Lapho ukhula imifino ezitshalweni, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umanyolo wezithombo. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni kwesitshalo, kepha ukungezwa kwezakhi ezengeziwe kudinga ulwazi oluthile kusuka kumtshali.
Lapho kukhula imifino ezitshalweni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ukhethe hhayi kuphela imbewu nezinhlabathi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa futhi wenze umanyolo oludingekayo wezithombo ezinhlwini zokuthuthuka. Abatshali abanolwazi bayazi ukuthi ukugqoka phezulu kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni kwesitshalo. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo idinga ukuhambisana. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufaka umanyolo izithombo, kubalulekile ukukhetha uhlobo, ifomu nokwakheka kwengxube yezakhi.
Umanyolo wamaminerali wezithombo zemifino
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwalolu hlobo kuqukethe izinto ezihlanganisiwe, ikakhulu usawoti wamaminerali. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokugcwaliswa, umanyolo wezithombo ulula nge-microelement eyodwa noma yinkimbinkimbi, equkethe amaminerali ambalwa.
Amaminerali amakhulu adingekayo ekuthuthukisweni okuphelele kwesitshalo:
- I-nitrogen: ammonium nitrate (35% nitrogen), urea (46% nitrogen), ammonium sulfate (20% nitrogen), amanzi e-ammonia (20-25% nitrogen).
- Iphosphorus: superphosphate (20% phosphorus) noma i-superphosphate ephindwe kabili (40-50% phosphorus).
- Potassium: potassium chloride (50-60% potassium oxide), usawoti we potassium (30- 40% K20), potassium sulfate (45-50% K20).
Ngokuntuleka kwanoma yikuphi okumbiwa phansi, ukukhula kwezithombo kuncishiswa kakhulu. Amaqabunga awo athola umbala oluhlaza okhanyayo, abe mncane bese eqala ukuwa. Ngokudla ngokweqile umanyolo wamaminerali, lesi sitshalo singashiswa sife. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokufaka umanyolo izithombo, kubalulekile ukutadisha ngokucophelela imiyalo futhi, ngokuhambisana nezindlela ezichaziwe, yenza ukugqoka okuphezulu.
Umanyolo we-organic wezithombo zemifino
Ukwakheka kwalolu hlobo lomanyolo kufaka phakathi izinto eziphilayo. Inzuzo enkulu yokugqoka okuphezulu ukuthi ayiqukethe uhlobo olulodwa lwamaminerali, kodwa cishe zonke izakhi ezidingekayo. Umanyolo onjalo we-organic awunakubalelwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo olulodwa, ngoba izinto eziyinhloko zamaminerali sezivele zikhona kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amaminerali aqukethe izilinganiso ezihlukile: i-cobalt, i-boron, yethusi, i-manganese, njll.
Umanyolo we-organic wezithombo zemifino:
- Umquba. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa umquba isethi ephelele yazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokungezwa kwayo, izici zezinto eziphilayo nezomzimba zenhlabathi ziyathuthuka. Kuyo, isikhutha, esidingekayo ekutholeni isithelo sekhabhoni, siqala ukukhulula kakhulu.
- Amaconsi enkukhu. Isici saso esihlukanisa umkhiqizo wawo omkhulu. Kubandakanya i-nitrogen eningi, i-potassium phosphorus.
- Umquba. Lolu hlobo lomanyolo lulungiswa kalula ekhishini. Ukulungiselela kwayo, kusetshenziswa amaqabunga, utshani, ukhula, ukhula lwamazambane, udoti wasekhishini ohlukahlukene, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo we-organic wezithombo kunikeza umphumela omuhle, kepha kungaba nzima ngesiqalo ukuthola izilinganiso ezidingekayo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokudla, kungcono ukuthola izeluleko ezengeziwe kw uchwepheshe.
Umanyolo wezithombo zez iklabishi
Ukuthola izithombo ezinhle zeklabishi, uhlelo lomanyolo luqala ngemuva kokuvela kwamaqabunga ayiqiniso ayi-1-2. I-Urea inconyelwa njengokugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu. Kuze kube manje, ama-30 g ento aqunjelwa kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Isixazululo esiphumela sizokwanela ukucubungula ama-2-3 m². Ngaphambi kokufaka umanyolo wezithombo zeziklabishi, inhlabathi kumele iniselwe.
Okwesibili Umanyolo ufakwa emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo ezincane emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-25 g we-potassium sulfate ne-potassium chloride kuxutshwe ebhakedeni lamanzi (10 l). Ungangeza no-urea ngenani elifanayo. Ingxube yezakhi ephumela ngendlela efudumele isetshenziselwa isitshalo ngasinye ngesilinganiso se-1 litre ezitshalweni ezi-5.
Umanyolo wamaminerali wezithombo ziklabishi ungathathelwa indawo nge-organic. Izithombo zeklabishi zikhombisa ukukhula okuhle ngemuva kokwenza izinyoni zezinyoni.
Enye ingxenye yedoti ithululelwa ngezingxenye ezingama-2-3 zamanzi afudumele bese kushiyelwa izinsuku eziningana zokugcizelela. Isixazululo esiphumela sasihlanjululwe ngamanzi u-10: 10 bese ufaka umanyolo.
Umanyolo wezithombo zezikhukhamba
Noma imbewu yokutshala yenziwa enhlabathini elungiselelwe kahle, isitshalo sisadinga ukondliwa okwengeziwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhula. Ngesikhathi sonke sokukhula kwezithombo zamakhukhamba, umanyolo wenziwa cishe amahlandla amabili.
Ukutholwa okuphezulu kwezakhi zomzimba ngesitshalo kungatholakala uma umanyolo wezithombo zezikhukhamba ufakwa ekuseni ekuseni ngosuku olufudumele.
Ngokuqala kwamaqabunga eqiniso okuqala, ukugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu kuqala. Ukuze uthole izithombo ezincane kakhulu zamakhukhamba, kungcono ukusebenzisa umanyolo kwifomu lewuketshezi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, hlanganisa isixazululo se-mullein ngamanzi (1: 8), bese uthela amahlumela amasha ngenhlanganisela enempilo yokushisa yasekamelweni. Uma isixazululo somquba wezinkukhu sizosetshenziswa njengomanyolo wezithombo zezinja zamakhukhamba, bese sihlanjululwa ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 10.
Ukugqoka kwesibili okuphezulu kwenziwa ezinsukwini eziningana ngaphambi kokutshala kwezitshalo ezincane emhlabathini ovulekile. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukulungiselela isixazululo sengxube yezakhi enamakha ayi-10 l wetshezi, i-10-15 g ye-urea, i-15-20 g ye-chloride noma i-potassium sulfate kanye ne-35-40 g ye-superphosphate (imiyalo yokusebenzisa engadini).
Umanyolo wezithombo zezitamatisi
Ehlelweni lokukhulisa izithombo zamatamatisi, ukondla okunomsoco kusetshenziswa kaningana. Okokuqala lapho kwenziwa khona umanyolo wezinhlanyelo zezitamatisi ngemuva kwe-dive kuphela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10. Kunconyelwa ukunisela izitshalo ngomanyolo we-organic, ozothuthukisa ukukhula kwamacwecwe angenamandla. Isimo sokulungiselela ingxube yezakhi kusuka kumalayinin noma imidwebo yezinyoni sichazwe ngenhla.
Futhi, i-ash ash, equkethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezahlukahlukene zokulandela umkhondo, izibonakalise ngokwayo njengomanyolo wezithombo zezinja zamatamatisi.
Nge-2-3 m² yendawo ehlwanyelwe, kuzodingeka amalitha ama-8-10 koketshezi, u-70-80 g womlotha no-15-25 mg we-ammonium nitrate. Le ngxube yezakhi ingasetjenziswa ezinsukwini eziyi-10- 13 emva kwesicelo sokuqala somanyolo.
Ukondliwa ngakunye kwanoma yisiphi isitshalo kufanele kuphele ngokunisela ngamanzi afudumele. Lapho ufaka umanyolo, gwema ukuthola umanyolo esindweni sephepha. Ukuvimbela ukushiswa emacembe ngemuva kokunisela, kunconywa ukufafaza zonke izitshalo ngamanzi.
