Zonke izinhlobo zesimanje nezinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi aluhlaza izitshalo ezingabomndeni ofanayo wobhontshisi, kepha zingezizukulwane ezahlukahlukene: iVigna nePhaseolus. Zombili lezi zinhlobo bezisetshenziswa ngabantu izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, kepha ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kwama-pods onke esigabeni sokuvuthwa kobisi emhlabeni kwaqala emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule.
Izazi-mlando zathola ukukhulunywa okokuqala kabhontshisi oluhlaza emithonjeni ebhaliwe yaseShayina eyaqala emuva eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yesi-2 BC. Kepha izinto zakudala zokwakha zakudala zatholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba - eSouth America. Lapha, izitshalo zikabhontshisi zazitshalwa yizizwe zama-Inca nezama-Aztec, njengoba kufakazelwa yimbewu eshisiwe.
Kwisiko laseYurophu lase-Culion, ukusetshenziswa kwama-bean amahlamvu ahlombe avele ngaphambi kwekhulu le-18, futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izitshalo ezazilethwe kusuka kwiNew World zazivame ukutholakala emibhedeni yezimbali.
AmaNtaliyane ayengabokuqala ukuzala izinhlobo zikabhontshisi aluhlaza. Futhi-ke imfashini yokudla izitsha ezivela emahlombe aminyene yamahlombe edlulayo yathunyelwa eFrance futhi yasakazeka kuwo wonke umhlaba we-Old World.
Izinhlelo zesimanje zezinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi
Kuliqiniso, uma izitsha zembewu yobhontshisi osuka enhliziyweni zaqala ukubhekwa njengokudla kwabantu abavamile, khona-ke pods enezindonga ezinkulu ezinamanzi nembewu eyakhiwe kancane kwaba ukudla kwabahlonishwa. Iqiniso ngukuthi amabala ahlala ethambile isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, kwathi-ke, lapho kuqala ukukhula nokuvuthwa kwembewu, ingaphakathi lamacembe lalimbozwe ungqimba olunzima lwesikhumba. Akukenzeki njalo ukuqoqa ubhontshisi ovuthwe ubisi ngama-pods athambile kusuka emibhedeni.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo, kukhona ukwahlukana ku:
- izinhlobo zikashukela noma ze-asparagus, ezingenayo i-fibrous enamathela yembovu, futhi imbewu iyadliwa, kepha incane;
- izinhlobo ezinoshukela noma zendawo yonke, okokuqala zinikeza amathanga amnandi kakhulu, bese akha isivuno esihle sembewu;
- izinhlobo zama-husked noma okusanhlamvu, inhloso eyinhloko yokulinyelwa okuwukuthola isivuno esiningi sembewu.
Ngokwesimo sezitshalo ekuhlukaniselweni kwezinhlobo zikabhontshisi, zihlukaniswe ngesihlahla nesigaxa.
Amabhontshisi ama-Bushy, alungele ukuvunwa ngemishini nangezandla, abukeka njengezitshalo eziphakathi nendawo noma ezifakwe kancane ezinobude obungama-40 kuye kwangama-60. Isitshalo esinjalo siqala ukuthela izithelo ngaphambili, asimakhaza kangako futhi asibekezeleli.
Amabhontshisi ama-Curly, ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, angakha imivimbo engu-5 wamamitha ubude, ngakho-ke lapho ikhula idinga ukuxhaswa okuqinile noma i-trellises. I-asparagus haricot ekhonjiswe esithombeni, iyinhlobonhlobo ekhuphukayo, isebenza kanzima ukuze inakekele futhi ingagijimisi njengezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla, kodwa isikhathi sokukhula kuleli cala sinde kunesibalo semidumba esitshalweni esisodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zingasetshenziswa njengobhontshisi wokuhlobisa ukwakheka kwezindonga zezakhiwo, uthango nezinye izindawo eziqonde phezulu.
Ngokwakheka nokubukeka kukabhontshisi, izinhlobo ezikhona zamabhontshisi we-leguminous nazo ziyahlukahluka futhi azifani ngokufana.
- Ubude bama-podan abhontshisi aluhlaza, avame kakhulu ezivandeni zaseYurophu naseRussia, afinyelela ku-6-20 cm kuphela, kuthi kuleso naleso kuwo avuthwe kuze kube yimbewu emithathu kuya kwezingu-8.
- Kuze kubalwe imbewu elishumi nambili emigodleni ye-wiggon yase-Asia, kanti amahlamvu ehlombe akhula ngemitha ubude.
Umbala ubhontshisi, njengasesithombeni, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo, umhlophe, uphuzi, uluhlaza okotshani noma okhanyayo oluhlaza okotshani, ophuziwe, onsomi futhi ocishe waba mnyama. Imibala yembewu evuthwa emideni ngokwindla nayo inezinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyiqiniso kubo bobabili uhlobo lweMelika Phaseolus ne-Asia Vigna, yize kuhluke ngokumangazayo ekubukeni kwamaqhubu.
Incazelo nesithombe sezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi we-vigna
Ngokombono wokubuka kwe-biology, i-vigna luhlobo olunezindawo eziningana zokubhalwa kwezitshalo ze-herbaceous, ezihlobene kakhulu nobhontshisi ojwayelekile.
Kodwa-ke, kanye nokufana kwangaphandle, izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi aluhlaza okomdabu wase-Asia kanye naseMelika zinomehluko amaningi. Into esemqoka yile:
- ubude nokwakheka kwama-pods, amade kakhulu futhi acinene kule nyamazane;
- ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwesendlalelo sesikhumba ohlangothini olungaphakathi lwamapheshana;
- kunalokho imbewu encane engadingi ukuthambisa lapho upheka.
Ngokwesiko, atholakala kakhulu ubhontshisi oluhlaza wase-Asia, obizwa ngokuthi ubhontshisi wenkomo noma wenyoka.
Namuhla, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zobhontshisi we-leguminous zalesi zinhlobo emhlabeni wonke, futhi isithombe sibonisa esinye sezithandwa e-United States. Lokhu ubhontshisi weYardlong, osekuyisikhathi eside waba indawo efanayo ebhontshini ohlaza okotshani futhi unikeza pods emamitha amade. Isiko elinjalo lingakhiqiza ama-pods hhayi kuphela umbala wendabuko oluhlaza, kodwa futhi ne-burgundy noma i-violet. I-Red Bean vigna ayithandwa kangako futhi iyathakazelisa ekukhuleni.
Izinhlobo zase-Asia zobhontshisi - i-mung bean, i-urd, i-adzuki kuthiwa yigus Vigna.
I-Mung bean noma i-mung bean ingesinye sezitshalo ezindala ezifuywe ngumuntu kusuka kuhlobo lweVigna. Isiko libaluleke kakhulu ngezinhlamvu zalo ezincane ezimise okweqanda okwejwayelekile futhi lijwayelekile eNdiya, ePakistan nakwamanye amazwe akule ndawo.
I-Adzuki, olunye uhlobo lwenkomo, ikhula ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia, futhi yaqala ukungena kumasiko eHimalaya. Ukusuka lapha, ubhontshisi wabhontshisi onembewu encane ebomvu washaya eChina, Korea naseJapan.
Namuhla kunezinhlobo zale bhontshisi engajwayelekile enezinhlamvu ezimhlophe, ezimpunga, ezimnyama. Futhi eMhlabeni weLanga eliKhuphukayo, lolu hlobo lukabhontshisi luthokozelwa cishe emcimbini onobhontshisi.
I-Urd, ebizwa nangokuthi i-black mash ngenxa yombala wembewu ephakathi nendawo, futhi emasikweni kuye kwaziwa cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezine. Lolu hlobo lukabhontshisi omnyama lusabalele eningizimu naseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Lesi sitshalo siyisihlahla sonyaka esinotshani esinobude obungamasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-80. Ama-pods aphumelelayo mncane kakhulu, ubude bawo buyi-4-7 cm, ambozwe inqwaba eqinile. Womabili amabala amahlombe amancane kanye nembewu evuthiwe iyadliwa.
Ezinhlotsheni nasezinhlotsheni zaleli bhontshisi, njengasesithombeni, izitshalo zibukeka kakhulu. Lesi isibonakaliso se-caracal esivela ENingizimu Melika futhi sikhule engxenyeni yaseYurophu njengengaphakathi noma ingadi, ubhontshisi wokuhlobisa.
Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, izitshalo ezingafika kumamitha ayi-7 ukuphakama zimbozwe ngama-inflemcose inflorescences avela kwizimbali ezimise okomhlobiso ohlanganisiwe, okwenza lokhu okuhlukahlukayo kukabhontshisi kukhange kakhulu ingadi yama-amateur.
Uma ufuna ukungena endaweni yakho ngaphandle kwesendlalelo esimahhadla futhi sidliwe ngaphandle kokulimala, ngisho namaphara amade, amade we-wiggas awulula neze. Abafuyi baseRussia sebevele benikeza abalimi izinhlobo zokuqala zalolu hlobo lukabhontshisi oluhlaza, esithombeni nokunambitheka kwazo akufani, futhi nokukhuthazela kuphakama izitshalo zaseChina nezaseJapan.
Green Bean Vigna Liana
Amabhontshisi angama-curly amade. Amahlumela akhuphukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha amathathu, ngakho-ke ukuxhaswa kubalulekile ukuze ukhule. Ama-pods aluhlaza okhanyayo, amnyama, aminyene, ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa ubisi-ntambo awanayo imicu emaholo. Ukuvuthwa ekugcineni kwesikhathi sokukhula, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-55-60, imbewu iyindilinga, okuncane, okunsomi onsomi.
Lo bhontshisi oluhlaza unokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, kokubili okuluhlaza futhi okwenziwe ngomumo. Obhontshisi abasebasha bangasetshenziselwa ukupheka izitsha ezahlukahlukene futhi bavunwe ukuze bakwazi ukuzisebenzisa esikhathini esizayo, okokuqandisa nokukhipha uwayine.
Izithombe nezincazelo izinhlobo zikabhontshisi wefreyimu i-vigna macaretti
Ubude bama-pods alesi zinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi wamabhontjisi, njengasesithombeni, afinyelela ku-30- 35 cm. Ubhontshisi ngokugoba okuncane, amaqabunga aluhlaza okhanyayo kanye nembewu nsundu ivuthwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-60-65.
Lokhu kuyizinhlobonhlobo zamabhontili agobile ngokukhula okunamandla nezimpawu zokunambitheka ezinhle kakhulu zamahlamvu agcina ukunambitheka nombala, nalapho eqandisiwe. Ubuningi bokusetshenziswa, ukungazethembi kwezimo ezikhulayo kanye nokuvunwa okuhle. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinodumba oluhlaza okotshani, kukhona ubhontshisi obomvu onsomi, ogama lawo amahlombe apendwe ngemithunzi ehlukene onsomi.
Incazelo nesithombe sezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo kabhontshisi oluhlaza
Kumabhontshisi aseMelika noma ajwayelekile, ajwayelekile kubathengi baseRussia nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ubhontshisi onezindawo ezibanzi nezifushane kukhona ejwayelekile. Ama-pods anjalo ahlala enekhala elibunjiwe, futhi uqobo lwawo kungenzeka lungabi yi-cylindrical, kepha luthambile.
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zikabhontshisi aluhlaza, lezo ezakha obumba obushelelayo, obukhulu bokubumba amasilinda anezindonga ezisindayo abaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu ubhontshisi we-asparagus ngaphandle kokufakwa ngaphakathi kwesikhumba ngaphakathi kwamagxa namahlaya embewu amancane. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezinjengalezi, abalimi bendawo yonke banikezwa izitshalo zakwamanye amazwe ezinamaphaza asakazwayo njengembewu enempilo yemibala ehlukahlukene nobume ovuthiwe. Amabhodwe obhontshisi ajwayelekile angaba luhlaza okotshani noma omhlophe, ahlotshiswe ngokuxubile, aphuzi noma onsomi. Kulokhu, ubhontshisi onsomi nokubomvu kulahlekelwa umbala wabo wokuqala ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okushisa bese amabala ehlombe ephenduka eluhlaza.
I-Green Beans Crane
Ubhontshisi wezinkuni ezivunwayo alingani ngosayizi. Isihlahla sifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-50. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, lesi sitshalo ngaso sonke isikhathi sinikeza ubhontshisi omnandi wekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu asondele ekwakhekeni kwesilinda. Ubude be-pod lisuka ku-12 kuye ku-15 cm, umbala wamaphiko uluhlaza. Vula ngezinsuku ezingama-48-50 kusukela ekuqaleni kwesizini yokukhula.
Imbewu yalo bhontshisi imhlophe, imile okwe-oval. Ubhontshisi we-Universal, ofanele ukuwafaka kanye nowokuqandisa.
I-Bluhilda: I-Curly Vegetable Beans
Izinhlobonhlobo zakudala zamabhontshisi, ezinsomi onsomi ngesivuno esikhulu nokunambitheka okuhle kwama-pods akhanyayo. Isitshalo esisebenza kuwo wonke umhlaba sisebenza njengomthombo wezithombo zamahlombe ezidliwayo kanye nembewu ebhontshisiwe emhlophe evuthiwe.
IHaricot Purple Queen
Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zamabhontshisi esihlahleni ezinama-pods amnyama, acishe abe mnyama, afinyelela ku-15 cm cm. Amahlombe ehlombe athambile, acwebile, ngaphandle kwemicu emaholo. I-Shrub Bean iqinile, ibekezelela izikhathi ezomile kanye nokupholisa kwesikhashana.
I-Flamingo: ubhontshisi obuhlaza obuhlukahlukene nobhontshisi we-mosagated
Amakati ama-Hardy alezi zinhlobonhlobo angamelana nomthwalo wamabhontjisi akhula angama-50-60 wombala we-motley ongavamile. Imbewu ivuthwa ngaphakathi kwamadumba nayo ixubekile, inekhwalithi enhle nenani lomsoco. Ama-blade amahlombe amancane anethenda, agcwele futhi aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi ne-fiber. Izinhlobonhlobo zobhontshisi womhlaba wonke azikhukhumali futhi zimele umkhiqizo wazo omuhle kakhulu.
Green Beans Blue Lake
Izinhlobonhlobo zokuqala zamabhontjisi agobile anama-podyl cylindrical ezintekenteke afinyelela ku-16 cm. Ngaphakathi ubhontshisi, lapho kuphela isikhathi sokukhula, ubhontshisi omhlophe wamasayizi amancane avuthwa, nawo afanele ukudla. Isitshalo mude, sifuna izimo zokukhanyisa, ukuchelela nokudla. Uphendula ngokuzithandela esivunweni esikhulu.
I-Laura String Beans
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa sembewu yalokhu okuhlukahlukene siyizinsuku ezingama-55-65. Ehlabanini lale nhlobonhlobo kabhontshisi oluhlaza, kwakhiwa ubhontshisi ophuzi obuningi, kuze kube yi-14 cm ubude. Ama-pods ayindilinga, enephoyinti elikhonjisiwe futhi alinayo imicu ehlukahlukene futhi engenawo nhlobo amafayili. Izitshalo ezibunjiwe ngeShrub, zihlanganisiwe, ngokuzithandela nangothela izithelo.
I-Enchantress - ubhontshisi omnyama ngaphakathi kwamathanga amhlophe
Isici esibonakalayo salolu hlobo lwezinhlobonhlobo zama-bush beans ukukhula kokuqala kanye nembewu ecwebezelayo emnyama yokuvuthwa ngaphakathi kwemithunzi ephuzi noma ye-waxy yobhontshisi oyindilinga. Ubude bama-pods wokunambitheka okumnandi buyi-14-16 cm. Ubhontshisi omnyama, njengamahlamvu asencane ehlombe, aphekwe, amnandi futhi aqukethe izakhi eziningi ezibalulekile. Izitshalo ziyamelana nezifo ezejwayelekile, ezinzima futhi zikhiqiza.
