I-Pepino: Izici zokutshala nokukhiqiza kabusha

Ukuxhumana isikhathi eside ne-pepino kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwazi (yize kungenjalo ngokuphelele) izici zayo zemvelo, ubuchwepheshe bokulima. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu, bekuwukuthi sikwazi ukuvumelanisa lesi sitshalo se-perennial shrub semi-lignified, esingumhlali wasendaweni eseningizimu, kuzimo zethu futhi sisilime njengesitshalo sonyaka endaweni evulekile, sithola isivuno sezithelo ezinhle kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo besitshalo sethu esisha bufana nobuchwepheshe bezolimo utamatisi, ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, kokulondolozwa kwezitshalo zomama ebusika.

I-Pepino, iMelon Pear noma ikhukhamba elimnandi © Gavin Anderson

Ukuzalelwa kwe-Pepino

I-Pepino ingasakazwa ngembewu nokusikwa. Imbewu yezithelo esezikhulile inezimfanelo eziphakeme zokuhlwanyelwa - ukuhluma namandla wokuhluma. Sitshala imbewu ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari-ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari engxenyeni yenhlabathi ekhanyayo nethambile. Zincane, ngakho-ke asizimbozi emhlabathini, kodwa sizifafaza nje kancane.

Ukulonda umswakama, gubungela uhlaza ngefilimu noma ngengilazi. Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokuhluma kwembewu lingama-26- 28 ° C. Amahlumela avela ezinsukwini ezingama-5-7. Esigabeni samaqabunga eqiniso amabili noma amathathu, izithombo zigaxela emabhodweni nasezinkomeni, zijule kuma-cotyledons. Ukuvimbela isifo somlenze omnyama, sisebenzisa ingxube enenhlabathi enomhlabathi noma siyichithe ngaphambi kokutshala iziqukathi ezinesixazululo se-potanganum permanganate. Simboza izithombo zifakwe emanzini anosawoti ngefilimu (ngaphezulu kwama-arcs) ukugcina umswakama womoya nokusinda okungcono kwezithombo. Ngenyanga yokuqala zikhula kancane futhi ngesikhathi sokutshala endaweni evulekile zifinyelela ku-8-10 cm ukuphakama, zakha amaqabunga angama-7-8.

Manje sesenze lula ukutshalwa kwezithombo. Ngemuva kokubheka ikhono lokuhluma, sihlwanyela imbewu ngokushesha ama-2-3 ama-PC. zingene izinkomishi. Kuzo, izitshalo zikhula (ngaphandle kokuntywila) ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile. I-Expedition isiza ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombo. Isikhathi siyalondolozwa futhi uhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo alulimalanga futhi.

I-Pepino, iMelon Pear, noma ikhukhamba elimnandi. © Jade Craven

Ukuze ukhule i-pepino enhlanyelweni endaweni evikelekile futhi evulekile, kufanele wazi ukuthi noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-pepino ezinikeza imbewu ephelele. Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ezingafani, izithombo azigcini nje ngokuqhuma sekwedlule isikhathi, kodwa futhi zakha izithelo eziyindida, okuholela ekulahlekelweni ebumsulwa bezinhlobonhlobo.

Indlela ethembekile yokusakaza nokukhula usiki we-pepino osikiwe. Ukuqhekeka okuhlukanisayo kusuka ezitshalweni ezingasasebenzi kufanele kuqale maphakathi noFebhuwari. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sinqume ingxenye esetshenziswayo yehlumela ngamahlamvu ayi-7. Amacembe ama-2 aphansi ayasuswa, bese ama-2-3 alandelayo ancishiswa ngesigamu ukuze anciphise ukuhwamuka komswakama. Ngokuntuleka kwezitshalo zesibeletho, ingxenye engezansi yokudutshulwa enamakhompiyutha angama-4-5 nayo ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokutshala, nokususa nokunciphisa amaqabunga.

Kungcono ukusiphula izingcezu ezisikiwe ezijwayelekile, uma kungenjalo, esitsheni esingajulile. Beka kahle ukusika esitsheni akufanele kube. Kufanele kube namanzi anele ukuze amaqabunga aphansi wezinsika angangeni kuwo.

Ama-Pepino cuttings aqala cishe i-100% ngaphandle kwezivuseleli. Emazingeni okushisa amakamelo ajwayelekile (20-24 ° C) ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7, izimpande 1.5-2.0 cm noma ngaphezulu ubude zikhula kuma-cuttings ngesisindo. Lesi yisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokutshala izithombo ezisikiwe ezitshalweni noma ezinkomishini zepulasitiki ezilahliwe. Ngaphansi kwezinkomishi, udinga ukwenza izimbobo ezimbalwa ezincane zokukhipha amanzi amaningi lapho uthambisa. Inhlabathi esethangeni lokuhlwanyelwa kufanele ibe yikhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba izimpande ze-pepino zizwela ekushoneni komoya endaweni engaphansi.

I-Pepino, iMelon Pear, noma ikhukhamba elimnandi. © andreasbalzer

Izilimo zingatshalwa ezitshalweni ngaphandle kokukhula kwezimpawu emanzini. Kulokhu, badinga ukunaka kakhulu. Izimbambo kufanele zibe semhlabathini omanzi kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Ukusika okunjalo kuqala emavikini amabili. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iziqukathi ezinezihlahla ezisikiwe, ezinezithombo ezisikiwe ezifanele zibe ngaphansi kwefilimu ukuze zilondoloze umswakama ophakeme odingekayo ngalesi sikhathi.

Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi nokutshala izithombo

U-Pepino ukhetha inhlabathi evundile elula ene-acidity engathathi hlangothi. Abandulelayo abahle kakhulu izitshalo zokuqala zivunwa: ikhukhamba, u-anyanisi, ugarliki, ubhontshisi. Ngemuva kokuvuna okwandulelayo, sikhulula inhlabathi, siwukhule, siwugaye uma kungenzeka ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo.

Entwasahlobo, lapho inhlabathi ivuthwa, siyayikhulula ukuze kulondolozwe umswakama ngaphambi kokutshala. Ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo endaweni yemigqa yesikhathi esizayo (ibanga eliphakathi kwazo lingama-70 cm), silungiselela imisele engashayi phansi ukuze siphindwe kabili ububanzi befosholo bese sengeza umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo: emva komanduleli ongaphambi komanyolo - umquba noma umquba owenziwe kahle - 3-4 kg / m2, ngemuva kokungavundiswa - 6 7 kg / m2 nomlotha.

Sitshala izithombo emhlabathini ovulekile ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, lapho usongo lwama-frost wokubuya budlula. Sijikisa emigqeni ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu, sihlele izithombo ngephethini yokuhlola, sijule ngo-2 cm cm kunokukhula esitsheni. Izithombo zitshalwa emhlabathini omanzi ntambama noma kusihlwa. Ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo emugqeni zingama-40-50 cm. Ngemuva kokutshala, nisela izitshalo nenhlabathi eyomile ye-mulch. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuhwamuka komswakama futhi kuthuthukise izimo zokusinda kwezithombo. Ngokuya ngezimo zesimo sezulu, ukuthambisa kuyaphindwa ngezinsuku ezingama-2-3.

I-Pepino, iMelon Pear, noma ikhukhamba elimnandi. © Maure Briggs-Carrington

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, sitshalile izithombo ngasikhathi sinye samatamatisi - maphakathi no-Ephreli. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uthole izithelo ezivuthiwe emavikini ama-2-3 phambilini, kanye nokwelula uhlaza bese ngokwenza njalo ukhulisa umkhiqizo wezitshalo. Ukuvikela i-pepino eziqandeni ezingaba khona, ngaphezulu kwemigqa yezitshalo ezitshaliwe, sifaka isakhiwo esilula samabhulokhi ngokhuni noma ucingo oluqinisayo bese silimboza ngefilimu noma nge-spanbond. Ngaphansi kwefilimu ngokulandelana kwezitshalo, sibeka ithayela lokunisela lokudonsa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, izitshalo ziqala kahle futhi ziqale ukukhula. Lapho izinga lokushisa lenyuka ngezinsuku (amahora) ezinelanga, siphakamisa olunye uhlangothi lwephephelo ukuze izitshalo zingene umoya futhi zibe lukhuni.

Siveza i-pepino lapho isimo sezulu sizinzile futhi sizinzile (imvamisa ngoMeyi 5-10). Ngalesi sikhathi, izitshalo zinesikhathi sokuthatha izimpande, zikhule zibe namandla, ziqala ukukhula kakhulu. Manje yisikhathi sokufaka i-trellis. Eduze nomugqa ngamunye onesikhathi esingama-2-3 m sihamba singene emhlabathini kusekelwa ngokuqinile (ukuqina kwensimbi, amapayipi, njll. Cm 70-80 cm) Sidonsa kubo ngemigqa emithathu (ngemuva kuka-20 cm) ngocingo oluyisihloko olulodwa olungahambisi ngaphansi kwesisindo sezithelo.

Emavikini langu-2-3 ngemuva kwekuhlanyela, sicala kubumba bese sibopha titjalo. Imvamisa sishiya amahlumela akhule kahle ama-2-3, amanye asuswa ngaphandle kokuzisola. Amahlumela angakwesobunxele aboshelwe ku-trellis engezansi (umugqa ophansi wentambo): isiqu esiphakathi sithe mpo, esingakwesobunxele siphambukele ezinhlangothini.

Ukwamukela okuphoqelekile lapho kukhula izingane zepepino-step. Isitshalo sinamahlahla kakhulu futhi sakha ama-stepons amaningi. Ama-Stepsons ayasuswa lapho efika ku-3-5 cm ubude, ashiye ama-stumps amancane (0.5-1.0 cm) esiqwini, esivimba ukuvela kwama -onsons amasha emacaleni amaqabunga afanayo. Izitshalo zidinga ukutshala njalo - njalo ngeviki.

I-Pepino, iMelon Pear, noma ikhukhamba elimnandi. © Jade Craven

Njengoba sikhula, sibopha iziqu kune-trellis ephezulu. Isitshalo esingavinjelwa ngaphandle kokuncipha ngaphansi kwesisindo sokuqunjelwa saso esiningi bese silele enhlabathini, iziqu zinezimpande futhi empeleni azitheli izithelo.

U-Pasynkovanie no-garter ku-trellis bavumela izitshalo ukuba zisebenzise amandla omise welanga ngokukhanya. Asizibophisi izithelo kuma-trellis, ama-peduncle amade futhi ahlala isikhathi eside enza kube lula ukuzixhoma ku-trellis.

Ngenkathi yokukhula, izitshalo zivame ukukhombisa ukweqa - ama-stepons angenathemba athola ihlumela le-apical ekukhuleni futhi akhule amafindo angu-1-2 ngaphambi kwe-inflorescence elandelayo. Ukubashiyela okukodwa esiqwini, kungakhiwa isiqu esengeziwe, sandise ukukhula kwesitshalo.

Ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo okujwayelekile kujwayelekile: ukukhulula inhlabathi ngemigqa nangezikhala, ukususa ukhula, ukuthambisa njalo, ukugqoka ngaphezulu, ukubhubhisa izinambuzane namagciwane. Ukugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu kwenziwa ngemuva kokuba izithombo sezinezimpande. Sebenzisa ukumiliselwa kwe-mullein (1: 10) noma ukuphonsa inyoni (1: 20). Okwesibili lapho sondla izitshalo ngesikhathi kusungulwa izithelo ngalezi infusions noma ukumnika umanyolo oluhlaza (1:20). Ngemuva kokugqoka okungaphezulu, sinisela izitshalo. Isixazululo emaqabungeni sivele sihlanzwe ngamanzi.

Asisebenzisi umanyolo wezimbiwa. Uma kunesidingo, ungasebenzisa umanyolo wamaminerali (10 g we-ammonium nitrate, 15 g we-superphosphate ne-potassium sulfate nge-10 l lamanzi) ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kanye nasekuqalekeni kokuchichima okukhulu.

I-Pepino, iMelon Pear, noma ikhukhamba elimnandi. © Dezidor

Ukuvikelwa kwezinambuzane nezifo

Ingxubevange yezinambuzane nezifo enokulinyazwa okulinganiselwe kwe-pepino ayikakakhiwa. Izinhlobo ezithile kuphela zezinambuzane ezithola isitshalo esisha sokudla, zibangele ukulimala. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado, isicabucabu mite, ama-aphid (ikhabe, okuluhlaza peach), kanye ne-whitefly.

I-Pepino nezifo nazo ziyathinteka: izithombo “zichekwa” umlenze omnyama, ukubola kwamagciwane kubangelwa lapho inhlabathi igxotshwa amanzi, engxenyeni yesibili yesikhathi sokukhula, uma izimo ezinhle zokukhula komenzeli walesi sifo zibangelwa, ukulimala sekwephuzile kungenzeka.

Izitshalo nazo zizwela amagciwane asondelene. Kuqapheleka amacala angenwe wodwa ngegciwane leqabunga leqabunga - amaqabunga athintekile nge-bronze tint aphenduka abe mnyama futhi aqhekeke. Lesi sitshalo sikhula kalula futhi singakhuli izithelo ezivame ukukhula. Ukuvimbela ukwanda kwezinye izitshalo ngokuncela izinambuzane (aphid, cicadas), isihlahla esinjalo kufanele sisuswe.

Azikho izidakamizwa ezibhalisiwe zokulawula izinambuzane ngesikhathi sokutshala i-pepino e-Ukraine. Uma kunesidingo, ungasebenzisa ama-insecticides nama-fungicides anconyelwe ukuvikelwa ezinambuzaneni nasezifo zezitamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, esiseqoqweni elifanayo lezinto eziphilayo nge-pepino (umndeni we-nightshade). Ochwepheshe baphawula ukuzwela okukhulayo kwe-pepino kuzidakamizwa ezithile kanye namazinga okusebenzisa amukelekile kwezinye izilimo eziseduze zemifino. Ngakho-ke, kungakuhle ukuthi kuqala uphathe isiqu esisodwa sesitshalo ngomuthi onesilinganiso sokugeleza esinconyiwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abukho ubuthi benkambi yokusebenza.

Ukuvikela i-pepino ezinambuzaneni akudingekile ehlobo kuphela endaweni evulekile, kodwa futhi nasezakhiweni zezitshalo zesibeletho ebusika ngaphakathi ezindlini. Kungenzeka ukhawule ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zesicabucabu, ama-whiteflies, ama-aphid ezitshalweni ngesikhathi sasebusika ngokwelashwa ngama-insecticides lapho kulungiswa futhi kufakelwa izitshalo zesibeletho ebusika. Sebenzisa izidakamizwa ezinconyiwe ukuqeda lezi zinambuzane kuma-utamatisi nama-amaqanda amaqanda. Uma amalungiselelo ehambelana, ukwelashwa kungaqhutshwa ngengxube yesinambuzane (ukubulala ama-aphid nama-whiteflies) ne-acaricide (ukubulala izimbuzane zesicabucabu). Kepha udinga ukwenza lokhu ngaphambi kokudlulisela izitshalo egumbini lokuhlala ukuze kushunqiswe umusi ongathandeki futhi olimazayo wamalungiselelo avela ezitshalweni nasenhlabathini.

Ebusika, uma kunesidingo sokwelashwa ngokumelene nezinambuzane, kungcono ukusebenzisa ama-decoctions noma ama-infusions wezitshalo eziguquguqukayo (ama-marigolds, ugwayi, i-shag, i-yarrow, i-anyanisi husks, i-garlic), okumele ilungiselelwe ehlobo. Fafaza izitshalo nge-infusions kanye nama-decoctions ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7.

Uma kungekho zitshalo ze-phytoncid, kepha kunesidingo sokuqeda izinambuzane, ukwelashwa kwenziwa nge-actellic, 500 EC, c. (2 ml ilitha linye lamanzi) noma isifuba, c. r. K. (2-2.5 ml ilitha ngalinye lamanzi) egumbini elihlukile, ebheka zonke izindlela zokuphepha. Ngemuva kokumiswa, izitshalo zilethwa egumbini lokuhlala.

Ukulungiselela izitshalo zesibeletho

Izithelo ezitshalweni zisanda kuvuthwa, futhi kufanele vele unakekele ukukhula komzimba wesibeletho sesizini ezayo. Siqala ukukhulisa utshwala bomama kusuka ezinyangeni zezitshalo maphakathi no-Agasti ukuze kuthi lapho kuphela isikhathi sokukhula sebesungule uhlelo lwezimpande olwakhiwe kahle.

Izitshalo zobusika zingalungiswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:

Khulisa izitshalo ezisencane kusuka kuma-stepons ezakhiwe ngoJuni-Julayi. Fushisa iziqu ezinkulu, ushiye ama-stepons ambalwa kuphela. Uhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo selusunguliwe kakade, alupheli ngokuqothuka. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, izitshalo zibekezelela ngokuphepha isikhathi sasebusika.
Khulisa izitshalo kusuka ku-stepons engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti. Ama-Stepsons akhule ngo-Septhemba, nokupholisa ekuqaleni kwekwindla, awunaso isikhathi sokwenza isitshalo esiqinisiwe.
Izingane zokutholwa zitshalwa kangcono ngezitshalo zomama, lapho zizovikeleka khona emisebeni yesililo bese zinikezwa umswakama.
Khulisa izitshalo kusuka ezinyangeni zehlumela elinezimpande. Ukuze wenze lokhu, esihlahleni udinga ukushiya ihlumela elilodwa lengwe yangaphansi, unikeze ithuba lokukhula, bese ulitsala bese ulifaka emhlabathini. Ngokuthintana nenhlabathi enomswakama ekhasini, kukhula ama-stepons angaphezu kweshumi ambalwa futhi asevele enohlelo lwezimpande. Kuhlala ukusika isiqu bese utshala izitshalo eziqediwe.

Ngaphambi kokutshala, sika amaqabunga aphansi angu-1 - 2 bese utshala isitshalo esitsheni, ujule ngokwengeziwe kunamaqabunga asusiwe, ukuze izimpande ezingeziwe zivele. Engxenyeni esemoyeni yendodana yokutholwa, shiya amaqabunga angama-5-7, kusukela kowesifazane lapho izithombo ezintsha zizokhula khona, zakhe isitshalo esihlangene.

Ukulondolozwa kwezitshalo zesibeletho

Izitshalo ezilungiselelwe ubusika, ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, sinokwehla kwamazinga okushisa ebusuku kuze kube ngu-14-15 ° C, sikhipha inhlama yomhlaba, ngaphandle kokulimaza uhlelo lwezimpande. Sibeka esitsheni esihambelana nevolumu yokwebiwa okuchithiwe. Phansi kwesitsha, uthele ubumba olwandisiwe lokudonsa amanzi kanye nengqimba yengxube yenhlabathi elungiselelwe. Ngaphansi kwesitsha sakha izimbobo zokudonsa amanzi ngokudonsa kwamanzi okunisela.

Sishiya izitshalo ezitshaliwe izinsuku eziningi emgwaqweni ukuze zikhule kangcono. Izinqubo zokukhula kwe-pepino zimiswa ekushiseni kwe-12-13 ° C. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zilethwa egumbini ngesikhathi. Sibabeka emafasiteleni wewindows laseningizimu futhi sinakekele izinto ezijwayelekile zasendlini.

Izitshalo ezivezwe ohlangothini olusenyakatho, ezikhathini zeqhwa, lapho izinga lokushisa lekamelo lehlela ngaphansi kuka-10-6 C C (kucatshangelwa ukusondela kwamaqabunga kufreyimu yewindi) kungawashiya amaqabunga. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ngemuva kwamaviki amaqabunga ama-2 amaqabunga akhula amahlumela, ama-stepons akhula ezonweni zawo futhi ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli angabe esevele enzelwe ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Izitshalo ziphendula ngokubonga ekubuyiselweni emuva, okuphawuleka ngokwengeziwe ekukhuleni, amaqabunga athola umbala oqinile. Uma kufiswa, izitshalo ezingaphezulu zingakwazi ukuqhubeka zikhule ngaphakathi (kuvulandi, kwi-loggia), kudluliselwe esitsheni esikhulu.

Lapho izitshalo zomama zivunwa ngesibalo esikhulu kunokuba zibekwe ezindaweni zokuhlala, isitshalo uqobo siyasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga yokugcina, isici sayo semvelo ukuthambekela kwayo esikhathini esijwayelekile esijwayelekile ezitshalweni zezihlahla nezihlahla.

Izitshalo ze-uterine zingagcinwa kuwo womabili amakamelo ukukhanya nokukhanya. Ukulungiselela ukugcinwa kwezitshalo okunje kulandela: ukunisela kanye nokudla kwezitshalo kuncishiswa kancane kancane, izinga lokushisa lincishiswe libe ngu-5-6 ° C ngaphezulu kwamaviki ayi-3-4. Izinqubo ze-metabolic nokukhula zihamba kancane, isitshalo siyalahla.

Umswakama ukuvimba ukukhula kwezifo zokukhunta kufanele ube phansi, umoya omncane kufanele ube muhle, futhi ukuchelela ezingeni ukuze izimpande zingakhuli. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isikhathi sokuphumula sithatha izinyanga ezi-1.5-2 (Disemba-Janawari).

Ngokuqala kwezimo ezinhle zokukhanya, izitshalo zidluliselwa egumbini eliqhakazile, eliniselwa ngamanzi afudumele, londliwe futhi selikhulile kuze kube maphakathi no-Ephreli, lapho kufika isikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezimpande zamahlumela kanye nama-stepons asekhulile.