi zinongo cishe sisetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo nopelepele omnyama.

Upelepele oluhlaza, njengopelepele omnyama, utholakala ezithelo ezingavuthiwe. Amapuni aluhlaza owomile acutshungulwa ngendlela yokuthi kugcinwe umbala oluhlaza, ngokwesibonelo, kusetshenziswa i-sulphur dioxide noma nge-lyophilization (ukomisa okomile). Ngokufanayo, upelepele obomvu (obomvu) utholakala nezithelo ezivuthiwe (upelepele obomvu ovela kuPiper nigrum kufanele uhlukaniswe ngopelepele ovamile ovamile owenziwe ngezithelo zepepper yasePeru noma i-pepper yaseBrazil).

Futhi, uphizi oluhlaza okotshani obomvu upelepele uyacotshwa noma kusetshenziswe okusha (ikakhulukazi ku-cuisine yaseThai). Iphunga lophizi olusha luchazwa njengento entsha nenamakha, nephunga eliqhakazile.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha:

Ithinta izinhlelo: ukugaya, ukujikeleza, ukuphefumula.

Ukuqiniswa okujwayelekile, okulindelekile, okubabazekayo, okubulala izinzwa.

Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi upelepele, ngaphezu kwezakhiwo ezibalwe ngenhla, unciphisa ubungozi besifo senhliziyo: unciphisa igazi, ucekele phansi ukuchitheka, uthuthukise ukuhamba kwegazi. Kuphinde kuthuthukise ukugaya, kuvuselele umsoco, kusebenze ukushiswa kwamakhalori. I-Pepper iqukethe i-vitamin C ephindwe kathathu kune-orange. Kucebile futhi nge-calcium, i-iron, i-phosphorus, i-carotene kanye ne-B. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pepper iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa umphumela wezinye izitshalo zokwelapha.

Kunconyelwe: ukungcwatshwa okungapheli, ubuthi ku-rectum, ukungasebenzi kahle komzimba, ukukhuluphala, umkhuhlane ophakeme, umkhuhlane, ngesikhathi senkinga yamakhaza. I-Pepper kudala kuthiwa yenziwa ezitshalweni zokwelapha. Ngisho namaNdiya amaMaya ayesebenzisa ukudambisa izinhlungu, elapha ukukhwehlela, umphimbo obuhlungu, isifuba somoya nezinye izifo zokuphefumula.

Awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwepelepele ekhishini. Lesi sinongo sisakazeke kakhulu kangangokuba ezindaweni zokupheka upelepele ubekwa emabhokisini akhethekile wepepea ematafuleni asezindlini zokudlela. Futhi noma yisiphi isivakashi singasinambitha isidlo ngokubona kwawo nokunambitha.