Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi - isikhathi sempilo yesihlahla

Isikhathi sokuphila sezihlahla ngokuyinhloko sincike ohlotsheni nasezimweni zemvelo. Iningi liphile cishe ikhulu leminyaka, kepha kukhona abagqugquzeli abaneminyaka eyinkulungwane noma ngaphezulu. Vele, sikhuluma ngezihlahla eziqinile, eziphilile ezisesimweni esihle futhi ezingagawulwa ngabantu.

Ungayithola kanjani iminyaka yesihlahla?

Ngaphambi kokuthi wazi ukuthi zingaki izihlahla ezihlala khona, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iminyaka yazo ibalwa kanjani. Iqiniso ngukuthi bakhula ngobubanzi ngokungalingani. Izihlahla zithola amandla okuthuthuka elangeni ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis. Impela, ngezikhathi zomsebenzi welanga, ukukhula kuyasebenza ngokwengeziwe, futhi ngesikhathi sokwehla kobukhulu belanga, ukukhula kuyancipha.

Ukunwetshwa kwesiqu somuthi kwenzeka ngenxa ye-cambium - izicubu ezikhethekile ezakha amaseli aphilayo ngaphakathi (enkabeni yesiqu sesiqu) nangaphandle kuye uqobo (kuya endaweni eyi-cortex). Amangqamuzana angaphakathi kwe-cambium aba yingxenye yezinkuni - uhlelo olusekelayo oluthwala izakhi kusuka ezimpandeni kuya emaqabunga. Amangqamuzana akhiwe ngaphandle kwe-cambium (ngaphansi kwegxolo) aletha izinto eziphilayo kusuka emaqabungeni kuya ezimpandeni, leli thishu libizwa ngokuthi i-bast.

Entwasahlobo, i-cambium idala amaseli abanzi anezindonga ezincanyana. Ziyadingeka ekuletheni okusebenzayo futhi okusheshayo kwezakhi zomsoco nezinto zokulandela. Ekwindla, i-cambium ikhiqiza amangqamuzana amancanyana anezindonga eziwugqinsi, ezinikeza isihlahla amandla akhethekile. Ngakho-ke, kukhiqizwa izinhlobo ezimbili zezindwangu ngonyaka: ungqimba owodwa (intwasahlobo) ulula, olunye ungqimba (ekwindla) lumnyama kakhulu.

Inani lamabhendi linqunywa kangcono ngokusebenzisa imicroscope nedayi ekhethekile, njengoba incane impela. Ngokwesibalo sezindandatho zobumnyama nokukhanya, umuntu angahlola hhayi kuphela iminyaka yesihlahla, kodwa futhi nezimo zezulu lapho ekhule khona. Izindawo ezimnyama ezibanzi zibonisa ukwindla okungekuhle, okubandayo nobusika obude.

Ukuthola ubudala besihlahla, udinga ukusinquma. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu akunakwenzeka noma kungathandeki.

Esimweni esinjalo, kusetshenziswa indlela yokubala izinkomba ezimaphakathi. Ezingeni lamamitha elilodwa nesigamu, ukujikeleza kwesiqu (ngamasentimitha) kubalwa futhi kuhlukaniswe constant (~ 3.14), ngale ndlela kutholakala ububanzi bomuthi.

Leli nani lihlukaniswe ukukhula okuphakathi konyaka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezifundwayo kulesi sifunda. Umphumela uba yinkomba ecishe ibe isikhathi sokuphila kwesihlahla. Vele, le ndlela inikeza cishe izibalo kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko phakathi kwabo nenombolo yangempela yeminyaka ungafinyelela ku-20-30% noma ngaphezulu.

Ngakho-ke, indlela evame kakhulu ukusika isihlahla bese ubala inani lezindandatho.

Yini ethinta isikhathi sokuphila?

Ngaphambi kokuthola ukuthi izihlahla zihlala iminyaka emingaki, cabanga ngalokho okuthinta ubudala babo. Isikhathi sokuphila sincike kakhulu ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Izici ezinomthelela kakhulu zibandakanya:

Amandla ngamanye wesitshalo. Ekubukeni kokuqala, zonke ziyafana, kepha empeleni, ukwakheka nosayizi wamaqabunga, umsebenzi we-cambium, nezinye izici kuyehluka ezihlahleni. Konke lokhu kunomthelela oqinile kumthamo wokuguquguquka wesitshalo ezimeni ezingezinhle.
Izici zenhlabathi. Ukwakheka kwawo, ukugcotshwa kwamanzi, ukugcotshwa kwama-microelements nezakhi zomzimba. Izihlahla zasemazweni ampofu ezolimo zingakhula kahle, ngenkathi ngaphesheya komgwaqo, emhlabathini ocebile, ongafundile, izitshalo zingahlala amakhulu eminyaka.
Umswakama kanye nokushisa kunomthelela obuthakathaka, ngoba isimo sezulu emgqeni ngamunye isikhathi eside sivame ukuqina. Okuhlukile ngukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni (iminyaka yeqhwa). Vele, kwizitshalo ezihlala isikhathi esifushane, noma isomiso esincane singaba nomphumela obulalayo.
Izici zesimo sendawo (ukuba khona kwesithambeka, intaba noma izakhiwo ezinkulu) kushintsha kakhulu izinga lokukhanya, amandla, ukuqondiswa komoya kanye nezinye izinhlaka ezibalulekile. Futhi, nazo, zinciphisa kakhulu noma zandisa impilo yesihlahla.
Isimo sehlathi. Ngomthamo omkhulu wezihlahla ezinde ezikhula eduzane, amathuba esitshalo esithile afinyelela usayizi obalulekile mancane kakhulu. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nakho kuyakuthinta lokhu, ngokwesibonelo, kunzima kakhulu ukuthi isihlahla esinqumayo sikhulele ehlathini elimnyama le-coniferous.
Izifo nezinambuzane. Izinambuzane zifaka izinambuzane eziququda amagxolo namaqabunga, kanye nezilwane nama-arthropod adla izimpande. Izifo zezihlahla zingamagciwane kanye nesikhunta.

Lezi yizimo zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kepha zisekhona. Umuthi osendaweni engcolisiwe yasemadolobheni uhlala okuncane. Futhi okuphambene nalokho, isikhathi sokuphila siphakama kakhulu emapaki amakhulu lapho kungekho bumbi, kepha kunakekela izitshalo futhi kuzivikele ezinambuzaneni nasezifo.

Ezihlahleni eziqatha

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwezihlahla zasendle siphakeme kakhulu kunesezitshalo ezitshaliwe zezithelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuntu ngendlela yokukhetha udale amasiko athi ngesikhathi esifushane anikeze izivuno eziphezulu. Ukukhiqiza okunjalo okuphakeme kuhlobene ngqo neqiniso lokuthi umuthi unamandla ambalwa nezinsizakusebenza uqobo, unikeza konke ukuthela izithelo. Njengomphumela, uphila okuncane.

Izihlahla zezithelo ezivame kakhulu endaweni yakithi yizihlahla zama-apula kanye namapheya. Ziphila ngokufika kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka, kepha izinhlobo zasendle zingakhula iminyaka eyi-100-150. Ezinye izitshalo - iplamu, ulwandle i-sihlahla sivame ukutholakala, apricot - isinda kuze kube iminyaka engama-20-30. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zilimo ngokwesiko zikhula ezindaweni ezihlala eningizimu. Isibonelo, iperesi emgqeni wethu alihlali ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-15.

Zonke izihlahla zasendle eziqinile zikhula isikhathi eside. I-Aspen ne-alder ziphila iminyaka eyi-150, izihlahla ze-walnut ziphila ngokwesilinganiso emakhulu amabili eminyaka. I-Elm, i-ash ne-birch ikhula ibe ngamakhulu amathathu eminyaka, kanti i-beech ihlala iminyaka engu-500. Kepha i-oki ingumnikazi werekhodi - iphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka eyi-mil nehafu. Vele, sikhuluma ngamandla abalulekile anokwenzeka walezi zinhlobo zezihlahla, ngoba ezimweni zanamuhla zangempela akekho noyedwa ozobavumela ukuba baphile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100-200.

Eduze kwamaConifers

Izitshalo ezingama-Coniferate ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu kunezihlahla eziqothulayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokunciphisa umzimba, amandla amakhulu okuguqulela esimeni sezulu esibi. Ukwakheka komqhele we-conifer kukuvumela ukuthi ukhiphe inani lamandla aphezulu ilanga elingakunikeza.

Uhlelo lwezimpande oluhlotshiswe kakhulu lusiza nokuphila, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ebusika izinaliti ziyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza izakhamzimba, yize ziningi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngisho nezimpande ezivela emhlabathini owakhiwe iqandisiwe zingathola amaminerali namanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinaliti zimbozwa nge-wax, ezivimbela amanzi ukuba aphume ngumhwamuko.

I-Fir - isitshalo esiphila esifushane kunazo zonke phakathi kwamaConifers angaba khona kumakhulu amabili eminyaka. I-Spruce nephayini ezivamile ezweni lethu ziphila iminyaka engama-600. I-larch yaseYurophu ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-500, kanti uzakwabo waseSiberia uhlala iminyaka eyi-900 (isibonelo esihle sethonya le-metabolism ephansi). Ukhavini weKedari usinda kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-1000, kepha umuthi omkhulu wokuphila isikhathi eside yi-sequoia, ohlala ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka eyi-5.