Njengoba wazi, ukufakwa kwenhlabathi ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto kanye nokuba khona kwamagciwane kuwo kuyizinto ezithembayo. Ngakho-ke, uma kunamabhaktheriya ambalwa emhlabathini, khona-ke ukukhula kwezitshalo, noma ngabe kunenani elanele lezinto ezahlukahlukene enhlabathini, kuzohamba kancane, futhi kuzothuthukiswa ngokungafanele. Ukuqeda ukushoda kwamagciwane emhlabathini, kwenziwa umanyolo okhethekile obizwa ngamagciwane emhlabathini. La manyolo angokwesigaba sokuphephile ngokuphelele kubantu nasezilwaneni futhi akunangozi emvelweni.
Inhlabathi evundile yathuthukiswa ngumanyolo wamagciwane- I-Nitragin
- I-Risotorfin
- I-Azotobacterin - Umanyolo wamagciwane
- Phosphobacterin
- Nikfan - Umanyolo ovela kumagciwane
- Amalungiselelo we-EM
La manyolo izidakamizwa ezibizwa ngokwesayensi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-inoculants ama-microbiological athuthukisa umsoco wazo zonke izitshalo, ngaphandle kokuhluka. Into ethokozisa kakhulu ukuthi azikho izakhi ekwakhekeni kukamanyolo wegciwane ngokwazo, noma kunjalo, lapho nje zingena emhlabathini, ziqala ukuguqula izinqubo ze-biochemical ezenzeka kuwo, ngalokho-ke, izakhamzimba zezitshalo ziba sezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ziphelele.
Izinhlobo zomanyolo wegciwane
Ngakho-ke, ama-inoculants we-microbiological, ngaphandle kwegama eliyinkimbinkimbi, angamalungiselelo ajwayelekile emvelo anamasiko aphilayo ekwakhekeni kwawo, ngokwesibonelo, njenge-yoghur. Umanyolo onjalo ungasetjenziselwa ukwelapha imbewu ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela, futhi ukuyingenisa enhlabathini ngesikhathi sonyaka, njengokugqoka okujwayelekile kwezimpande.
Yonke imishanguzo imvamisa ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana - empeleni angumanyolo wezinto eziphilayo, kanye nama-phytostimulants, ama-inculants we-mycorrhizal nezindlela okuhloselwe ukuvikela isitshalo sebhayoloji.
Umanyolo webhayoloji
Sizohlaziya la maqembu ngemininingwane eminingi, sizoqala ngomanyolo webhayoloji. La manyolo aqukethe ama-nodule bacterium atholakala ezimpandeni zezinhlamvu kanye nezihlahlana ezithile, njenge-sea buckthorn. Isenzo sama-bacteria we-nodule ukukhulisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwamakhompiyutha kanye nezinto eziphilayo, ngakho-ke, izitshalo ziyohlala zihlangabezana nengcebo ye-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-iron, kanye ne-zinc.
Ama-phytostimulants
Siyaqhubeka - ama-phytostimulants, lawa angumanyolo wezinto eziphilayo, kepha-ke, ahlanganisa izishoshovu zokukhula kwezitshalo, okungukuthi, ama-phytohormones. Lezi zinto ziholela ekukhuleni okushesha kwezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo nokukhula kohlelo oluphelele oluphelele oluhlanganiswe nesisindo semifino.
I-Mycorrhizal inoculants
Elinye iqembu inoculants ye-mycorrhizal; la ma-inoculants afaka isikhunta esihlukahlukene esakha i-mycelial hyphae. Ngakho-ke, ikhono elithathayo lohlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo uqobo luyakhula, ngakho-ke, isitshalo sithola inani elikhulu kakhulu lezakhi zomzimba, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, sikhula kangcono, siqhakaza ngokwengeziwe futhi sinikeze izitshalo ezigcwele zonyaka.
Amakhambi Ebhayoloji
Amakhambi emvelo ayindawo enhle yamakhemikhali. Ngokuvamile, amakhambi emvelo asetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ukungatheleleki, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuvikela kwezifo ezahlukahlukene. Isisekelo sokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwesinye isikhathi ngamagciwane, lapho izakhiwo eziphikisayo zivezwa kakhulu. La mabhaktheriya asebenza kakhulu ekulweni nezifo ezenzeka ezitshalweni, kepha angasebenza nasezithelo, amajikijolo kanye nakwimifino.
Amalungiselelo we-EM
Amalungiselelo e-EM aqukethe izinto eziphilayo. Ukwethulwa lonyaka kwalezi zidakamizwa emhlabathini kuzovumela, ekugcineni, ukubuyisa ukuzala kwayo, okuchithiwe iminyaka eminingi yokusebenzisa. Lapho usebenzisa amalungiselelo e-EM, isivuno siyakhuphuka, ukunambitheka kwezithelo kuyathuthuka, nezikhathi zokugcina kwazo ziyanda. Uma uphatha izitshalo ngezidakamizwa ze-EM, khona-ke zikhulisa ukungalwazeki nokungamelana nazo zombili izifo nezinambuzane.
Uhlelo lwezimpande zezithombo. Ngakwesokunene ophethwe ngumanyolo wamagciwane. Kwesobunxele ngaphandle kokugqoka okuphezulu ngamanyolo webhakteriyaUkusebenza kwamanyolo wegciwane
Umanyolo webhakteria wasetshenziswa kabanzi ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokudidiyela kwabo kwezimpawu zezitshalo nezitshalo ze-leguminous. La mabhaktheriya athatha umoya-mpilo emoyeni futhi axube i-nitrogen, izitshalo eziyimunayo, kuyilapho yona leyo yona isidla amagciwane. Umkhakha wanamuhla manje uhlanganisa futhi usebenze ama-nodule bacteria, phakathi kwawo adume kakhulu yi-rhizotorfin ne-nitragin.
I-Nitragin
Lesi sidakamizwa sitholwe okokuqala eJalimane, sibekwe njengokugqoka okuphezulu ngqo kwabamele abomndeni we-legume. Umuthi ususelwa kumagciwane e-nodule, esawachaza ngenhla, ahlanganiswa elabhoratri. Lesi sidakamizwa singenziwa zombili ngama-briquette nangesimo se-powder (grey, elinomswakama ongaphezulu kwamaphesenti ayisikhombisa), noma ngesimo sewuketshezi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lesi sidakamizwa asigcini nje eshalofini lesitolo futhi silinde ukuthengwa kwakho, ungakhohlwa ukuthi siyaphila, ngakho-ke i-nitragin igcinwe kwi-drive ekhethekile - lokhu kuyinto enjalo, enomquba womhlanga, utshani, i-peat, amalahle nenombolo ethile izakhi.
Lapho lokhu kulungiswa kungeniswa emhlabathini, ama-nodule bacteria aqukethwe kuwo anamathiselwe ezinweleni eziyimpande zezinhlaka bese enza amaqhubu, futhi kulezi zinzalo ukuvela kwawo kwenzeka.
Ukulungiselela okufanayo kungatholakala ngokuzimela, okudingeka uthathe i-legumes, ikakhulukazi uhlelo lwazo lwezimpande, ususe wonke umhlabathi ezimpandeni, ugeze izimpande ngamanzi bese womile egumbini elingenalo ukukhanya. Ngemuva kwalokho, uhlelo lwezimpande ludinga ukusikwa kahle, futhi uzothola uhlobo lwe-nitragin ngokuphelele.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi i-nitragin, njengalokho ongakuthola ekhaya kusuka ezimpandeni ze-legumes, kungenzeka kusetshenziselwe izitshalo ezingamalungu omndeni we-legume kuphela.
I-Risotorfin
Lo manyolo webhayoloji une-peat oyinyumba ekwakhekeni kwawo, lokhu kuvumela ukuthi ama-nodule bacteria aqhubeke ephila futhi esebenza isikhathi eside. Amalungiselelo we-rhizotrophin anamuhla, noma kunjalo, akhiqizwa hhayi kuphela ngesisekelo se-peat, kodwa futhi esimweni soketshezi. Ukuze wakhe i-rhizotorfin ngaphansi kwezimo zezimboni, kuyadingeka ukomisa i-peat ngamazinga ayi-Celsius ayikhulu, bese uyihlahlela, uyijika ibe yimpuphu. Ungawusebenzisa amandla lawo le mpuphu ngokulinganisa okujwayelekile, emva kwalokho ngokungeza amanzi ukwandisa umswakama we-powder ube ngamaphesenti angama-35-45, khona-ke ingxube ephumayo ingafakwa ezitsheni ezivalekile. Kuhlala kuphela ekufakweni okukhethekile ukuthulula le nhlanganisela ngemisebe ye-gamma bese kusetshenziswa isirinji ejwayelekile ukufaka ama-nodule bacteria ekwakhiweni kwayo, futhi umuthi uzobe usukulungele ngokuphelele ukuthengiswa, futhi, ngokufanele, ukufakwa emhlabathini.
Ngendlela, mayelana nesingeniso: umthamo walesi sidakamizwa mncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngehektha ngalinye alidingi ngaphezu kwamagremu angamakhulu amabili. Njengoba sesishilo, lo manyolo uyatholakala futhi ngohlobo lwewuketshezi, kuyacaca ukuthi lesi akusona isisombululo sokusebenza esenziwe ngomumo, kodwa into efana nesiraphu, okumele ihlanjululwe ngamanzi. Izindinganiso ziyafana, kepha uma uthatha isinqumo sokungenisa imbewu kusisombululo sokuqala, khona-ke sidinga amaconsi ambalwa ilitha, lapho-ke udinga ukufaka i-gauze ngekhambi elibangelwa bese ufaka imbewu kulo usuku. Awukwazi ukudambisa imbewu, kodwa mane ubaphatha ngesixazululo esinjalo (bobabili ngosuku lokuhlwanyela kanye namahora ayi-15 - 20 ngaphambi kwalo).
Ngendlela, lesi sidakamizwa singenziwa ekhaya, kepha okokuqala udinga ukwenza "i-sourdough." Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngesikhathi sasehlobo, kufanele uthathe ithangi bese ubeka lapho ubunzima bezitshalo obunqunywe kakhulu, ugcwalise ingxenye yesithathu yetangi. Kusala ukuvala isitsha ngokuqinile bese usibeka endaweni ekhanyiswe kahle. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, le ngxube izoqala ukubila bese kuvela iphunga elingathandeki kakhulu lokubola. Lapho nje usuzizwa, bese uvula isivalo bese ugcwalisa ithangi phezulu ngamanzi, okudingekayo ukukhipha umqali. Ngemuva kokugcwalisa ithangi ngamanzi, udinga ukulinda izinsuku ezingama-9-11 esimweni sezulu esifudumele, nezinsuku eziyi-15 ukuya kwezine esimweni sezulu esipholile, ngemuva kwalokho le ngxube kumele ihlanjululwe ngamanzi, hlanganisa kahle ukwakheka okungekho kakhulu bese uthelela emgodini womquba. Lokho, empeleni, yikho konke: lo muthi ungathathwa emgodini bese usetshenziswa.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi zombili i-rhizotorfin ne-nitragin zenzelwe umanyolo wenhlabathi kuphela ukuthola izitshalo ze-legume.
I-Azotobacterin - Umanyolo wamagciwane
Lesi sidakamizwa singabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi ukugqoka kwe-nitrogen top. Le Umanyolo kwenzeka inhlabathi, Peat futhi yomile. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu, ngombono wethu, kuyinto eyomile, eqinisweni, la ngamaseli ochungechunge lwezinto ezisizayo. Ukulandelana kwezenzo ekwenziweni kwalomanyolo akuhlukile kakhulu kunaleyo ekwenziweni kwe-nitragin. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula kwamasiko, okubizwa ngokuthi izingxenye zokuqala zomuthi, kwenzeka emhlabathini onempilo kuphela, lapho i-iron sulfate, i-manganese sulfate kanye nosawoti we-molybdenum acid kusengaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungiselelo omile esimweni sokugcina asatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kwamaphakeji. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi lesi sidakamizwa singagcinwa izinsuku ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi emazingeni okushisa hhayi aphezulu futhi singeqi ngaphansi kwama-degrees ayi-1414 ngaphezulu kwe-zero.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inhlabathi ne-azotobacterins enesihlabathi ziphethe isiko lamagciwane angakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ngendlela eqinile. Ukuze ukhiqize lo manyolo, inhlabathi evamile noma i-peat ithathwa njengesisekelo, khona-ke isakhi esingaphansi esivelanayo sivinjezelwa kahle kakhulu ukuthola isisindo esiningi kakhulu kanye ne-0,1% superphosphate ne-2% lime elijwayelekile kufakwa kuyo. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukupakisha umkhiqizo emabhodleleni onamandla angama-500 g, engeza amanzi kuwo kuze kufike lapho umswakama ungu-45-55% bese uvale amabhodlela ngamapulangwe ekotini. Isinyathelo sokugcina ukubulala inzalo. Okulandelayo, ukulungiselela lokho okuhlwanyelayo, udinga ukusebenzisa i-agar agar ejwayelekile, ngokungezelelwa okuyisibopho kosawoti ohlukahlukene wamaminerali noshukela kuyo.
Ingxube etholwe phambilini imane idluliselwe kwi-medium yezakhi ezenzelwe ukulungiswa bese ikhula ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinyumba iye kwivolumu oyifunayo. Lesi sidakamizwa singasetshenziswa izinsuku ezingama-60, kwesinye isikhathi okuthe xaxa okuthe xaxa.
Kungani usebenzise i-azotobacterin? Kuhle ukukhulisa umquba, ngokwandisa umsebenzi wokukhula kwezimbewu nokuqinisa ukungatheleleki kwezithombo. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwabathengi, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sidakamizwa kungakhuphula isivuno ngamaphesenti angaphezu kweshumi.
Ngale ndlela, bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ngalesi sidakamizwa ngesimo sempuphu ungafafaza okusanhlamvu ngokuphepha, kepha isixazululo soketshezi sisetshenziselwa ukucubungula nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kanye nohlelo lwezimpande zezithombo ngesikhathi sokutshala. Kwihektha elilodwa, kudingeka kuphela i-150 g yento kanye namalitha angama-50 kuphela alesi sixazululo.
Phosphobacterin
Kuyacaca ukuthi isisekelo lapha akuyona i-nitrogen, kepha i-phosphorus. Amagciwane alesi sidakamizwa anezindlela zezinduku, eziguqula izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi zephosphorus eziqukethwe emhlabathini zibe zilula, okungukuthi, lezo izitshalo ezingakwazi ukumunca zingene emhlabathini ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sidakamizwa uma singena emhlabathini singavusa ukwakheka kwezinto ezahlukahlukene eziphilayo, ezizothuthukisa izinqubo zokukhula kwezitshalo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza be-phosphobacterin abuhlukile kakhulu kunalokho ekwenziweni kwama-azotobacterin, kanye namagciwane angama-nodule. Kodwa-ke, lapha indawo yokudla izakhi yakhiwa kusuka kummbila, umoyilo, amanzi, ushoko kanye ne-ammonium sulfate. Ngokuvamile, ukulima kuthatha, njengomthetho, izinsuku ezimbili, futhi umphumela wazo yi-biomass yamaseli, esasele idlule nge-centrifuge futhi yomile. Okulandelayo, udinga ukuxubanisa impahla eyomile etholwe nefilimu, uyipakishe ezikhwameni futhi ungayithengisa.
I-Phosphobacterin ilungiselelo elilungele lokufaka umanyolo wenhlabathi ye-chernozem, ngoba inezinto ezanele eziqukethe i-phosphorus. Ukwanda okukhulu, okufika ku-30%, ekukhiqizweni kwamazambane, izitshalo ezahlukahlukene nezinhlobonhlobo zezitsha zetafula kwaqapheleka ngenkathi kusetshenziswa lo muthi.
Uma ufuna ukuphatha imbewu ngalokhu kulungiselela ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, khona-ke kufanele kuhlanganiswe nomhlabathi noma umlotha wezinkuni ngesilinganiso esisodwa kuya kwamashumi amane. Ukuze umquba ukwazi ukufaka umhlabathi, kutholakala umthamo omncane kakhulu womuthi ngehektha ngalinye - amagremu amahlanu kuphela.
Ukucutshungulwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: Amagremu ayi-15 ale nto ahlanganiswe kumalitha ayi-15 amanzi afafazwe ku-sprayer yesifutho ngaphambi kokutshala. Ukwanda kwesivuno samazambane ngemuva kokucutshungulwa kuze kufinyelele kumaphesenti ayishumi kwabonwa.
Nikfan - Umanyolo ovela kumagciwane
Umanyolo ophephile ngokuphelele, ongokwesigaba sezinto zokuhlanganiswa kwesibunji somkhiqizi onomphumela okhulisayo. Lesi sidakamizwa sikhiqizwa ngesimo soketshezi. Yiziphi izinzuzo zokusebenzisa lesi sidakamizwa? Isebenzisa izinqubo ze-photosynthesis, ivuselela ukukhula kohlelo lwezimpande, inqwaba yamaqabunga, amahlumela, isiza ukwandisa usayizi wezithelo (futhi ngisho nesibalo sazo), ikhulisa ukumelana kwezitshalo ukuswela umswakama nesithwathwa, kuqinisa ukungagugi kwazo futhi kwandise ukumelana kwezifo nezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuthi ungasetshenziselwa ukukhulisa ukuhluma kwembewu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphila isikhathi eside eshalofini, ukwenza ngcono ukwakheka kohlelo lwezimpande zokusika okuluhlaza lapho kugxilwe, ngalo ungakusheshisa ukuvuthwa kwezithelo namajikijolo bese ukhulisa isivuno sezithelo, amajikijolo nezitshalo zemifino kuze kufike ku-50%.
Imvamisa, lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziselwa ukwenza kangcono ukwakheka kwenhlabathi amahlandla amabili noma amathathu, siqala ngokuhlwanyela imbewu futhi siphela nesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesilimo. Imbewu ingafakwa endaweni yesisombululo somuthi noma iqhutshwe ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, izitshalo zivame ukuphathwa njengokugqoka okuphezulu okuphezulu. Imvamisa, kukodwa nje isigamu nesigamu salomanyolo kwihektha ngalinye.
Ukulungiswa kwekhambi kusuka kumanyolo wegciwaneAmalungiselelo we-EM
Manje inani elikhulu lamalungiselelo e-EM lithengiswa ngenqubo ehlukile yokuchayeka emhlabathini. Umuthi ofakazelwe kahle onjengokuthi "IBaikal-EM1", kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyishumi nesithupha zama-bacterium ahlukahlukene ahlala ku-typiosis. Ukwakheka kwalokhu kulungiswa kuqukethe ama-lactic acid bacteria kanye nemvubelo, isikhunta esivuthayo kanye ne-actinomycetes, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Ngaphambi kokufakwa emhlabathini, wonke ama-virus we-izidakamizwa aphumule futhi aphakathi nendawo. Ukuze bakwazi ukusebenza, kumele bangeniswe emhlabathini.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-EM yokulungiselela, ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane kuvinjelwe, inani lobuthi okungenzeka ukuthi bukhona emhlabathini luyancishiswa, futhi ukuvunda kwalo kubuyiselwe. Phakathi kokunye, umuthi uvusa ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo, kusheshise ukukhula kwazo.
Amalungiselelo we-EM "Shining" futhi "Shine-1" - Kufanelekile ekugqokeni okufushane nakwezimpande, bayakwazi ukucubungula ama-organics ku-substrate, bazihlukanise futhi benze izakhi ezidingekayo zezitshalo, okuholela ekuvuneni okuthe xaxa kanye nokunambitheka okuthuthukile kwemikhiqizo. Ngenxa yemiphumela yalawa malungiselelo, kwakheka i-humus, futhi imfucumfucu ehlukahlukene ehlanganiswe ngezinsuku ezingama-60-70, icishe ingakhiphi iphunga elingajabulisi.
Isiphetho
Njengoba noma yimuphi umhlabathi uphenduka usuphelile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, khona-ke isivuno sincishiswa kabuhlungu. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, manje sekuyisikhathi sokusebenzisa umanyolo webhayoloji ongenangozi ngokuphelele, ophilayo, ngemuva kokungena emhlabathini akha i-Symbiosis ngezitshalo nokunikela kuzo zombili ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yenhlabathi nokwanda kwezithelo.
