I-Verticillin wilt yisifo esikhulu kakhulu sokukhunta. Isikhunta esidala lesi sifo esiyingozi impela siyinkohliso, singaba semhlabathini isikhathi eside futhi singalimazi izitshalo, kodwa ngesinye isikhathi kungaqala ukuhlasela isivuno, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwesitho somzimba. Kule ncwadi, sibheka izimpawu eziyinhloko zokulimala kwesitshalo ngalesi sifo nezindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula i-verticillin wilt.
Amagilebhisi anezimpawu ze-verticillum wilting.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthambekela kwe-verticillic?
I-Verticillus wilting, ebizwa nangokuthi "wilt," ibangela isikhunta esikuhlobo lwe-Verticillium. Imvamisa izitshalo zingenwa yileli fungus eliyingozi ngomhlabathi. Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula kwayo, lesi sifo sithinta kabi amahlumela amasha alesi sitshalo, angakwazi ukumelana nalesi sifo, ngakho-ke avame ukufa kuqala.
Izitshalo ezinokonakala okuhlukahlukene ohlelweni lwezimpande noma engxenyeni engezansi yes stimu zithinteka kakhulu ngokutsheka kwe-verticillic. Lokhu kulimala kungabangelwa zombili izinambuzane ezihlala emhlabathini, nangomuntu uqobo. Isibonelo, lapho ugaya isithombo kusuka enkulisa noma lapho udlulisa isitshalo usiya kwenye indawo, lapho utshala izithombo, ukulima okungafanele (ngokujulile), noma umsebenzi omatasa ngenhlabathi eduze kwesiqu.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukhunta obangela ukufakelwa kwe-verticillum lungaphila enhlabathini isikhathi esingaba yishumi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi, iminyaka, ngakho-ke uma lesi sifo sesizibonakalisile, khona-ke le ndawo igcinwe okungenani iminyaka embalwa ngaphansi komusi omnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta singaphila isikhathi eside emfucumfucweni yezitshalo, kubandakanya nezinsalela zezitshalo ezithelelekile ngakho-ke, izitshalo ezinjalo kufanele zisuswe endaweni futhi zishiswe ngaphandle kwensimu yayo, zivikele izingxenye zezitshalo ezithintwe yisikhunta ukuthi zingangeni ungqimba lomhlabathi.
Ngemuva kokuba isikhunta singene ohlelweni lwezimpande noma engxenyeni engezansi yesiqu, siqala ukusakazeka ngenkuthalo ngokusebenzisa izinyanda eziningi ze-xylem kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okungaphezulu nokuncibilikisa izakhi zomzimba kuso sonke lesi simila. Uma inhlabathi ingenwe yile fungus, khona-ke ngisho nezithombo ezivele kancane enhlabathini zingafa ngokushesha, njengoba zisontekile njengangaphambili.
Isikhunta sisebenza kakhulu enhlabathini enomswakama ngokweqile (ngaphansi kwesimo sokunisela ngokweqile kwenhlabathi noma ezindaweni ezinamanzi asondelene komhlaba), kanye naseminyakeni lapho umswakama okwejwayelekile wemvelo uvela ngendlela yemvula noma inkungu.
Izikhathi ezinhle zokuthuthukisa ukhunta ziyinkathi yezinguquko ezinamandla ekushiseni kwelanga nasebusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezinganakwa lapho izitshalo zithinteka khona yizilokazane, isikhunta sibuye sikhule ngokukhuthele.
Ngokuqondene nokushisa, ukhunta obangela ukufiphala kwe-verticillar luyasebenza ikakhulukazi, lukhula ngokushisa kwamazinga ayi-16 kuya kwangama-21 ngaphezulu kwe-zero. Uma izinga lokushisa lehlika ngaphansi kuka-16 degrees Celsius, khona-ke isikhunta singase siyeke ukukhula, ngalesi sikhathi ungabona ukwakheka kwamahlumela amasha ezitshalweni, okuthi, lapho kufudumala, kungenwe yisikhunta ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ukhunta obangela ukuthambekela kwe-verticillum nakho kuyingozi ngoba kungahlasela izitshalo eziningi ezahlukahlukene, imifino nezithelo, amajikijolo kanye nokuhlobisa. Kaningi ungazibona izimpawu zokufiphala kwe-verticillaceous kuma-apricot, amagilebhisi, utamatisi, ama-rose, ama-chrysanthemums, ama-lilac, ama-phlox, ama-sitrobheli kanye nochungechunge lwezitshalo ezihluke kakhulu.
I-Verticillosis kuma-sitrobheli engadini.
Izimpawu ze-Verticillus Wilt
Inkohliso yesikhunta kanye nengozi yalesi sifo sokukhunta ayihlali kuphela ekutheni isikhunta singaba semhlabathini isikhathi eside, ngaphambi nangemva kokutheleleka kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi naseqinisweni lokuthi izimpawu zokutheleleka, ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni zisetshenziswa zisetshenziswa njalo, inkathi eyodwa noma ezimbili ngemuva kokutheleleka.
Imvamisa, ubukhona be-verticillaceous wilting ezitshalweni bungabonakala kuphela ngemuva kokuthi amahlumela aqale ukufa. Ukufa kwamahlumela akwenzeki ngasikhathi sinye, ngenkathi isitshalo sisonke singabukeka sihle futhi sithela nezithelo, amanye amagatsha angoma ngokuphelele ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Amaqabunga amaqabunga amahlumela afayo aqala ukoma emaphethelweni, kwakhiwa i-necrosis, bese amaqabunga omile ngokuphelele bese ewa ekuqaleni kunokuba bekufanele. Lokhu kuholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwemishini yokusebenza ye-photosynthetic futhi kuthinta kabi isitshalo sisonke, kufaka phakathi nokwenza buthaka ukungavikeleki kwaso kanye nokunciphisa ukuqina kobusika (uma kuyisitshalo esidala).
Imvamisa, okokuqala, amaqabunga amaqabunga atholakala esihlangwini esingaphansi aqala ukuphenduka aphuzi futhi afe, kancane kancane lesi sifo sibulala wonke amabala amaqabunga akhiwe egatsheni elinalo. Uma isitshalo sithinteka kakhulu yi-verticillar wilt, khona-ke ngokuvamile ingxenye yayo engenhla kuphela ihlala iphila.
Ngokutheleleka okuthe xaxa, ukomisa nokuwa kwamaqanda noma izithelo ngezinga elihlukile lokuvuthwa nakho kuyabhekwa, okuhambisana nesikhathi sokutheleleka kanye nezinga lokuthuthuka kwesikhunta esitshalweni.
Kwesinye isikhathi kuyakwazi ukubona ukuthi isitshalo singenwe yi-vertingillous wilting ngokusika ihlumela. Ukufiphala okumnyama kwezicubu kwesinye isikhathi kuyabonakala ku-cut, kepha, ngeshwa, izimpawu ezinjalo ezisobala azihlali zivela.
Ekusikeni kwamahlumela atheleleke nge-wilt, kuba mnyama ngezicubu eziqinile.
Ukulwa ne-Verticillin Wilt
Kunzima kakhulu ukwelapha izitshalo ezitheleleke nge-verticillum wilt nokuqothula isikhunta emhlabathini. Endabeni yokuqala kwezimo ezingathandeki kakhulu empilweni yesikhunta, ingakha i-sclerotia, yakha i-mycelium, noma ngabe iphumule. Ngokwakhiwa kwe-sclerotia, isikhunta singaphila emhlabathini izinkathi ezimbalwa, noma ngabe kwenziwa izimo ezingezinhle kakhulu ngokuba khona kwawo.
Kuyiqiniso, lapho usheshe usikhombe lesi sifo futhi uqala ukusilwisa ngokushesha, kuphakama amathuba okunciphisa umzimba wesitshalo salokhu kugula. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukhunta angakhula enhlabathini futhi asakaze ngenkuthalo, ethelela inani elikhulayo lezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo ezitshalwe esizeni.
Isinyathelo sokuqala empini yokulwa ne-verticillar wilt singaphindwa (izikhathi ezi-4-5) ngamalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi noma ama-fungicides agunyaziwe ukusetshenziswa. Endabeni yama-fungicides, kungcono ukuqala ngamalungiselelo emvelo, njenge-Gliocladin, okuyi-analogue yeTrosodermin. Kuhle ngoba inokuxhumana kanye ne-systemic effect, ayimilutha ku-fungus, ibuyisela i-microflora yenhlabathi futhi isuse ubuthi benhlabathi ngemuva kokusebenzisa amanye amakhemikhali.
I- "Phytosporin-M, P" ingeye-fungic fungicides, lesi sidakamizwa singasetshenziswa futhi ukubulala amagciwane imbewu, ngoba imvamisa isikhunta esidala ukungena kwenhlabathi singena emhlabathini, bese singena ezitshalweni ezinembewu ethelelekile kuso.
Kuma-fungicides amakhemikhali, isidakamizwa "i-Maxim KS" silwa kahle ne-verticillum wilting; lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziselwa ukulwa nefungus emhlabathini, ukukhipha amagciwane imbewu yembewu nama-bulbs zezitshalo eziqhakazayo.
Ngeshwa, le mithi kanye nabanye abaningi abahlali bebhekene ne-verticillin wilt. Uma kungekho mphumela obonakalayo, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukususa lesi sitshalo esizeni, siphathe indawo lapho sikhule khona ngamalungiselelo aqukethe zethusi futhi ungatshali lolu hlobo lwesitshalo kulesi siza okungenani iminyaka emihlanu.
Ukufa kwamahlumela wesitshalo esihlaselwe i-wilt akwenzeki ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukuvimbela i-Walt
Vele, kulula kakhulu kunokulwa ukuvimbela ukuvela kwesikhunta esibangela i-verticillum wilt endaweni yakho. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kubalulekile ukugcina imithetho embalwa ebalulekile, kodwa elula yezitshalo ezikhulayo.
Umthetho wokuqala ukugcinwa kokujikeleza kwezitshalo nokujikeleziswa kwezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, uma sikhuluma ngezilimo zonyaka (isibonelo, i-apricot), khona-ke kufanele zitshalwe endaweni efanayo ngemuva kokususwa kwesiza kungakabi iminyaka emihlanu edlule. Uma sikhuluma ngezitshalo zemifino noma zezimbali zaminyaka yonke, khona-ke kufanele zitshalwe esizeni ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu noma emine.
Ngemuva kokuvuna noma ekugcineni kokuqhakaza esimeni sezitshalo zaminyaka yonke, yonke imfucumfucu yesitshalo kufanele isuswe endaweni. Ezilwanyini zezihlahla ezingapheli noma ezihlahleni zamajikijolo, sonke isivuno kufanele sivunwe ngokuphelele, izithelo ezinesifo futhi ezibolile kufanele zisuswe emagatsheni zishiswe ngaphandle kwendawo. Eminyakeni enomhlabathi ophakeme nomswakama womoya, obonakala ngamazinga okushisa abukhali, kuyadingeka futhi ukususa konke ukungcola kwamaqabunga bese kuwushisa ngaphandle kwesiza.
Okunye okubalulekile, kepha okulula ukusebenzisa ubuqili ukuzama ukuvimbela ukoma okuqinile kwenhlabathi esakhiweni. Umswakama wenhlabathi kumele ugcinwe njalo ngezinga elijwayelekile, okungukuthi, akufanele uvunyelwe ukoma noma ufakwe amanzi, futhi uma ukubhekelwa kwamanzi ngokweqile kubhekwa ngenxa yemvula enkulu, kuyadingeka ukukhulula inhlabathi kaningi (njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3) ukuvumela umswakama ukuthi uphume kangcono.
Uma unisela, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amanzi at lokushisa lasekamelweni, kepha akunakwenzeka ukunisela izitshalo ngamanzi abandayo neqhwa avela kwi-hose, ngokungafani nombono ojwayelekile ongaqondile lokhu ngeke kuholele ekuqineni kwezitshalo, kepha kungadala ukukhathazeka kanye nokwehla kokungazinzi kwawo.
Faka umanyolo owenele emhlabathini, ungasebenzisi kabi i-nitrogen, futhi ungavumeli izitshalo ukuba zingasebenzi kumanyolo we-phosphorus kanye ne-potassium. Ukuze umanyolo udonswe izitshalo ngokugcwele ngangokunokwenzeka, inhlabathi kumele ingathathi hlangothi i-asidi, uma iyi-acidic, khona-ke ufulawa we-dolomite noma lime kufanele ungezwe kuyo.
Njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela i-verticillosis wilt, kuyelulekwa ukuphatha inhlabathi kanye nembewu, kanye nohlelo lwezimpande zezithombo ezinama-fungicides emvelo. Ngakho-ke, i-infusions kanye nama-decoctions amaqabunga kagwayi, izitshalo ze-chamomile, kanye ne-infusions yokhuni lomlotha, umusi namalahle kunomthelela we-fungicidal.
Ekuphetheni, ezinye izimfihlo balimi abanolwazi nabalimi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isikhunta asithuthukisi noma asiveli nhlobo, kumhlabathi onesihlabathi, ohlanzeke kahle futhi ongaphenduki kwezemvelo. Kubhaliwe nokuthi ukhula oluningi luphinde lube nenkinga yokufiphala, ngakho-ke ukhula kumele luhlanganiswe bese luzanywa ukuthi lungathaleli izitshalo zalo emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ubungozi besifo bukhulu.
