Iparele lithathwa njengesihlahla esingathandeki, esivame ukubanda, liyagula, yingakho kunezimboni ezimbalwa zezimboni zezwe lethu ezweni lethu. Abalimi abazimele nabo bavame ukukhononda ngalesi sitshalo, hhayi kuphela ngesimo saso sezulu, kodwa futhi nangeqiniso lokuthi iparele alivame ukuqhakaza futhi alakhi izithelo isikhathi eside kakhulu ngemuva kokutshala isithombo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi lingaba nokuqhakaza kakhulu, kodwa futhi hhayi akukho sitshalo. Sizokhuluma ngezimbangela zalesi simo namuhla.
Kungaba nezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani leli peya lingatheli izithelo.Okuqukethwe:
- Izici Zokuhlukahluka Kwethanga
- Ukuntuleka kokudla emhlabathini
- Amaphutha ngesikhathi sokutshala
- Pearl - Endle
- Ukushoda kokukhanya
- Ukulimala kwezinambuzane
- Iparele linikeza umbala kepha alinazithelo
Izici Zokuhlukahluka Kwethanga
Isizathu esivame kakhulu lapho iparele lingatheli izithelo wukuhlukahluka kwalo. Lesi yisibonakaliso se-biological futhi akukho lutho olubi, ngaphandle kweminyaka eyengeziwe yokulangazelela, akulethi abanikazi beziza zasengadini. Ukuze ungakhathazeki ngokuthi i-seedling oyithengile futhi wayitshala, njengoba kulindelekile, ayitheli zithelo, kufanele uthole ukuthi usuku lokungena kwayo izithelo ngaphambi kokuthenga uhlobo oluthile lwethanga.
Cishe zonke izinhlobonhlobo zamaparele zinesikhathi sazo. Akukona kufanele ukuthi kubhalwe izinsuku zokuchuma kwezithelo ezinhlobonhlobo, ngakho-ke sizonikeza izinsuku ezilungile zokufaka izithelo kwezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu nezijwayelekile (zombili ezakhiweni zasengadini nasezinkulisa).
Izinhlobonhlobo zamapheya "Moskvichka" no "In memory of Yakovlev" zizonikeza isivuno sokuqala ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu noma esiphezulu seminyaka emine; izinhlobonhlobo "iLarinskaya", "i-Fatherland" ne "Red-sided" zizothola izithelo kungekudala - iminyaka emine noma emihlanu ngemuva kokutshala isithombo esizeni; izinhlobo "iLeningradskaya" ne "Ubuhle" zizothokozela izithelo eminyakeni emihlanu noma eyisithupha ngemuva kokutshala isithombo esizeni; Izinhlobo "uJosephine", "Mecheln" no "Bereslutskaya" zizonikeza izithelo zokuqala, okungenani iminyaka eyishumi ngemuva kokutshala isithombo endaweni ehlala njalo.
Ngokuqondene nobudala besithombo, lapho betshala izitshalo zeparele ngonyaka, bathatha izimpande ngokushesha futhi isikhathi sokungena izithelo singancishiswa ngonyaka. Lapho ukutshala ezinganeni ezineminyaka emibili, okuvame ukwenzeka, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukumba amaparele aneminyaka emibili kusukela enkulisa, ziyagula isikhathi eside futhi isikhathi sokungena kwazo ekungeneni izithelo zingafika esikhathini esingangonyaka.
Impela, konke kuyenziwa ngcono, manje sekukhona amasheya amasha lapho eliphakathi kwezithelo lithela ngokushesha, ngokwesibonelo, amasheya afana ne-PG 2, PG 17-16, ne-PG 12 yokukhethwa kweMichurin Institute kuletha ubudala bethanga ekutholeni iminyaka embalwa.
Amapharele ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene athela izithelo ngeminyaka ehlukeneUkuntuleka kokudla emhlabathini
Isizathu sesibili, uma iparele lingatheli izithelo isikhathi eside, kungukuntuleka kwenhlabathi yesakhi esithile. Ngokushoda okunjalo, iparele libonakala sengathi lilele; zonke izinqubo ezitshalweni zenzeka kancane. Ngalesi sikhathi, kepha uhlelo lwezimpande lungakhula ngenkuthalo, lukhula ngokujula nobubanzi.
Umsuka ukhula ekufuneni umsoco, futhi inqobo nje uma uhlelo lwezimpande lukhula nokudla kunganele, izithelo azakhiwa. Kulokhu, iparele lingaqhakaza, noma liqhakaze, kodwa lingabeki izithelo, lakha ama-ovari, kodwa ngokushesha ama-ovari azokhuphuka wonke abe munye.
Ukuze wenzele ukushoda kwezakhi zomzimba ngaphansi kwethanga, udinga ukwenza umanyolo, kepha lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela. Isibonelo, lapho inhlabathi ifakwa i-nitrogen ngaphezulu, iparele lingaqala ukukhula, lisebenze isisindo semifino - amaqabunga, amahlumela, kodwa hhayi aqhakaze.
Ukuze ugcwalise kahle ukuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba, kungakuhle ukuthi uhlaziye umhlabathi elabhoratri elifanele. Ukuhlaziywa okugcwele kuphela okungaveza ukuthi iyiphi into engekho futhi iyiphi ngokweqile.
Uma ufaka umanyolo ngaphandle kokwazi ngobuningi bawo enhlabathini, ungadambisa inhlabathi ngento eyodwa futhi ungalethi enye inqwaba, engagcina isimo leso kuphela, kodwa futhi uyenze ibe yimbi kakhulu.
Cabanga nje ukuthi sazi ngokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi, futhi noma ngabe ingenazo izinto ezibalulekile ngobuningi, okungukuthi, kuyadingeka ukufaka i-nitrogen, i-potassium ne-phosphorus enhlabathini.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi ukwethulwa kwe-nitrogen ngaphansi kwethanga kufanelekile kuphela entwasahlobo. Ngokunikezwe ukuthi iparele alinayo irekhodi lobusika obunzima, uma sengeza i-nitrogen kulesi sitshalo engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo noma, okubi kakhulu, ngesikhathi sekwindla, iparele lingaqhubeka nokukhula ngentshiseko, amahlumela ebusika ngeke abe nesikhathi sokugunda nokubanda nje. Ukwethulwa kwe-phosphorus ne-potassium kungenzeka entwasahlobo nasehlobo, nasekwindla.
Izindlela ezilinganisiwe zomanyolo nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwawo zisekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (ngesikhathi sokuqunjelwa), isikhathi esilandelayo ukuqala kwehlobo, okulandelayo kuba maphakathi nehlobo, futhi ukuphela kokondla ukuphela kwenyanga yokuqala yekwindla.
Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula, kuvame ukuncika esikhathini sokuqala kwesiphethu sekhalenda futhi kungabukwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuya maphakathi no-Ephreli, eliphakathi kwe lishiya amaqabunga futhi ungangeza ikhilogremu womquba obolile ngokuphelele noma i-humus ngaphansi kwawo ngokufakwa okungu-300 g of soot. Kunconywa ukufaka i-nitroammophoska, ngemuva kokuyichitha ngenani le-19 g ngebhakede lamanzi (amalitha ayi-10) ngethanga ngalinye.
Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, izitshalo zidinga ukucebiswa nge-phosphorus ngendlela ye-superphosphate ne-potassium - potassium sulfate. I-Superphosphate enesilinganiso esingu-13 g ngaphansi kwethanga kumele ifakwe yomile enhlabathini eyake yakhululwa futhi yaphuzwa, futhi ngemuva kokufaka umanyolo, inhlabathi ingambozwa ngesendlalelo se-humus. I-potassium sulfate ifakwe kahle kufomu elincibilikisiwe ngenani le-10 g ngebhakede lamanzi (amalitha ayi-10).
Maphakathi nehlobo, kungakuhle futhi ukuthi ungezwe i-superphosphate ne-potassium sulfate ngesilinganiso esifanayo nangendlela efanayo nasekuqalekeni kwehlobo.
Ekwindla, kungakuhle futhi ukuthi usebenzise lomanyolo, unciphise umthamo ngesigamu, kepha ngendlela efanayo nasehlobo.
Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi iparele ling eziqhakaza futhi lingabeki izithelo noma lijikijele i-ovary lapho inhlabathi inyenyiswe ngokweqile ngenxa yezimvula ezinamandla, ukunisela ngokweqile, noma eduze komhlaba wamanzi (ngokulingene ne-2,5 m).
Iparele lingaqhakaza noma liqhakaze, kepha alikwazi ukuhoxa emhlabathini onamandla kakhulu. Ngokubona ukuthi i-pearl ithanda inhlabathi engathathi hlangothi, kufanele ilinganise inhlabathi ene-acidic, isebenzisa i-1m2 Amagremu angama-200 of lime. Kepha lokhu kujwayelekile kuncike kwi-acidity yenhlabathi nokwakheka kwayo, okungukuthi, uyini umhlabathi - isihlabathi, umhluzi noma i-chernozem.
Kuyenzeka uqonde ukuthi ngabe inhlabathi ene-acidic ingatholakala yini ezitshalweni ezikhula kuyo: amahhashi, ukhula, udoti wehhashi kukhombisa ukwanda kwe-acidity yenhlabathi. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi inhlabathi ifakwe uswidi - olungasoze lwenziwa futhi utshani bungavunyelwa kuphela phakathi kwemigqa, kepha hhayi emgqeni osondelene nesiqu - noma obunjiwe, lapho-ke ungasebenzisa isethi yephepha le-litmus kanye nesikali sombala ukunquma ubungako be-acid .
Iparele kufanele litshalwe ezindaweni ezinokhanya kahle.Amaphutha ngesikhathi sokutshala
Iparele izwela kakhulu ukutshala okungafanele: kubaluleke kakhulu ukubheka ukujula kwentamo yezimpande futhi kungakuhle ukutshala izithombo zamaparele ngokuhambisana namakhadi wekhadinali njengoba ngaphambili lalikhulile enkulisa. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalokhu, eqinisweni, imithetho eyisisekelo ingaholela ekubambezelekeni okukhulu ekuqaleni kokuqina kwethanga.
Izithombo zamaparele kufanele zibekwe enhlabathini ukuze umsuka wezimpande (le ndawo lapho izimpande zingena khona esiqwini, hhayi indawo yokuxhunyelelwa, njengoba abantu abaningi bekholelwa ngokungafanele) yayisezingeni lomhlabathi. Uma intamo yezimpande ijule, khona-ke iparele ingaqhamuka ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana ngemuva kwalokho okufanele ibe yiyo. Uma intamo yezimpande ishiywe iphezulu ngaphezu kwenhlabathi, uhlelo lwempande lukapheya lungabhebhetheka, ikakhulukazi ebusika obunjalo, lapho sekuvele kuba nesithwathwa, futhi akusekho iqhwa noma iqhwa elincanyana kakhulu.
Kobusika obunjalo, ukuqandelwa kohlelo lwezimpande kuvame ukubonwa, kuvame kakhulu ukuthi lezi yizimpande ezincane futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwesitshalo, okuthi yize zivuselelwa ngenkathi yezitshalo, kodwa kulokhu kuzothuthukiswa, futhi kuzoba matasa ukubuyisela uhlelo lwezimpande.
Kubalulekile futhi lapho utshala amapharele ukubheka amaphuzu wekhadinali. Wonke umuntu wazi kahle ukuthi ngenxa yokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwe-seedling, uhlelo lwayo lwezimpande kanye noxhaxha lwasemoyeni, ipareji liyathengiswa e-nursery ngokuthi "ngonyaka". Izingane ezinonyaka owodwa ubudala ngesikhathi sokutshala zingagula isikhathi eside futhi zithathe izimpande endaweni entsha, ngaleyo ndlela zibambezele isikhathi sokungena kwethanga lokufaka izithelo. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kubalulekile ukubeka i-seedling ukuze uhlangothi lwayo, oluqondiswe eningizimu, lubuye lube eningizimu. Ukuqonda ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi lwe-seedling olwalubhekiswe eningizimu futhi olusenyakatho, ungabheka ngokucophelela amagxolo esihlahla sokuhlwanyelwa - uma kumnyama, njengokungathi kuthenjiwe, khona-ke lolu uhlangothi oluseningizimu, futhi uma lukhanya, ke inyakatho.
Ngendlela, uma usuvele utshale izithombo zethanga ngokungalungile, nentambo yezimpande ijule noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhuphuka kakhulu ngenhla komhlabathi, lapho ungazama ukulungisa lesi simo. Isibonelo, lapho ukhulisa intamo yezimpande, ungazama ukumba lesi sihlahla futhi ungeze inhlabathi ezimpandeni zaso (vele, lokhu kungenzeka uma lesihlahla sotshalwe unyaka, isikhathi esingaphezulu kweminyaka emibili eyedlule), uma intamo yempande ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwenhlabathi, khona-ke isiqu singambozwa ngenhlabathi, wayicindezela kahle.
Pearl - Endle
Kwesinye isikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma uthenga isithombo hhayi enkulisa, njengoba sesiyale njalo, kepha emakethe "ngesandla", umuthi wethanga ungaqhakaza kahle futhi ukhuthele, kepha ngeke uqhume iminyaka eminingi. Lokhu kwenzeka uma ungathengiswanga i-varietal pearl ehlanganiswe kwisitokwe, kodwa isithombo sekhamba esivamile, okuwukuthi, isihlava.
Kulokhu, noma ubekezelela futhi ulindela ukuthi izithelo zitholwe, uzodumazeka - izithelo zeparele zizoba nezincane futhi zimuncu, futhi lesi sitshalo uqobo sikhula simane nje futhi singadlula amamitha ayishumi ukuphakama. Ngeshwa, kuleli cala, ukweluleka okuthile okuqondakalayo ukulungisa isimo kunzima. Abanye abalimi bagawula ingxenye yesihlahla ngaleyo ndlela banciphisa ukukhula kwayo, futhi ukusikwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene kuxhunyelelwa emqhele, kodwa akubona bonke abangakwenza lokhu futhi akuyena wonke umuntu onesifiso esinjalo. Kusele ukusika futhi kusiphule isihlahla ngokutshala izithombo ezihlukile ezihlukile.
Ukuqonda ukuthi kuthengiswa kuwe i-savage kulula - udinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela isisekelo sesithombo sethanga eliphakathi kwentamo yezimpande ngamasentimitha amahlanu. Indawo okuxhunyelelwa kuyo kufanele ibonakale kule ndawo, isiqu somthi akufanele siqonde ngokuphelele kusuka empandeni, akumele kube khona ameva esiqwini, esivame ukubonakala njengosizi, kanti nesithombo ngokwalo akufanele sibe sikhulu kakhulu, sibe mude.
Imvamisa ipheya elinonyaka owodwa linobude bamamitha amabili, izimpande ezikhulu kanye namagatsha amabili noma amathathu. Impela, okuningi kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo, isibonelo, izinhlobonhlobo zeBystrinka zingaba nokuphakama okufika kumamitha ayi-2,5, izimpande ezakhiwe kahle namagatsha amahlanu noma ayisithupha.
Ukushoda kokukhanya
Amaphutha angenzeka lapho ukhetha indawo esizeni. Imvamisa, abalimi, ngokunikezwa ubunyoninco bethanga nomqhele waso osakazekayo, batshala isitshalo endaweni enomthunzi ngethemba lokuthi eliphakeme likhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi liphume emthunzini ngenxa yokuphakama kwalo. Eqinisweni, lokhu kunengqondo, kepha kuyiphutha.
Isikhathi sonke ngenkathi i-pearl izokhula futhi yelule, futhi ivame ukugoba, ukushiya umthunzi, cishe ngeke ithele izithelo, futhi lesi sikhathi singaba yiminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Iqiniso ngukuthi iparele liyazwela ekukhanyiseni, lidinga ukukhanya okuningi, uma lilincane, ngeke likhiqize izilimo.
Kuyiqiniso, uma unikezwe ubusika beparele obungavezekanga, bungatshalwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa, isibonelo, izindonga zendlu, uthango noma esinye isihlahla esikhulu esinomqhele omnyama, kepha kuphela uma lolu hlobo lokuvikelwa emoyeni obandayo wasenyakatho lutholakala kuphela ohlangothini olusenyakatho.
Iparele lingaqhakaza kodwa lingatheli izithelo ngenxa yokuvundela okungalungileUkulimala kwezinambuzane
Esinye isizathu lapho iparele lingatheli umthelela wezinambuzane. Isibonelo, ithela ngenso yezinso zeparele futhi ingakuvumeli ukuthuthukisa ngokuphelele umphimbo wethanga; ungalwa nayo ngosizo lomuthi "Alatar". Isinambuzane esifana ne-apple bee-esidla sibangela ukulimala nethanga, okuzibonakalisa ekubhujisweni okukhulu kwezimbali. Ngalesi inkathazo ungalwa ngosizo lomuthi "Kinmiks".
Le moth nayo ingadala ukulimala kwethanga, amacimbi ayo angena esibelethweni adle igumbi lembewu, ngenxa yokuthi isibeletho siwela, futhi akukho zithelo. Ungasusa umusi ngokwelapha izitshalo zeparele ngomuthi "Aivengo". Ukucutshungulwa kungenziwa cishe maphakathi nenyanga kaMeyi, lapho kuneminyaka yama-butterflies, bese uyaphinda emva kwamasonto angama-2-3.
Iparele linikeza umbala kepha alinazithelo
Kwesinye isikhathi ama-peoms aqhakaza kakhulu, kepha aziveli izithelo, lokhu kungaba ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili - ukuntuleka kokuvunda impova futhi ngenxa yokuchayelwa isithwathwa.
Ukuxazulula inkinga yokuvundiswa kwemvelo, kubalulekile ukuthi okungenani kube nezinhlobo ezimbili zamapheya eziqhakaza ngasikhathi sinye esakhiweni; zizothelana impova, kube nesandla ekuvuneni konyaka nonyaka okuzinzile.
Ukuze wandise ukuthambekela kokuvela kokumpova kusuka emaphayipini, kubalulekile ukufafaza izitshalo zepare nge-boric acid ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali, lapho sesilungisile isisombululo saso esingu-1%.
Kunzima ukuxazulula inkinga yokuchayeka kumafriji entwasahlobo. Amaqabunga angabhubhisa ama-ovaries asesigabeni sokuqala sokukhula noma enze izimbali zingabi nalutho, zingabi namandla impova. Kwesinye isikhathi abalimi bayixazulula inkinga ngamafrijini yizindawo zokubhema ngezikhathi eziyingozi kakhulu, kepha lokhu akuhlali kunikeza umphumela ofanele.
Uma amaqhwa esifundeni sakho ephindwa njalo ngonyaka, kungakuhle ukuthi uthenge izinhlobo ezinezimbali sekwephuzile, okungukuthi, ekwindla nasebusika izinhlobo.
Isiphetho Sinikeze izibonelo zezimbangela ezivame kakhulu lapho iparele lingatheli. Ukwazi lezi zizathu, ungazigwema, khona-ke iparele liyohlala likujabulisa ngezilimo ezigcwele.
