Ama-Cherry

Izici zemvelo

I-Cherry - isivuno sezinkuni esinguna sikhula ngohlobo lwesihlahla noma isihlahla. Ingxenye ye-aerial iqukethe iziqu ezimbalwa noma eziningana nomqhele. Ukukhula nezithelo zezihlahla kunqunywa yisilinganiso sezimbali nokukhula kwezithelo emagatsheni wonyaka. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-fruiting, zonke izinhlobo zamakhherubi zingahlukaniswa ngombandela ngamaqembu amabili: ama-bushy kanye nesihlahla. Izithelo zangaphambili zamabhele ikakhulukazi emagatsheni aminyaka yonke, ezokugcina emagatsheni edili. AmaBushy afaka iVladimirskaya, iLyubskaya, iPolevole, iMolodezhnaya, iGeneral, njll. Iqembu lezimbumbulu lifaka iZhukovskaya, iMercy Griot, iTurgenevka, njll.

Ngokuphikisana nesihlahla se-apula, ama-buds wezimbali kuma-cherries ngokuvamile alula, i.e. izimbali nezithelo kuphela ezikhula kuzo. Ngemuva kokuthela izithelo, amagatsha ayavezwa. E-cherries e-bush, uhlobo lokukhulisa izithelo kuya ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwegatsha ngonyaka owedlule. Ukukhula okubuthakathaka - umphumela wobuchwepheshe obubi bezolimo, kwehlisa isivuno hhayi sonyaka olandelayo kuphela, kodwa futhi nangeminyaka elandelayo. On amahlumela amafushane (10-15 cm), wonke efihlekile lateral ziyaqhakaza futhi okuwukuphela kwento apical ukukhula. Ekukhuphukeni okufushane, amaqoqo eqembu nokukhula awabekwa. Lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwamagatsha, ukuvezwa kwamagatsha kanye nokwehla kwesivuno. Ngokukhula okuhle kuma-amahlumela angama-30-40 cm, ukukhula okufakelwa kamuva namaqembu efihlekile kubekwa, ukukhula kwamakhasi kuyathuthuka, inani eliphelele lama-buds embali liyenyuka, futhi isivuno siyanda.

Izinhlobonhlobo zama-cherries ezihlahla athatha inqwaba yesitshalo emagatsheni esixhaxha, ukwakheka kwako okuhlobene kakhulu nobude bokukhula. Emagatsheni amade waminyaka yonke (30-40 cm), kuphela ama-buds okukhula atholakalayo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, amahlumela namahlumela esimbali akhiwa kuwo. Ngokuya kokunakekelwa, isikhathi sokuphila samagatsha edili ahlukahlukene sisuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kweli-7. Ama-cherries anjenge-Treel awuthambekele kakhulu kumagatsha angenalutho kunama-chery bushy, futhi ngenxa yamagatsha esixha anezimbali eziqhakaza kakhulu. Kwakhiwa amahlumela asesiqeshini futhi isikhathi eside lapho ephila khona, isivuno esiphakeme futhi esivame ukwenzeka.

Kuyo yonke impilo, izihlahla ze-cherry zihamba izikhathi ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukukhula, ukuqhakaza izithelo kanyeokomisa. Kuzo zonke izinkathi, ubude bokukhula buyisibonakaliso sezinga lobuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ukuze wandise isikhathi sokuzala, kuyadingeka ukulondolozela ubude bokukhula obufanele ngokunakekelwa kwezitshalo, i.e. 30-40 cm.

Uhlelo lwezimpande luqukethe izimpande zesikhumba kanye nezimpande. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza izithelo, iningi lezimpande ezisebenzayo (60-80%) zitholakala ekujuleni kwama-20-40 cm eceleni komqhele wesithsaba. Lokhu kufanele kubhekwe lapho kufakwa umanyolo kanye nokulima.

Izinto ezikhulayo zokutshala

Izinto zokutshala ezihlanganisiwe

Kuya ngendlela yokutshala, izimpande nezitshalo ezihlanganisiwe ezifakiwe zingatholakala. Ukusakazwa kwendlela yokugomela, okokuqala udinga ukukhulisa isitoko bese utshala ukhula kuso. Njengesitoko, izithombo ezitholakala embewu (imbewu) zivame ukusetshenziswa.

Ukuvunwa kwembewu. Kuyelulekwa ukuvuna imbewu kusuka ezinhlakeni ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisiwe - iVladimirskaya, Shubinka, njll. Imbewu ikhethiwe ezinthelweni ezinempilo ezifinyelele ekuvuthweni okugcwele. Imbewu esanda kuvunwa ngaphandle kokomiswa ibekwa endaweni enomswakama (sawdust, isihlabathi, i-moss) ukuze ihlukaniswe, noma igcinwe iswakanyisiwe ngaphandle kwesigatshana esikhwameni sepulasitiki kuze kube ukuhlwanyela ekwindla.

Ukuhlwanyelwa kwembewu nokuhlwanyelwa. Ukuze kutholakale ikhono lokuhluma, imbewu kufanele idlule esikhathini sokulungiselela sokuphumula ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Izimo ezinjalo zingaba semhlabathini emvelweni, i.e. ukuhlwanyelwa ekwindla yembewu kungenzeka (kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba). Njengoba izimo zemvelo zihlala zingakufanelekeli ukuvuthwa ngemuva kokuvunwa, izitshalo zasentwasahlobo zithembeke kakhulu ngemuva kwesikhathi sokulungiselela ezimeni zokufakelwa, i.e. emva kokuxebuka. Ngaphambi kokuhlwelwa ekwindla noma ekubekweni kwentambo, kunconywa ukufaka izinyawo izinsuku ezingama-5-7, amanzi kufanele aguqulwe nsuku zonke.

Ukuze kuhlukaniswe, imbewu ixubene nomthamo ophindwe kathathu wokulondolozwa komswakama - sawdust, ufafazwa, isihlabathi somfula esihlanzwa kahle, i-sphagnum moss. Ukuvikela amathambo ekubumbeni nasekubolweni, aphathwa ngokucwiliswa imizuzwana eminingana isisombululo se-potassium permanganate (25 mg ilitha elilodwa lamanzi). Ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kwembewu, imbewu igcinwa emazingeni okushisa ayi-15-20 ° C (cishe izinyanga ezimbili), bese kuthi ngaphambi kokuhluma kube ngu-2-6 ° C egumbini elingaphansi noma esiqandisini sekhaya. Ngemuva kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yembewu eluma, ibekwa endaweni eyiqhwa noma iqhwa. Isikhathi sonke sokuhlukaniswa siyizinsuku eziyi-150-180. Ngenkathi i-stratization, i-substrate ihlanganiswa njalo ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ixubeke.

Indawo eklanyelwe ukuhlwanyelwa kuyo kufanele ifakwe kahle futhi ivundiswe nge-1 m2 ye-10-15 kg ye-humus, 40-60 g ye-superphosphate, 20-30 g kasawoti we-potassium, emhlabathini wenhlabathi - 100 g we lime. Uma kungenawo umanyolo wamaminerali, khona-ke i-humus ingahlanganiswa nomlotha (150-200 g / m2). Phezu kwenhlabathi elungiswe ngokucophelela, imifino yenziwa ngama-3-5 mm ejulile kude ne-25-30 cm ukusuka komunye.

Amathambo avuthiwe ahlukaniswe ngokucophelela esihlabathini noma kwenye into, ebekwe phansi ngaphansi kwama-grooves ngemuva kuka-4-5 cm, embozwe ngenhlabathi enhle yokudla, okuniselwe, okuhlanganisiwe.

Ukugoma. Ngesikhathi sonyaka wokuqala, izithombo ezikhuliswe kahle ezilungele ukugoma zitholakala ezinhlanyelweni. Uma bekungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale izithombo ezikhulu, entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo ziyakhishwa, zishiya ngemuva kuka-15- 20 cm. Ukugoma kwenziwa entwasahlobo noma ehlobo ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwe-sap. Entwasahlobo, okuxhunyelelwa ku-inocured ngama-buds amabili noma amathathu ngokwendlela yokuqamba eyenziwe ngcono, isibazi, ngemuva kwegxolo nokufakwa esimweni samuva. Izilimo zivunwa ekuqaleni kobusika ngaphambi kwesithwathwa esibuhlungu futhi zigcinwe ekushiseni okungu-0 ° C (egumbini elingaphansi, esiqandisini, ezinqwabweni zeqhwa). Uma kukhona ukukhula kwasendle noma isifiso sokuhlukahluka okuhlukile, amagatsha asemathanjeni asikwa kakhulu futhi ahlanganiswa kabusha izinkathi ezi-1-2 esebenzisa enye yalezi zindlela ezingenhla.

I-Okulirovanie (inoculation ngeso) yenziwa ngoJulayi - Agasti ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwe-sap. Ukuze uthole isiqinisekiso esikhulu sokusinda, bahlungwa ngamehlo amabili.

Isamba sakho sokutshala

Okwakho okutshala izinto ezihlukahlukayo zingatshalwa kusuka kuzimpande (amahlumela), kanye nokususwa kwezimpande zezihlahla ezinempilo ezithela kakhulu.

Amahlumela abiwa ngoSepthemba-Okthoba noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuvuthwa. Inzalo enhle kakhulu eneminyaka emibili ubudala enengxenye engenhla yegatsha ikhethiwe onqenqemeni lomqhele ezindaweni ezigqamile. Bayazimba, babuyela emuva ngo-15- 20 cm. Intambo eyimbiwe isisikwe ezinhlangothini zombili ukuze izimpande ezisele ngehlumela kube cm cm angama-30. Ngokukhula okungatheni kwezimpande ezimnandi, kungakuhle ukuthi kukhule inzalo emigqonyeni evundisiwe evundile ngokunisela njalo.

Ukusakazwa ngokusika izimpande. Izimpande zivunwa ekwindla sekwephuzile noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Izimpande ezingaphezulu zivezwa ezindaweni lapho ziqongelelene khona, futhi kusuka ekuqineni okungu-0,4 kuya ku-1.5 cm, kusikwa izingcezu eziyi-12 kuya ku-15 cm. Ebusika, izingcezu zigcinwa egumbini elingaphansi kwesihlabathi esimanzi lapho izinga lokushisa lingu-0- + 2 “С. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukusikwa kwezimpande kutshalwa emigqeni ebiyilungiselelwe ngaphambili kuma-grooves kude ne-8-10 cm ukusuka komunye komunye ngokungacashuniwe ukuze ekugcineni okungaphezulu kumbozwe ungqimba lomhlabathi ongu-1-2 cm, kanye nama-cm angama-3-5 aphansi. Inzalo eyizimpande nezitshalo kusuka ku-cutways zingasetshenziswa njengamasheya wokuxhunyelelwa izinhlobo ezintsha ezethembisayo kuzo.

Ukufakelwa

Ukukhetha kwesihlalo. Okokutshala ama-cherries kufanele abelwe izindawo eziphakeme kakhudlwana, ezikhanyiswe kahle. Ezifundeni ezisenkabeni nasenyakatho, izindawo eziseduzane nokubiyelwa, izakhiwo, lapho kwakhiwa khona indawo efudumele ye-microclimate nendawo yokuhlala eqhwa kakhulu. Ukujula kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba akukho ngaphezu kwe-1.5-2 m ukusuka ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi. Ukuphendula kwesixazululo somhlabathi kufanele kube seduze nokungathathi hlangothi (pH 6.5-7.0).

Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi. Iningi lomhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala izihlahla kudingeka luthuthukiswe, isb. ukuzivumelanisa nezimpawu zokukhula kwezihlahla. Inhlabathi ye-podzolic yambiwa kufosholo lwe-bayonet futhi umhlaba uxubene nodaka kanye nomanyolo. Umanyolo we-Organic (umquba, amakhompiyutha) asetshenziswa ngesilinganiso se-10-15 kg / m2, umanyolo wamaminerali osuselwa ku: phosphorus 15-20 g, potassium - 20-25 g (ngokusho kwento esebenzayo). Izinga likamoya lincike ekubunjweni kwemvelo kwenhlabathi kanye ne-acidity yayo. Kungcono ukwenza ulamula ngokuhlukile kumanyolo wamaminerali.

Kuma-chernozems acebile, ama-5-6 kg omanyolo we-organic, 20-25 g we-phosphorus, i-10-15 g ye-potassium (ngokusho kwento esebenzayo) imitha ngayinye yesikwele iyasetshenziswa.

Inhlabathi ye-Acidic peaty enezinto ezisondelene zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ayifanele ukutshala ama-cherries. Ukudonswa kwenhlabathi ye-peaty, ukufakwa ngaphambi kokutshala kokunye umhlabathi ukudambisa (nge-1 m2 50-60 kg yenhlabathi, 1 kg yomquba, 20-25 g we-phosphorus, 15-20 g we-potassium, 300-800 g kanyawo) kunomthelela omuhle ekukhuleni nasezikhulisweni. Kanye nokulungiselela okujwayelekile ngaphambi kokutshala kwendawo, kuyadingeka (ikakhulukazi enhlabathini ngokuhlinzekwa okuphansi kwezakhi) ukufaka umanyolo emigodini yokutshala. Ukusuka kumanyolo we-organic, i-humus, i-non-acid peat, kanye nezakhi ezindala zilethwa emigodini yokutshala; i-potassium sulfate ingcono kumanyolo we-potash. Umanyolo weNitrogen ne-lime awanconyelwe ukutshala imigodi, lokhu kungadala ukusinda kakhulu. Umgodi owodwa wokudinga udinga i-10-15 kg yomanyolo we-organic (inani elilinganayo emjikelezweni we-trunk woku mulching), i-200 g ye-phosphorus, i-60 g ye-potassium. Esikhundleni se-potash, kuhle ukusebenzisa umlotha - 0.5 kg ngomgodi ngamunye wokufika.

Ukutshala impahla. Ukumba. Izithombo ezinempilo, ezakhiwe kahle ezinamagatsha ama-3-4 wezimpande zamathambo zilungele ukutshala. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, izimpande zezihlahla kumele zivikeleke ekomeni ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi sokutshala ekwindla, ukuphela kuphela okugcotshisiwe futhi ikakhulukazi isikhathi eside ngamagatsha ezimpande ezingahambisani nomgodi wokufika asikwa kancane. Kuyasiza ukucwilisa izithombo ezomile ngemuva kokusika izimpande amahora angama-6- 10 emanzini.

Iziqalo zokutshala kwentwasahlobo zokudonsa ubusika. Bemba umsele ongu-30 kuya ku-30 ​​cm ojulile ohlangothini olusuka entshonalanga iye empumalanga. Ngasohlangothini oluseningizimu, udonga lomsele lwenziwe luthambekele (ekhaleni lika-30-45 °) kanti izithombo eziningi zibekwa kulo zinomqhele oseningizimu, ukuze kugwemeke ukushiswa yilanga emabhele uma kungenzeka. Ngemuva kokubuyiselwa emuva, inhlabathi icindezelwa ngokuqinile ezimpandeni nasezinkomeni ukuze kungabikho zici lapho umoya obandayo ungangena khona. Uma umhlabathi ungamanzi ngokwanele, izithombo ezimbiwe ziyaniselwa. Phakathi kwabo kuya nxazonke komsele kubalulekile ukubeka amagatsha e-fir spruce, lokhu kuvikela emonakalweni ngamagundane futhi ngokwengxenye ekushisweni kwamagxolo.

Isikhathi sokufika. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, kanye nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi phakathi neminyaka ngokuwa okuhle nobusika, ukufika ekwindla kunikeza imiphumela emihle. Kodwa-ke, ngokuqala kokuqala kwesithwathwa nasebusika elinamaqhwa, izithombo zibanda kakhulu. Ukutshala Autumn kufanele kuqedwe ezinsukwini ezingama-20-30 ngaphambi kokuba inhlabathi iqine. Izithombo zigcinwa kangcono ngesikhathi sokutshala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho nje inhlabathi ithamba futhi yomile kancane.

Indlela yokufakelwa. Ngokutshala, bhala izimbobo ezinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-80 nobukhulu obungama-50-60 cm. Uma ugaya, ungqimba olungaphezulu lwenhlabathi luyalahlwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, phansi kolunye. Maphakathi nomgodi, kufakwa isigxobo sokufika, lapho kuthululelwa khona igquma kusuka kungqimba ephezulu yenhlabathi exutshwe nomanyolo wamaminerali. Ungqimba olungenamikhawulo olungaphansi, olukhishwe emgodini, lusakazeke kangcono eceleni kwendlela. Lapho ibuyisela isithombo, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi intamo yezimpande isezingeni lomhlabathi, icubungula ukufakwa kwayo okungama-2-5 cm, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini ominyene. Sizungeze isithombo senze umgodi ngasemaphethelweni lapho kuthunyelwa khona umgibeli kusuka emhlabathini. Kuthululelwa amabhakede amabili amanzi emgodini. Ngemuva kokunisela, inhlabathi ezungeze isihlahla ifafazwa ngenhlabathi evundile, i-peat noma i-humus ukugcina umswakama. Isithombo siboshelwe esigxotsheni ngesimo sesibalo sesishiyagalombili ukuze kungabikho ukubumbana esiqwini.

Ibanga phakathi kwezihlahla ezikulayini kufanele libe yi-2 m (ngezitshalo ezinde 3 m), phakathi kwezintambo - 3 m.

Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe:

• UCherry - A. M. Mikheev, N. T. Revyakina