Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwe-biological (kuvuselela kanye nezinto ze-biocontrol) zomkhiqizo we-Trichoplant biological
Njengamanje, amalungiselelo emvelo asuselwa kuma-micromycetes wohlobo asetshenziswa kabanzi empini yokulwa nama-phytopathogenic ezincane. I-Trichoderma Golovanova, 2008 .. Ekhuluma njengezakhamizi zemvelo zezakhi eziningi zemvelo nezokufakelwa, ziphindaphindeka ngokushesha ezimeni zesiko kanye nemvelo, ukungabi-pathogenic kwezitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu, amakhowe ohlobo I-Trichoderma bakha into elula yocwaningo nentuthuko ngesisekelo semikhakha yabo esebenzayo yezindlela ze-biocontrol ze-phytopathogenic microorganisms Alexandrova, 2003; Colombet, 2007; URudakov, 1981; Seiketov, 1982; I-Atef, 2011. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, umsebenzi obalulekile ukufuna izinhlobo ezintsha ezisebenza ngokungemthetho I-Trichoderma nokudalwa ngokwesisekelo sabo semikhiqizo emisha esebenza ngempumelelo, kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sezinto ezikhona.
Kusukela kudatha yezincwadi zesayensi onamandla wokusebenzisa ama-micromycetes I-Trichoderma longibrachiatum Njengomenzeli we-biocontrol, ethembisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, akutholakalanga ukuthi inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola izakhiwo ze-biocontrol nezokuvuselela zomkhiqizo we-Trichoplant biological based on I-Trichoderma longibrachiatum Gf 2/6
Ucwaningo lwezindawo ezikhuthaza ukukhula komkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo lwenziwa ngesisekelo samalabhoratri we-NPO Biotehsoyuz ngonyaka wezi-2014 ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwezimila zaselabhoreti eWorkshop on Agrochemistry, 2001. Imbewu yamakholukhi nezithombo zasetshenziswa njengezinto zokufunda (Cucumis sativus L.) izinhlobo Phoenix 640, ukolweni ojwayelekile ebusika (I-Triticum a festivalum L., okuhlukile. erythrospermum) izinhlobo Zagrava, utamatisi (I-Lycopersicon esculentum Isigidi.) Izinhlobo ze-Agate.
Ucwaningo lwezindawo ezikhuthaza ukukhula komkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo. Umphumela wesidakamizwa i-TRIHOPLANT ekuhlumeni kwembewu kanye nezinqubo zokukhula kwezitshalo senziwa ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwembewu kuphambene nesizinda somuthi ngohlamvu okungenani lwe-1 × 105 CFU / cm3(Isixazululo esingu-1,0% somkhiqizo osuqediwe) namanzi wokuphepha axazululiwe (control). Kuzo zonke izinto ezifundwe, izinkomba ezilandelayo zahlolwa: Ukuhluma kwamandla nokuhluma kwezinhlobo zembewu ngokwezincomo zemibhalo efanelekile ye-GOST 12038-84, ubungani, izinga lokuhluma lePospelov, 2013; Ugubnov, 2014 kanye namandla okukhula kwembewu lapho imila ngesihlabathi saseKarpin, ngo-2012. Ezilinganisweni nasezitshalweni, ezimweni zokuhlolwa kwezimila zaselebhu, ukuphakama kwendawo engenhla kanye nobude bezingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba ku-Dynamic ngosuku lwe-7, lwe-14 nolwe-21, lokufundwa kwafundwa biomass eyomile futhi eluhlaza. Ngokukhula kusiko lasemanzini ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhula kwelabhoratri, izithombo zezitshalo zadluliselwa kumakhemisi wezinto ezibonakalayo anomthamo ongama-550-560 ml oqukethe 500 cm3 Isixazululo samaminerali i-Pryanishnikov Exercicum ..., 2001. Izitshalo zatshalwa ngesithombe sokuthatha izithombe samahora ayi-16, ku-phytoluminostat enezindlela ezimbili zokukhanya ezikhanyayo ngamalambu we-LD-30W ekukhanyiseni okukhulu kwe-130 W / m2.
Ucwaningo lwezakhiwo ze-biocontrol zomkhiqizo wemvelo. Ukusebenza okungokoqobo komkhiqizo webhayoloji uTrichoplant kwafundwa ekuhlolweni kwemodeli kusetshenziswa amasiko ahlanzekile wesitimu sokukhiqiza I-Trichoderma longibrachiatum I-GF 2/6 ne-phytopathogenic micromycetes (IClosposporium cucumerinum, I-Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium solani, I-Fusarium sporotrichioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora infestans, I-Alternaria sp.) ahlukaniswe ezitshalweni ezithintelwe izifo ezahlukahlukene: i-spike fusarium, i-fusarium wilt, i-alternariosis, i-rhizoctoniosis, njll. Ukusebenza kahle kwendalo maqondana ne-phytopathogenic micromycetes kunqunywe indlela yesiko ephindwe kabili kwi-potato-glucose agar (GOST 12044-93) ngokwendlela echazwe kumfanekiso URudakova (1981, k. 44, njengoba kuchitshiyelwe). Ukusebenza kwemvelo T. endeibrachiatum I-GF 2/6 maqondana ne-phytopathogenic micromycetes, ekhonjwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokusebenzisana, yahlolwa futhi yaphawulwa ngokwesiko elichazwe kuPat. I-SU No. 1671684 enezengezo nezinguquko. Ukusungula ubudlelwane be-microparasitic, amalungiselelo we-microscopic wohlobo lwe- "iconsi elichotshoziwe" alungiswa ngokuya ngezindlela ezamukelwa ngokuvamile ku-mycology, ezazingamacroscopic futhi ezithwetshulwa kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-LOMO MIKMED-6 var 7 ngesisetshenziswa esiphikisana nesigaba.
Izici zokukhuthaza ukukhula komkhiqizo we-Trichoplant biological. Njengoba kukhonjiswe izifundo ngaphansi kwethonya lomkhiqizo webhayoloji i-TRIHOPLANT, amandla wokumila akhuphuke ngo-3.0-12.5%, kanti ukuhluma kwembewu amasiko afundwayo akhule ngo-7.7-19.0% (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Umphumela womkhiqizo we-Trichoplant wezinto eziphilayo ekushintsheni kwamandla kokumila nokumila kwembewu yezilimo ezahlukahlukene (X ± Sx)Njengoba izifundo zibonisile, ngaphansi kwethonya lomkhiqizo webhizinisi we-TRIHOPLANT, izinkomba ezinjengobungane bokumila kwembewu bukhuphukile (ngo-0.8-1.4%, Ithebula 2), kepha isikhathi esimaphakathi imbewu eyodwa yahluma ngaso (izinga lokuhluma kwembewu lenyuka ngo-0, Izinsuku eziyi-6-1.0, itafula 3). Ukwelashwa kwezimbewu ngomkhiqizo wemvelo weTrichoplant nakho kwaba nomthelela ovuselelayo ekhonweni lezimbewu zokwenza izithombo eziqinile: amandla okukhula kwembewu akhuphuka ngo-0.5-2.4 rel. (ithebhu 5).
Ithebula 2. Umphumela womkhiqizo wemvelo weTrichoplant ekushintsheni kobungani bokuhluma kwembewu yezilimo ezahlukahlukene (X ± Sx) 
Ithebula 3. Umphumela womkhiqizo wemvelo weTrichoplant ekushintsheni kwezinga lokuhluma kwembewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene (X ± Sx)Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo, inqwaba yamakhukhamba asePhoenix 640 yiwo asabela kakhulu esenzweni somkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo, maqondana nalokho, kwenziwa ezinye izifundo ngalolu siko. Ucwaningo lwethonya lomuthi i-TRIHOPLANT ekuphakameni kwezindiza zezitshalo zamakhukhamba ngosuku lwe-7, lwe-14 nolwe-21 lubonise ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula okuhlukahlukene kokuhlola, ukuphakama kwezingxenye zasemoyeni zezitshalo zamakhukhamba ezinhlobonhlobo zePhoenix 640 ngosuku lwe-7 nele-14. ikhuphuke ngo-12.5-39.1% (ithebula. 5).
Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa, ukwelashwa kwezitshalo zamakhukhamba nomkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo Trichoplant kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwesisindo esimanzi sezingxenye zezindiza ngo-21.7% kanye nesisindo esimanzi sohlelo ngo-2.2%. Ukwelashwa kweTrichoplant nakho kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwe-biomass yezitshalo ezomile: maqondana nokulawula, isisindo sengxenye yengxenye yezindiza sikhuphuke ngo-0.12 g (41.7%), kanye nesisindo sohlelo lwezimpande, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sehle ngo-0.019 g (noma u-5.9%) ( ithebula 6).
Ithebula 4. Umphumela womkhiqizo wemvelo weTrichoplant ekushintsheni kwamandla okukhula kwezilimo ezahlukahlukene (X ± Sx) 
Ithebula 5. Umphumela womkhiqizo wemvelo weTrichoplant ekhulisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo zezikhukhamba zePhoenix 640 ngokunakekelwa kwezimpande okukodwa 
Ithebula 6. Umphumela womkhiqizo wemvelo weTrichoplant ezinqubweni zokuqokelelwa kwe-biomass yizitshalo zamakhukhamba zezinhlobonhlobo zePhoenix 640Biocontrol izindawo zohlobo I-Trichoderma longibrachiatum Gf 2/6. Ucwaningo lokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo kohlobo olusebenzayo I-Trichoderma longibrachiatum I-GF 2/6, ekucindezeleni ukukhula kwamakholoni we-phytopathogenic micromycetes - ama-pathogens we-tracheomycosis, fusarium, ukubola kwezimpande nokubona, njengesibonelo I-Fusarium avenaceum, F. solani futhi F. sporotrichioides; I-Alternaria sp., Phytophthora infestans, Rhizoctonia solani, IClosposporium cucumerinum kukhombisile lokho T. endeibrachiatum kusukela osukwini lwesithathu lokubumbana ngokubambisana nama-phytopathogen, kukhombisa ukumelana komhlaba ngokuhlukumeza, kunciphisa ukukhula kwekoloni lama-phytopathogen ebusweni bomthambo ophakathi nendawo (Umdwebo 1).
Ngosuku lwe-4 - lwe-5 lokutshala ngokubambisana, ukwehla kwezinga lokukhula kwekholoni lama-pathogen we-mycoses ngokuqala kokubonakaliswa kwe-antotic kanye ne-alimentary antagonism kwaphawuleka kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezifundwayo, okwathi ngosuku lwe-7 kwabonakaliswa njengokwanda kolonyoni lwe-trichoderma kwikholoni yama-pathogen (Fig. 1, 2) . Ngokuqhubeka kokutshala, amakoloni ama-phytopathogens acindezelwa ngokuphelele yi-Trichoderma colony, futhi ukuhlolisiswa kwama-microscopic kwamakoloni anjalo kukhombisa isithombe sokuhlakazeka okuqondile I-Trichoderma ku-phytopathogen (Fig. 5).
U-fig. 1. Umphumela weTrichoderma longibrachiatum GF 2/6 ushintsho ekukhuleni kwamakholoni we-phytopathogenic micromycetes - ama-pathogens we-tracheomycosis, fusariosis, i-olive amabala, i-rhizoctonia, i-alternariosis kanye nokulimala sekwephuzile. 
U-fig. 2. Guqula ku-morphology yamakoloni we-phytopathogenic micromycetes lapho etshalwe ngokuhlangene noT. Longibrachiatum GF 2/6 ngezinsuku eziyi-7: a - Fusarium avenaceum, b - Fusarium solani, c - Fusarium sporotrichioides, d - Cladosporium cucumerinum, e - Phytopopholumum - Rhizoctonia solani, w-Alternaria sp. 
U-fig. 3. I-Alimentary fungistatic antagonism (i-parasitism eqondile) ye-T. longibrachiatum GF 2/6 (ekhulisiwe × 16): indawo yokukhula yekholoni yeTrichoderma; b - ukukhula kwe-Trichoderma kanye ne-parasitism zone ku-F. solani (I) noma ku-F. sporotrichioides (II); c - ikoloni likaF. solani (I) noma uF. sporotrichioides (II). 
U-fig. 4. I-parasitism eqondile ye-T. longibrachiatum GF 2/6 maqondana nemikhakha yeCladosporium cucumerinum (a), i-Phytophthora infestans (b), Rhizoctonia solani (c) (ekhulisiwe × 16) 
U-fig. 5. I-Hyphae ye-T. longibrachiatum GF 2/6 (ekhonjiswe ngemicibisholo) engena phytopathogenic micromycete mycelium hyphae Rhizoctonia solani (magn. X 1600)Isiphetho Ngakho-ke, ngokwemiphumela yezifundo, kwaqalwa ukuthi ukuhluma kwengqolowa, ikhukhamba kanye nembewu yamatamatisi kuqhathaniswa nesizinda somkhiqizo webhayoloji i-TRIHOPLANT kwenyusa amandla wokuhluma kwembewu ngo-3-12%, ukuhluma kwembewu yalezi izilimo ngo-7-19%, futhi kusiza ukukhulisa amandla okukhula kwembewu ngo-0, 5-2.4%. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo webhayoloji i-TRIHOPLANT, unomthelela ovuselelayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zamakhukhamba. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokwelashwa okukodwa, ukuphakama kwengxenye engenhla kwenyuka ngesilinganiso ngamaphesenti angama-25,8, isisindo esimanzi sengxenye engenhla senyuka ngama-21%, kanti ukuqoqwa kwendaba eyomile ngengxenye engenhla yezitshalo zamakhukhamba kukhuphuke ngo-41,7%.
Izifundo zezakhiwo ze-biocontrol zenqubo esebenzayo yomkhiqizo webhayoloji TRICHOPLANT - micromycete I-Trichoderma longibrachiatum faka i-GF 2/6 ngokumelene ne-phytopathogenic micromycetes I-Fusarium avenaceum, i-Fusarium solani, i-Fusarium sporotrichioides, i-Cladosporium cucumerinum, i-Phytophthora infestans, i-Rhizoctonia solani futhi I-Alternaria sp. kukhombisile ukuthi lobu bunzima bunobunzima obuthile bokusebenza kokuphilayo, i.e. maqondana namagciwane afundile wezifo zezitshalo akhombisa izakhiwo ze-biocontrol ezivezwa ku-parasitism ngqo (fungistatic alimentary antagonism) maqondana Ph. abavukuzi, Rh. solani, C. Cucumerinum, F. sporotrichioides, F. solani, F. avenaceum, futhi I-Alternaria sp; i-fungistatic antibiotic kanye ne-landagagismism antagonism - kunciphisa futhi kucindezela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium ye-phytopathogens maqondana F. avenaceum, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides, C. cocumerinum, Ph. abavukuzi, Rh. solani futhi I-Alternaria sp.
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