I-Phytophthora, eyeqe umkhawulo wobubi, isishayo sangempela sabalimi. Lesi sifo siyingozi kakhulu esikhaleni esilinganiselwe samahholo okugcina izithombo nezindawo ezishisayo. Ngezinsuku ezingama-2-3, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo, kuze kufike ku-70% wesitshalo samatamatisi. Ukulimala okuhamba kwesikhathi kubhebhetheka yi-zoospores egcwele izinsalela zamaqabunga, iziqu zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, emhlabathini, emaphepheni nakwezinye izingxenye zokwakha nokusetshenziswa kwamahholo okugcina izithombo eduze nendawo yokubamba ukushisa. Zigcina ukusebenza kwazo iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 futhi ziyakwazi ukuzihlalela emhlabathini ama-degree angama-20- 30 weqhwa. Ngakho-ke, ukubulala amagciwane ngokuphelele konyaka wegreenhouse kuyadingeka ngokushesha, okuzosusa ama-phytophthora spores futhi kuvikele ukuqala kwalesi sifo esikhathini esisha.
I-Phytophthora endaweni ebamba ukushisa - izindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula.
Ilungiselela abamba ukushisa ngemuva kokulimaza sekwephuzile kwesizini ezayo
Emzabalazweni wokulimaza sekwephuzile, asikho isibulala-zinambuzane esihlukile esingafafaza abamba ukushisa - kanti nokulimala sekwephuzile kubhujisiwe. Ukusebenza kokulwa kunqunywa yiqoqo lomsebenzi wasekwindla-entwasahlobo kanye nokuxilongwa okuhlala njalo ukukhomba lesi sifo ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe, ukuqaliswa kwesikhathi kwezinyathelo zokuvikela.
Ukulungiswa kwegreenhouse yesizini ezayo kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezi-2:
- Ukuhlanza kwangaphandle kanye nokubulala amagciwane endawo nohlaka lwendawo eluhlaza uqobo;
- umsebenzi wangaphakathi kwi-disinitness yohlaka, izakhiwo nenhlabathi.
Ukulungiswa kwegreenhouse kusuka ngaphandle
Ngemuva kokuvunwa, isikhala esizungeze i-greenhouse siyadedelwa emigqonyeni ephukile namathuluzi. Onke amathuluzi okusebenza asetshenziswa phakathi nenkathi (amafosholo, izihlahla, amasoseji, imimese, njll.) Ayalungiswa, abulawe amagciwane, bese edluliselwa egumbini elomile elikhethiwe.
Baqoqa futhi bacekele phansi amaqabunga awele nxazonke kule ndawo ebamba ukushisa, izinsalela zokhula ezomile nokunye imfucumfucu lapho ama-zoospores we-phytophthora, ezinye izifo kanye nezinambuzane kungabusika.
Isembozo esiphezulu se-greenhouse sihlanzwe ngokuphelele kusuka othulini. Kungenzeka ngensipho nangamanzi, kepha kungcono ngokusetshenziswa kwama-disinfectants. Ukhubaza i-greenhouse kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile, sebenzisa ikhambi le-bleach noma i-sulfate yethusi.
Ukunaka! Lapho usebenza namagciwane namanye amakhemikhali, qiniseka ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu.
Uma abamba ukushisa bembozwe ngenhlanganisela ekhipha ubusika, ngemuva kokugeza isuswe ngokucophelela, igoqwe futhi igcinwe egumbini elomile nelinhlanzekile. Hlola uzimele wegreenhouse, wenze ukulungiswa okudingekayo.
Uma abamba ukushisa bembozwe nge-polycarbonate noma kukhazimulile, khona-ke kwenziwa umsebenzi wokulungisa ingilazi noma ukulungisa izingxenye ezilimele ze-polycarbonate. Iziqeshana ezisekuhambeni zivalwe nge-sealant. Lapho-ke ingaphandle lekhava eluhlaza kanye nohlaka uqobo lugezwa kahle. Isithwathwa sisuswa njalo e-greenhouse phakathi nobusika.
Ukwehlisa ukutholakala kwendawo eseduzane ne-greenhouse, i-nightshade, ikakhulukazi amazambane (isivuno esithinteka kakhulu yi-blight sekwephuzile) asikaze sitshalwe eduzane nokubamba ukushisa.
Imiyalo yokwenza umsebenzi wangaphakathi ku-greenhouse
Ukuze ulungiselele kahle futhi ubulale amagciwane phytophthora ovela ngaphakathi kwegreenhouse, kusebenza ngokwengeziwe ukwenza wonke umsebenzi ngokulandelayo:
Uhlelo lonke lokunisela lokunisela oluvulekile (hoses, imiphongolo yokunisela, iziqukathi, amathuluzi, njll.) Luyasuswa. Geza, ukhipha amagciwane bese uwadlulisela egumbini lokusetshenziswa.
Bahlanza izakhiwo zegreenhouse kusuka emashalofini, emabhodini, kuma-racks, kwizikhonkwane, ezinsaleleni zamawele. Hlunga, kumele kube magciwane, omisiwe futhi agcinwe endlini.
Imibhede iyahlanza imfucuza yesitshalo - imithombo engaba khona yokulimala sekwephuzile. Susa iziqongo nezimpande, ezingcolile, ezinezifo, izithelo ezingavuthiwe nokunye okomdaka wesitshalo. Amacembe anempilo (isibonelo, ukhukhamba) angabekwa ngezinqwaba zomquba. Yonke imifino kanye nodoti osuswe ku-greenhouse, ikakhulukazi uma izilimo zithintwe yi-blight sekwephuzile, kufanele zishiswe.
Ngaphambi kokubulala amagciwane, lo greenhouse “uyageza”, ukonga igumbi eluthulini nasekungcoleni. Geza ingaphakathi, kufaka phakathi uhlaka, ngamanzi anensipho noma ngokufakwa kwe-sulfate yethusi. Izakhiwo zensimbi ezibunjiwe ziyagezwa nge-9% uviniga.
Ngemuva kokwenza umsebenzi ojwayelekile, kuthathwa izixazululo ze-magciwane ezivela ekulimaleni sekwephuzile nemishini edingekayo.
Isixazululo esilungiselelwe se-lime esisanda kufakwa esisuka odongeni lwangemuva kwendlu eluhlaza siye eminyango senziwe mhlophe, ngokweqiniso, sifakwe ngokumiswa okuqinile kwazo zonke izinhlaka zamapulangwe abamba ukushisa, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izindawo okulula ukufinyelela kuzo, imifantu, uphahla, ukubopha okuqinile, okuxhaswayo okuthunyelwe, njll. Uhlaka lwensimbi noma izingxenye zensimbi ngazinye ku-greenhouse kumele zidwetshwe. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukupenda, khona-ke baphathwa nge-Bordeaux ewuketshezi.
Uma ekwindla akakwazanga ukukhipha amagciwane abamba ukushisa kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile, khona-ke entwasahlobo emavikini ama-3-4 ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi wezikhathi ezithile, lo greenhouse uyagezwa, phansi kwamapulangwe nokunye okusele kohlaka kufakwe mhlophe ngokhilimu, ozimele bensimbi baphathwa ngo-9% uviniga. Igumbi ligcinwa livaliwe izinsuku ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-5, lingena umoya futhi liphathwa nge-biofungicides (bheka isigaba esithi "Ukusetshenziswa Kwokulungiswa Kwebhayoloji" ngezansi).
Khumbula! Lapho usebenza nezixazululo zamakhemikhali, qiniseka ukuthi ulandela imithetho yokuvikelwa kwempilo yomuntu siqu: isiphefumulo, izibuko, isigqoko, amagilavu, izicathulo nezingubo zangaphandle.
Izindlela zokukhipha igciwane endaweni ebamba ukushisa kusuka ku-phytophthora
Izindlela zokubulala amagciwane eGreenhouse zingahlukaniswa:
- amakhemikhali;
- kwemvelo;
- izinga lokushisa;
- yinkimbinkimbi.
Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali
Ukubulala magciwane okulula ukufinyeleleka kwegumbi nezixazululo:
- i-bleach;
- ulamula oshibhile;
- isixazululo esihlanganisiwe se-sulfate yethusi;
- okusalungiswa kwesibabule;
- fungicides amakhemikhali.
Ukupheka blach I-0.5-1.0 kg yento eyomile ichithwa ku-10 l wamanzi. Bafaka amahora angama-3-4, bahlunge bese befafaza yonke ingaphakathi, bagcobe ngokuphelele zonke izakhiwo zokhuni (ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe ngokumelana nokubola). I-Hermetically ivaliwe izinsuku ezingama-2-3, bese ingena umoya. Ngemuva kokuxhaswa kusuka kumafutha we-bleach lime, uhlaka lwamapulangwe luphathwa ngesisombululo se-5-10% se-sulfate yethusi, futhi uhlaka lwensimbi lupendiwe (okungenani emva kweminyaka engu-2-3).
Ungakhubaza igumbi ngesisombululo ukhilimu otshisiwe. Izithako ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa isisombululo se-lime esikhanyayo: ama-3-4 kg of lime asanda kufakwa ahlanganiswa ne-0.5 kg ye-sulfate yethusi kanye nama-10 l amanzi. Ukumiswa ngobukhulu kucekele phansi uhlaka lwamapulangwe, ukwakhiwa kwezitini nazo zonke izindawo lapho microflora ye-pathogenic ingazisebenzela ngokungafanele.
I-vitriol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ubhekana kahle nokulimala sekwephuzile. Isixazululo esigcwalisiwe silungiswa kusuka ku-100-150 g ye-vitriol nge-10 l lamanzi futhi ngalesi simo zonke izindawo zokuqongelela ama-microflora we-pathogenic zenziwe mhlophe ngokuphelele.
Ezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubulala amagciwane, ezaziwa kakhulu kunazo zonke isigaxa sesibabule. Indlela ithatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu nezindleko zabasebenzi. Intuthu ingena kuzo zonke izindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka egumbini, kungashiyi thuba lokulimaza sekwephuzile. Kufakwa izigaxa zesibabule 100-150 g emigqonyeni yensimbi. Imigqomo nesibabule kuxutshwe uphalafini, ube neyodwa ngamamitha-skwele ayi-1,0-1,5. m yendawo eluhlaza okomlilo futhi yasha ngomlilo, isuka odongeni olungasemuva iyaphuma egumbini.
Igumbi elelashwa kusukela ekulimaleni okuthe xaxa libekwa uphawu ngokuyisisekelo futhi lishiywe izinsuku ezingama-4-5, bese lingena umoya. Umsebenzi kumele wenziwe nge-respirator, goggles kanye nezingubo zokuvikela. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-anhydride e-sulphurous eyenziwe ngenkathi kushiswa isibabule iyingozi empilweni yomuntu nasezilwaneni.
Ukugcotshwa kwesibabule kungenziwa ngamasheke akhiwe ngomumo enzelwe "Fas", "Isimo sezulu", "Volcano". Indlela yokusebenzisa ichaziwe kwiphakheji.
Khumbula! Uma ifreyimu yendawo eluhlaza ibunjwe yensimbi futhi ingapendiwe, ukufakwa kwesibabule kwesibabule akunakusetshenziswa ngenxa yokwenza kusebenze izinqubo zokugqwala.
Imakethe yamakhemikhali inikeza inani elihlukahlukene, elisebenzayo fungicides amakhemikhaliokusabalalisa ngokushesha igciwane le-phytophthora igumbi nenhlabathi ku-greenhouse. Kubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwesibabule, i-iron, i-zebus, ithusi, i-manganese nezinye, okufaka ingozi enkulu empilweni nasempilweni yabantu nasezilwaneni.
Ngakho-ke, ezimeni ezizimele kungcono ukuthi ungazisebenzisi noma uzisebenzise ngokunakekela okukhulu, ulandela ngokusobala zonke izincomo zokusebenzisana nezinto ezinjalo. Izimo zokusebenza nge-fungicides nezinye izidingo zihlala zibhalwa kwiphakheji noma njengohlelo lokusebenza lokuncoma.
I-Chemic fungicides evela ekulimaleni sekwephuzile ingasetshenziswa ngohlobo lwe-fumigation noma lwe-fafaza, olunconywa ukuthi lwenziwe ekuseni noma kusihlwa endaweni yokushisa yegumbi ebangeni + 10 ... + 25 ° С.
E-fungicides yamakhemikhali kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile, kunganconywa ukutholakala kwegciwane gumbi ngokufafaza:
- "I-Ecocide-S", isixazululo esingu-5%;
- I-Virkon-S, isixazululo esingu-2-3%;
- I-Virocid, isixazululo esingu-1%.
- "I-Oksikhom", isixazululo esingu-2-3%;
- "I-Abiga peak", isixazululo esingu-3-5%.
Izisombululo ezisebenzayo zifafaza izakhiwo, zibashiye zivaliwe izinsuku ezingama-2-3, bese zingena umoya futhi zomile.
I-Chloropicrin isetshenziselwa ukukwakha izakhiwo nayo, ichitha u-15-40 g wezinto ngemitha yobubanzi. Ukucutshungulwa kwenziwa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe- + 12 ° C. Igumbi ligcinwa livaliwe izinsuku ezingama-3-5, bese lidayiswa.
Ukwelashwa okushisa
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kusuka ekulimeni sekwedlule isikhathi kungathathelwa indawo "ukubola" kwelanga kwegumbi. Uma ekwindla kushisa futhi komile, vala igumbi. Amazinga okushisa ngaphakathi akhuphuka aze afike ku-35 ° C. Igumbi elinophawu olungamatshe angakwazi ukumelana namahora amaningi kuya kwezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu. Ama-Zoospores at lokushisa lika + 30 ° C anciphisa umsebenzi wawo, futhi ngo-35 ° C baqala ukufa. Ngokwemvelo, umthombo wesifo awufi ngokuphelele, kepha igumbi lisulwa ngamagciwane ngama-70-80%.
Ezifundeni ezibandayo, isetshenziswa ngokuphelele ukulwa ne-blight sekwephuzile nezinye izifo. abamba ukushisa "okokuqandisa". Isebenza ngokugcina izithombo zokugcina izithombo ezincane. Ebusika obubandayo, lo greenhouse ushiywe uvulekile izinsuku eziningana. Akudingekile ukumboza inhlabathi ngeqhwa, ngoba i-phytophthora overwinter kahle ngaphansi kwengqimba yayo ye-zoospore. Ngemuva kokubanda, inhlabathi ebamba ukushisa imbozwe yiqhwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo
Ekhaya, ikakhulukazi uma izingadi zokugcina izithombo zincane, kungcono ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo wemvelo ukubulala amagciwane abamba ukushisa kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile. Le mishanguzo yathuthukiswa ngesisekelo se-microflora enhle engenangozi kubantu, enekhono lokucindezela izifo fungal iminyaka eminingana. Isimo kuphela: i-biofungicides ayisebenzi emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ukwelashwa kwegumbi ngezixazululo ze-biofungicides kufanele kwenziwe ekushiseni kwegumbi okungenani + 12 ... + 14 ° C.
Ngokuthola igciwane lesakhiwo esisetshenziswayo umkhiqizo we-biological "Fitop-Flora-S". I-100 g yale nto iyoncibilika kumalitha ayi-10 wamanzi ancibilikile futhi igumbi lifafazwe kahle. Ngemuva kwamasonto ayi-1.5-2.0, ukufafaza kuyaphindwa.
I-Biofungidal "Fitosporin" zingabokuhlanzela indawo yonke abamba ukushisa. Isetshenziselwa ukucubungula amakamelo, inhlabathi nezitshalo ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngokufafaza izakhiwo, kulungiswa isixazululo esisebenzayo esigcwalisiwe (50 ml ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi) futhi igumbi liphathwa ngokucophelela. Ngemuva kokufafaza, i-greenhouse igcinwa ivaliwe izinsuku ezingama-4-5. Bese wenza omunye umsebenzi.
Ngendlela efanayo bacubungula abamba ukushisa I-Trichodermin, "I-Bactofit" neminye imikhiqizo yemvelo.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuluhlaza okuhlanganisiwe
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlu zokugcina izithombo bezisebenzisa isethi yezindlela zokulwa nokulimaza sekwephuzile: "ukubhangqa", "ukuqandisa" izakhiwo, kanye nokusebenza kwezitshalo ngenkathi ngemikhiqizo yemvelo "Fitosporin-M", "Alirin-B", "Krezatsin", "Trichoplant", "Bactofit "," Planzir "nabanye. Le mishanguzo efanayo iyasebenza nasekubulaleni amagumbi nenhlabathi. Imithamo eningiliziwe nemibandela yokusetshenziswa kwe-biofungicides ichazwa ngokuningiliziwe kwiphakheji, okufakweni noma ezincomeni ezihambisana nakho.
Okwezindawo zokugcina izithombo zasendlini, ezamukelekayo kakhulu ngokwezindleko zabasebenzi, izindleko nokuphepha kwezempilo ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kwezinga lokushisa nezindlela zemvelo zokucubungula izakhiwo, kunikeza ukuvikela okusebenzayo ekulimaleni okufika futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uvune imifino yezolimo.
Iqoqo lezindlela zokuvimbela ukulwa ne-phytophthora ku-greenhouse iyisivikelo sesitshalo esingcono kakhulu sesizini ezayo.
Ukubulala magciwane inhlabathi ebamba ukushisa kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile
Endaweni evikelekile, umhlabathi obamba ukushisa uphulukana ngokushesha nokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo, unciphise ukuzala, ukhuphule i-acidity, futhi uqongelela izitshalo nezilwane ezinama-pathogenic. Ukwengeza isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-greenhouse, umhlabathi obamba ukushisa kumele uphulukiswe ngokuhlelekile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningi.
Okungenangozi kakhulu emvelweni, abantu nezilwane - ukufakwa kwenhlabathi okugcwele noma okuyingxenye endaweni ebamba ukushisa. Le ndlela ilula kakhulu, kepha ithatha isikhathi futhi ilungele kakhulu izithombo zokugcina izithombo ezincane. Imvamisa, kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2-3 (kungenzeka futhi ngonyaka), ungqimba olukhulu lomhlabathi olungamasentimitha ayi-10-25 lususwa ngokucophelela bese luyiswa endaweni elungiselelwe, lapho kwakhiwa khona “ikhekhe elingqimba” lisuselwa emhlabeni osetshenzelwe, iziqongo ezomile ezinempilo, amaqabunga ekwindla, umquba.
Ungqimba ngalunye olunobude obungu-5-15 cm luyachithwa ngesikhathi esifudumele ngamanzi noma ngesisombululo seBaikal EM-1, Ekomik, Trichoplant, Azotofit nabanye. Ukuqamba usebenzisa izixazululo zale mikhiqizo ye-biological kunomthelela ekubhujisweni kwe-microflora emibi nasekusebenzeni ngokushesha izinto zokutshala.
Ukushiswa okuhlala njalo kusheshisa inqubo bese kuthi emva kweminyaka emi-2 umhlabathi obuyekeziwe usetshenziselwe izilimo zasengadini. Njengomthetho, ungqimba oluphezulu lwenziwa kabusha ngehlathi noma ngenhlabathi yensimu noma ngenhlabathi, engaze isetshenziselwe imifino nezinye izitshalo zasengadini, ayizange iphathwe ngokulungiswa kwamakhemikhali. Ingaphezulu lensimbi elivuselelwe liphulwe ngemibhede futhi lihlwanyelwe umquba oluhlaza obusika, ozocebisa inhlabathi ngezinto ezi-organic futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uchithe ingxenye ye-microflora ebuhlungu (bheka isihloko esithi “Umquba onjani oluhlaza ongawuhlwanyela ekwindla”).
Ukwenza ngcono ingaphezulu lendlu eluhlaza kungenziwa ngenye indlela. Inhlabathi yakudala engxenyeni enamasentimitha ayi-15- 20 ingakwazi ukuhlungwa ngokoqobo noma ukusulwa ngokuvinjwa okuvuleke kakhulu (0.3-0.5 cm). Umhlabathi uzohlanzwa izimpande ngokweqile, izinsalela zokubola, nezinye izinambuzane. Umhlabathi ohlanziwe uhlwanyelwa ngomquba oluhlaza.
Ngokutheleleka okunamandla kwenhlabathi nge-blight sekwephuzile, umphumela wokuhlanza ophezulu utholakala ngokutshala lwesinaphi esimhlophe isizini eyodwa. Okokuqala, inhlabathi iphathwa nge lime, bese ihlwayiya emhlophe ihlwanyelwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kucishe kuhlanze ngokuphelele inhlabathi ye-pathogen phytophthora (bheka isihloko esithi "Yimuphi umquba oluhlaza ongawuhlwanyela entwasahlobo").
Ema-dachas nasezindaweni zomuntu siqu engadini kungcono ukuzisebenzisa indlela yokubulala amagciwane emhlabathini. Isebenza kakhulu ngokuhlanganiswa nokulungiswa kwangaphambi kokushisa.
Ngemuva kokucubungula lo greenhouse nge-bleach, lime elithambile, i-sulphate yethusi, ingxenye yesisombululo ingena emhlabathini. Hlanganisa ungqimba ongaphezulu ngokukhulula. Sinikeza inhlabathi eyomile elangeni. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme enhlabathini elomile futhi lifudumeza ilanga (+ 30 ... + 35 ° С) lizobhubhisa ingxenye ebalulekile ye-microflora ye-pathogenic futhi ithuthukise inhlabathi.
Uma ekwindla bebengenaso isikhathi sokwenza umsebenzi wokuqeda ukonakala kwenhlabathi kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile, khona-ke kwenziwa amasonto angama-2-4 ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi wezinkathi zonyaka entwasahlobo. Inhlabathi ithululelwa ngamanzi ashisayo, embozwe ifilimu lokujula okujulile.
Lezi zindlela zombili zokushisa zingagcini nje ngokubhubhisa hhayi kuphela ingxenye ye-pathogenic, kodwa futhi ne-microflora enenzuzo. Ngemuva kokusolwa ngaleli gciwane, inhlabathi idinga ukuvuselelwa. Ukubuyisa i-microflora ezuzisayo, uma kunesidingo, inhlabathi iyanyiswa, ilethwe ekushiseni kuka + 12 ... + 14 ° C futhi iphathwe nesixazululo seBaikal EM-1, Ekomik, Radiance, noma ihlakazeke nge-Emochka-Bokashi, evalwe ngophawu futhi yembozwe ngezinto zokuhlanganisa .
Endaweni efudumele nenomswakama, ama-microorganisms asebenzayo (EM) aqala ukwanda kakhulu, esebenzisa i-microflora ye-pathogenic njengokudla. Ukuze ulondoloze inhlabathi enempilo ngesikhathi somsebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, cishe isikhathi esingu-1 njalo emavikini ama-2, kufakwa ama-biofungicides afanayo enhlabathini ngokunisela ngendlela yokwelapha izitshalo - “Gamair”, “Alirin-B”, “Trichoplant”, “Haupsin”, I- "Fitosporin-M" nezinye. Ungazilungiselela kanjani izixazululo ze-biofungicides zokulimaza kukhonjiswe kuzincomo ezihambisana naleso noma ngokufakwa kwomuthi.
Ekhaya, nabantu abaphangisayo abathanda ukwenza yonke into ngokushesha nje abanconywa ukuthi basebenzise inhlabathi yegreenhouse ngamakhemikhali.
Kusuka izindlela zamakhemikhali zokulimaza kusuka ekulimaleni okugcina sekwephuzile ezindlini zokugcina izithombo kuvunyelwe ukuphatha inhlabathi ngesisombululo esishisayo se-potassium permanganate (umbala omnyama opinki) noma isixazululo se-sulfate yethusi, esilungiselelwe ngesilinganiso sama-25-30 g somuthi ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokulashwa kwenhlabathi, ukugaya kwenziwa ku-bayonet engaphelelanga yesifosholo futhi umquba oluhlaza uyatshalwa. Kaningi nangokugxila okuphezulu, ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela zokukhubaza inhlabathi kunganconywa. AmaManganese ne-zethusi, okuyingxenye kasawoti, aqongelela enhlabathini nasezitshalweni zezitshalo.
I-greenhouse, lapho izitshalo zazigula i-blight sekwephuzile, idinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile ngemuva kokuvuna ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Izindlela zokutheleleka kabusha kwegreenhouse ngokulimala sekwephuzile
Ngaphandle kokubulala magciwane kwegreenhouse, ukulimala sekwephuzile kungenzeka ngesizini entsha kumatamatisi nokunye okune-nightshade. Izindlela zokutheleleka kabusha:
- ikhwalithi yembewu esezingeni eliphansi futhi engagulazi;
- izithombo ezinesifo;
- ukukhukhuleka kwe-zoospores nge-phytophthora ngomoya ovela ezindaweni ezivulekile, izingadi ezingomakhelwane ngokusebenzisa ama-transoms avulekile ngesikhathi somoya omncane;
- ukutheleleka kungangena enhlabathini ngethonsi, ngesikhathi somswakama ophezulu ku-greenhouse, ikakhulukazi uma lokhu okwedlule bekungakholwanga kahle magciwane;
- amathuluzi angafihli magciwane kanye namadivayisi asizayo (ama-hoses, iziqukathi, amafosholo, njll.) kungaba ngumthombo wokutheleleka.
Ungathola kanjani ukuthi i-blight sekwephuzile yavela ku-greenhouse?
Ukutheleleka nge-Phytophthora kukhulunywa kakhulu ngamatamatisi, isivuno esivame kakhulu esitshalwe emhlabathini esivikelekile.
Ingxenye engezansi yamaqabunga, etholakala eduze nenhlabathi, imbozwe izindawo ezimhlophe ze-arachnoid plaque. Bahlangana, bathole i-tint brownish. Kushiya amaqabunga, omile, uwa. Kwesinye isikhathi lesi sifo siqala ngemilonda yemiphetho yeqabunga leqabunga elingaphezulu elinama-brownish amabala.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3, iziqu kanye ne-petioles zimbozwa ngamabala ansundu. Lesi sibonakaliso sibonisa ukungena kwe-blight sekwephuzile esigabeni esisebenzayo kakhulu sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, kulimala umbani wazo zonke iziqongo, ama-inflorescence nezithelo.
Izithelo ekuqaleni zimbozwa izindawo ezimnyama ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesikhumba sezithelo. Umbala wabo ngaphansi kwesikhumba ubomvu onsundu. Amabala athambeka ngokushesha, ukubola kwamatamatisi kuqala, kubangelwa ukubola okuhlanganayo.
Ungasindisa isivuno kusuka ekulimaleni sekwephuzile kuphela ngokuvuna okuphuthumayo nokubeka ukuvuthwa. Ungazibeka kanjani kahle izithelo zokuvuthwa kuchazwe esihlokweni esithi "Ungavuthwa kanjani kahle futhi ugcinwe utamatisi."
Khumbula! Musa ukusebenzisa utamatisi ekudleni, noma kulinyazwe kancane yi-blight sekwephuzile (okungukuthi, esiteji sezindawo ezimnyama).
Uma izinyathelo zokuvikela izitshalo ezingafiki ngesikhathi zingathathwanga, khona-ke ukuvela kabusha kwe-epiphytotic ye-blight sekwephuzile kuzosiqeda isivuno kusasele izinsuku.
Izimo zokuzalela ama-zoospores phytophthora endaweni ebamba ukushisa
Izimo ezithandekayo zokuqalisa kokuqalisa nokwenza kabusha kwe-phytophthora zoospores ku-greenhouse nakwezinye izindawo ezivalekile yilezi:
- ukukhulisa umswakama ongalawulwa;
- kwehla okuvela emgodini wokugcina ukushisa;
- umehluko ebangeni lokushisa lobusuku nemini.
Uma umswakama womoya ku-greenhouse ungaphezulu kwama-75%, futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya lingu + 12 ... + 15 ° С, khona-ke ama-zoospores aqala ukwanda ngenkuthalo. Kanye nethonsi, bawela emhlabathini. Isikhathi sokufakelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-7 kuya ku-12 kanti ukuqubuka kwesifo kwenzeka. I-Phytophthora ayikwazi ukubhujiswa unomphela. Ubuya njalo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthola isitshalo esinempilo esigcwele ngokuphelele, kanye ne-disinitness ehleliwe ye-greenhouse, kuyadingeka ukwenza izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngenkathi yokukhula yemifino ukuze kulondolozwe izithelo zetamatisi kusuka ekulimeni sekwephuzile.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuvikelwa kwamatamatisi kusuka ekulimeni sekwephuzile ku-athikili "Ukulimala okufika kwesikhathi kwamatamatisi. Izindlela zokuvimbela nezokulawula", "Kungani utamatisi ubola egatsheni."
