Amagciwane - i-bacteria i-Pseudornonas, i-Erwinia. Izifo zezitshalo ezingamagciwane yizifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Zibangela ukulimala okukhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezitshalo. Izilonda zingajwayelekile, zibangele ukufa kwesitshalo sonke noma izingxenye zaso, kuvele ezimpandeni (ukubola kwezimpande), ohlelweni lwe-vascular (izifo ze-vascular); endawo, ekhawulelwe isifo sezingxenye ezithile noma izitho zesitshalo, kanye nokubonakala kwezicubu ze-parenchymal (izifo ze-parenchymal - ukubola, ukubona amabala, ukushisa); ingahlanganiswa. Indawo ekhethekile ihlalwa ngama-bacterioses ahambisana nokuvela kwama-neoplasms (izimila).
© Rasbak
Ama-causative agents we-bacteriosis ikakhulukazi angama-bacterium angenasici esivela emndenini Mycobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Bacteriaceae. Phakathi kwazo, kukhona ama-bacteria we-polyphagous athela izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, futhi akhethekile athela izitshalo ezihlobene kakhulu zohlobo olufanayo noma uhlobo.
Amabhakithiya enhlobonhlobo abangela la mabhaktheriya ajwayelekile kakhulu alandelayo: ukubola okumanzi nomdlavuza wezimpande zezihlahla zezithelo ezahlukahlukene, amagilebhisi.
Amagciwane akhethekile abangela ukubonwa kwamagciwane ubhontshisi, i-bacteriosis yamakhukhamba, ukubonwa kwamabhaktheriya amnyama nomdlavuza wamagciwane wamatamatisi, i-bacteriosis yemithambo yeklabishi, i-rowan grouse, i-bacteriosis emnyama kanye ne-basal kakolweni, ukushiswa kwamagciwane wezithelo zamatshe, ithini lamapheya, umililusi, izithelo zomndeni wamawolishi , i-bacteriosis enemigqa yamabele kanye nebhali nezinye izifo.
Ukuvela nokukhula kwe-bacteriosis kuncike ebukhona bokuqala kokutheleleka kanye nezinga lokutholwa kwesitshalo, kanye nasezintweni zezemvelo, okuguqula ongalawula ngalo inqubo yenqubo yokutheleleka. Isibonelo, i-bacteriosis yamakhukhamba ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ikhula kuphela lapho kukhona umswakama wamanzi wokudonsa kanye nokushisa komoya okungu-19-24 ° C. Ngokunikeza izithombo zokugcina umoya nokukhulisa izinga lokushisa kuzo, kungenzeka ukumisa ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo. Amagciwane angena ezitshalweni ngokusebenzisa imihuzuko ehlukahlukene nokudlula kwemvelo; ukwenza isibonelo, ama-pathogens ezindawo ezahlukahlukene - ngokusebenzisa i-stomata yamaqabunga, ukushiswa kwezihlahla zezithelo - ngokusebenzisa imiculo yezimbali, amagciwane abethelwa emthanjeni - ngokusebenzisa ama-pores amanzi emaqabunga. Ngaphezu kokukhuphuka komswakama kanye nokushisa komoya, ukuba khona kwamaconsi amanzi ezitshalweni, kanye nokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus ne-potassium, kanye ne-pH enkulu yenhlabathi kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwe-bacteriosis.
© Ninjatacoshell
Izinhlobo eziphambili ze-bacteriosis zezitshalo zasendlini
Ukubola okumanzi
Isifo esivamile kahle sezitshalo zasendlini ukubola okumanzi. Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ukuthambisa nokubola kwezindawo ezithile emaqabungeni, ama-petioles, izimpande nezithelo zesitshalo. Amagciwane agxilisa i-enzyme pectinase ezicutshini zamaqabunga, obangela ukuqhekeka kwezicubu. Imvamisa, izingxenye zezitshalo ezinamanzi nezinamanzi zithintekile. Okokuqala, kuvela indawo encane engenampunga yombala onsomi, onsundu noma omnyama emaqabungeni, akhula ngosayizi. Kumabhulebhu nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibekwe nje, ukubola nje, kuqala, kuvame ukuhambisana nephunga elingathandeki. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, esimweni sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama, lesi sifo sisakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Futhi ingxenye ethintekile noma isitshalo sonke siphenduka isisindo.
I-pathogen ingena ngokulimala kwemishini kulesi simila - ngisho nokuqhekeka microscopic kanye namanxeba. Ligcinwa enhlabathini ngodoti wesitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala amagciwane kwenhlabathi kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokutshala, futhi lapho kuthenwa izimpande, nezilimo eziyizigaxa namabhuleki, izingxenye zawo kufanele zifafazwe ngamalahle achotshoziwe. Ithuluzi lokubulala amagciwane utshwala ngemuva kokusoka ngakunye.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kuvusa ukwethulwa komthamo owedlulele womanyolo, ukuqina kwamanzi enhlabathini, obukhulu, inhlabathi edibeneyo, ukupholisa kwenhlabathi enomswakama emabhodweni, ngokwesibonelo, ebusika egumbini elipholile.
Izindlela zokulawula:Isitshalo singasindiswa uma i-bacteriosis ingakathinti lonke uhlelo lwe-vascular noma sendawo ngokwemvelo (ngokwesibonelo, ukubola kuqala encamini yeqabunga). Uma izimpande zibolile, ungabe usazama ukuzimpande phezulu (uma lesi sitshalo sicijwe ukusikwa). Uma ukubola kuthinta ingxenye yezimpande kuphela, bese kuthi ingxenye ye-a emoyeni ibonakale iphila, ungazama ukusindisa lesi sitshalo, ngoba lokhu udinga ukukhulula izimpande kusuka emhlabathini, unqume konke okubolile, ukufakwa emhlabathini owomile olungiselelwe, uthele futhi ufafaze nge-Bordeaux liquid (noma amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi). Ukutheleleka ngeke kusabalale kwesinye isitshalo esime eduze, kepha lonke ithuluzi elisebenzayo namabhodwe kufanele ahlanzwe ngokuphelele magciwane.
Ukubuka amabacteria, ukushiswa kwamagciwane, i-bacterial bacteriosis
Lesi sifo sivame ukuthinta amaqabunga amancane namahlumela.. Ukubuka amabacteria, kuye ngohlobo lwe-pathogen, kunezimpawu ezahlukahlukene. Isimo esibonakala kakhulu lapho amabala amanzana amancanyana aqala ukwakheka phezu kweqabunga noma isiqu, bese iba mnyama kancane. Imvamisa, amabala anomumo ongalingani ngokuqondile, futhi akhawulelwe kumngcele oluhlaza ophuzi noma okhanyayo. Amagciwane asakazeka kaningi emithanjeni. Amabala akhula, ahlangane, iqabunga lonke liya mnyama. Ekugcineni, isitshalo siyafa.
Izimo ezifanele zokukhula kwamagciwane ukushisa kwama-25-30 ° C kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Ukufa kwamagciwane kwenzeka kuphela emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-56 ° C. Amagciwane we-Xanthomonas amelana nokoma futhi angabekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi isikhathi eside.
Inketho yokubona amabacteria ukushiswa okubizwa ngokuthi yi-bacterial burn, okubangelwa ngamagciwane we-genus Pseudomonas. Kulokhu, akuveli amabala ezitshalweni, kepha kunendawo enkulu, engenabumba mnyama, yona yomile. Kubukeka sengathi lesi sigaba sephepha sishisiwe. Uma lesi sifo sihambisana nezimo ezinhle, khona-ke sikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, sibangele ukufa kwezitho ngazinye nokufa kwesitshalo sonke. Ukushiswa kwamagciwane kuqala kaningi ngamaqabunga amancane, amahlumela nezimbali. Amagciwane angena ezitshalweni ngokusebenzisa i-stomata noma amanxeba, aqale ukwanda ezikhaleni ezihambelana neqabunga le-parenchyma. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesifo ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo yizinsuku ezingama-3-6, kuya ngokushisa. Amagciwane agcinwa enhlabathini nasezinhlanyelweni.
Izindlela zokulawula: Ezilimeni zasengadini, kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa kwezitshalo nokwelashwa kwembewu nge-phytolavin-300 antibiotic. Ekhaya, izitshalo zasendlini zisetshenziselwa ngempumelelo ukufafaza nokunisela inhlabathi ngesixazululo seTrichopolum - 1 ithebhulethi yeTrichopolum kumalitha ama-2 amanzi. Amalungiselelo anjengalesi yethusi njengengxube yeBordeaux, i-sulfate yethusi, kanye ne-Maxim systemic fungicide nawo ayasebenza.
Imithombo yokutheleleka:
Omunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yokutheleleka yimbewu.. Lapho imbewu iqhuma, ukutheleleka kungathela izithombo, bese kuthi ngemikhumbi eqhubayo ingene ezitshalweni futhi ithelele izitshalo zabantu abadala ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbewu enesifo ingasebenza njengomthombo wokusakazeka kokutheleleka, imbangela yama-bacteriose ezindaweni lapho ibingazange zakhona ngaphambili. Izitshalo eziluhlaza nazo zingasabalalisa ukutheleleka, lapho amagciwane agcinwa kahle futhi adluliselwe ezifundeni ezintsha zezwe kanye nezitshalo ezinegciwane (ukusikwa, izinto zokuhluma - amehlo). Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokutheleleka nge-bacteriosis izinsalela zezitshalo ezinesifo. Ngokukhethekile amagciwane we-phytopathogenic omude futhi kahle aphikelela ezingxenyeni ezinamathela zezitshalo.
Inhlabathi njengomthombo wokutheleleka akuyona ingozi enkulu. Ucwaningo oluningi selukhombisile ukuthi amagciwane e-phytopathogenic, awela emhlabathini, asheshe afe ngaphansi kwethonya lamagciwane angena ngokungemthetho (sengathi ukuzicoca kwenhlabathi kwenzeka).
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane nazo zingaba umthombo wokutheleleka okuyisisekelo.. Ingozi enkulu ekusakazekeni kwe-bacteriosis imelelwa ngamaconsi emvula anezinhlayiya ezincane zezinsalela zezitshalo ezinezifo ezithwalwa yimimoya nomoya lapho uhamba amabanga amade (umoya uqobo awudlali indima ekuhanjisweni kwezifo ngokuqondile). Amagciwane e-Phytopathogenic angathwala namanzi - ukuchelela, amanzi emifula neminye imithombo. Futhi ekugcineni, emvelweni, ama-nematode adlala indima ebalulekile ekusakazeni i-bacteriosis.
I-Powdery hlobo
Ikhula kuwo wonke amathanga emhlabathini ovulekile futhi ovikelekile.. Okuthinta kakhulu i-melon, ikhukhamba, ithanga. Inhlanganisela emhlophe enobomvu noma ebomvu ivela ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga, okokuqala ngesimo seziqhingi ezihlukile, bese kuba phezu kobuso beqabunga, obomayo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Iziqu nazo ziyathinteka, futhi kuyaqabukela, izithelo.
Ama-causative agents yi-Erysiphe cichoracearum DC fungi. (yakha inhlanganisela emhlophe) ne-Sphaerotheca fuliginea Poll, (inhlanganisela ebomvu). I-pathogen yokuqala ivame ukuthinta ikhukhamba emhlabathini ovulekile futhi uvikelekile, kanti owesibili - ithanga, ikhabe, ne-zucchini. Ilondolozwe kumfucumfucu wesitshalo ngendlela yemizimba ekhiqiza amandla - i-cleistothecia. Ukutheleleka kungabusika ngendlela ye-mycelium kukhula lwangemuva. Esimweni sezulu esomile, ukulimala kuyanda. Izinhlobo ezingaba semakhweni nekhukhunathi zinciphisa isivuno ngo-50 ... 70%.
Izindlela zokulawula. Ukushintshwa kwezilimo nezindawo eziphilayo phytosanitary, kufaka phakathi ukubhujiswa kokhula nasezindlini ezungezile. Ukugcina umbuso ofanele we-hydrothermal usemhlabathini ovikelekile.
Ukufafaza ikhukhamba ngesikhathi sokukhula ngama-fungicides alandelayo: 50% acrex (6 ... 8 kg / ha), 50% benomyl (0.8 ... 1 kg / ha), 25% caratan (1 ... 3 kg / ha ), i-grey colloidal (2 ... 4 kg / ha), i-70% topsin M (0.8 ... 1 kg / ha). I-watermelon ne-melon zingafafazwa kuphela ngesibabule se-colloidal (3 ... 4 kg / ha). Wonke amathanga angafakwa impova ngesibabule somhlabathi (15 ... 30 kg / ha).
Ukulwa nezifo ezingamagciwane kuveza ubunzima obukhulu
Awekho amalungiselelo okulwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane lapho kuthathwa abathandi bezimbali zasendlini. Ukugawulwa kwezingxenye ezithintekile zezitshalo kunengqondo kuphela uma kukhulunywa ngamagciwane angasabalalisi ngesitshalo ngemithambo yokuhambisa. Uma isiqu sesitshalo sithintekile, ukuthena, njengomthetho, akwenziwa. Uma kuphela izicubu zamaqabunga ezilimele, izihlahla zingasiza ekunqandeni ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo. Kulokhu, ukuthena kumele kwenziwe kuthinta izicubu ezinempilo. Ngemuva kokusika ngakunye, umphetho wokusika wethuluzi kufanele ubulawe namagciwane utshwala! Ngokuyinhloko, izitshalo ezithintekile kufanele zichithwe ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwesifo kwezinye izitshalo ezingaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, indlela eyinhloko yokulwa nezifo ezingamagciwane ihlala ivimbela, okungukuthi, ukugcina inhlanzeko eqine kakhulu.
