Ubuhle Babantu

Ubuhle bamahlathi aseRussia abizwa ngabantu bakhe. Futhi ubani ongabaza ubuqiniso baleli gama? USlender, blond, ngamagatsha acwebezelayo futhi anamaqabunga amahle, wayevusa ukujatshulelwa nenjabulo, ngoba ezikhathini zasendulo zazisebenza njengophawu lwayo yonke intsha ekhanyayo, enobuntu, ubumsulwa, ubuhle.

I-birch emhlophe! Zingaki izingoma ezibhaliwe ngaye, ukuthi mangaki amavesi abhaliwe, ukhuluma kahle ngaye eRussia: "birch", "birch", "umgwaqo ufana nelelande!"

Kodwa hhayi kuphela ubuhle bayo birch yethu. Bangaki abantu abaziyo ukuthi naye ungumhlwanyeli wezimangaliso, nesitshalo samaphayona futhi ... Noma kunjalo, sizotshela konke ngokulandelana.

I-Birch (Birch)

Ngaphakathi kweRussian Federation kuphela, amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-90 amahlathi e-birch. Kepha i-birch ihlala ngenkuthalo ezindaweni ezintsha, njalo ngeyokuqala ukungena ezindaweni ezikhululwe ehlathini. Ikakhulu ngokuzinikela nangokuzenzakalelayo ukuhlalisa i-birch ezindaweni zokugawula i-spruce, ihlathi likaphayini, kanye nasemililweni yehlathi. Esikhathini esifushane, izithombo zakhona zihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu, ekugcineni zakha izihlahla ezihlwabusayo, ezikhula ngokungathi sína. Njalo ngonyaka, i-birch ihlwanyela izikhala ezinkulu ezivulekile nezigidi zembewu encane, engenakuqhathaniswa. Imbewu ye-Birch incane kakhulu, futhi ifakwe kumantongomane akhula kancane we-birch.

Kuyamangaza ukubona lesi simanga se-seeder birch sisemsebenzini. Uhamba phakathi kwezihlahla ezimhlophe ezithambile, ezigobekile kancane ngokuphefumula kokuqala kwekwindla, amagwababa anomoya omfishane anamaqabunga, amaqabunga okuqala ophuzi ashibilika, ehlela kahle emhlabathini osamanzi. Ngemuva kwamaqabunga, imbewu eyodwa, enamaphiko amabili avuthiwe iqala ukuwa, futhi ngokushesha isivele indiza ngamaqembu angenakubalwa, njengezindiza ezincane. Cishe ziyizi-5000 zalezi zinhlamvu eziqukethwe kwigremu eyodwa, bese kuthi ehektheleni le-birch zihlwanyele kusuka kuma-35 kuya ku-150 kilogramu. Cishe imbewu eyizigidi eziyi-100 iphonswa minyaka yonke nge-birch ehektheleni elilodwa.
Izithombo zeBirch ngeke zibe zinde ngokuzayo. Kuliqiniso, yidlanzana nje lembewu ewohlakohlakohluma oluzoqhuma, kepha ezinye izithombo ziyakwazi ukuphuma enhlabathini ekwindla. Futhi lapho nje iqhwa lehlile, ubusika birch bokuqala buzovela ndawonye ... Ezincane, ezinomusa, ezinamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu kuphela, amahlumela we-birch afana nezithombo ezinethembayo zezitshalo ezingama-herbaceous. Angikholwa ngisho ukuthi izihlahla ezihlakazekile zizokhula kusuka kulezi.

I-Birch (Birch)

Lapho kuqala ukushisa okungaguquki, izitshalo ze-birch zikhula ngokuqinile ekukhanyiseni futhi zigcina izinga lokukhula ngokushesha eminyakeni engu-15-25 ezayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, bafinyelela inani labo eliphakeme. Ngokudabukisayo, kepha kwakuseminyakeni engu-25 kuya kwengama-40 ubudala, lapho ama-birch emasimini ethola amandla aphelele, kuvela izimo eziholela ekufeni kwabo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuzilwilisa kwe-spruce kuvela ngaphansi kophahla lwehlathi le-birch. Abancane, njengamathoyizi, abahlali besihlahla sikaKhisimusi bakhula ngokuqina usuku nosuku, bakhula ngokushesha, futhi eminyakeni edlule bakhipha ababambeli babo asebekhulile kakhulu. Futhi lapho i-spruce, ngokuya ifihla izihlahla ze-birch ezisetshenziselwa ubuningi bokukhanya, iqala ukuyicindezela kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-spruce engabongi izokwanda ngokuphelele, noma, njengoba amahlathi esho, izosinda, inkosikazi yangaphambili yalezi zindawo - i-birch. Ochwepheshe babiza lo mdlalo wehlathi ukuthi ushintsho lwezinhlobo.

Kepha abahlwanyeli birch ngokwabo abanawo impi. Abakwazi nje kuphela ukuthola ukuthula ngokuthula emafulethini evundile, kepha ngokuvamile, ngomqondo ophelele wegama, banqoba izindawo ezibonakala zingenakunqunyelwa izihlahla. Kunezimo eziningi lapho izihlahla ze-birch bezikhula ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingi ezindongeni ezindala zezitini, ezindlini zamasonto alahliwe, ngisho nasemigodini yezihlahla ezinkulu.

I-Birch (Birch)

Futhi kuthiwani ngokubaluleka kwe-birch? Ezinsukwini zakudala abantu babecula ngalo njengomuthi "cishe izinto ezine": "into yokuqala ukukhanyisa umhlaba, into yesibili ukunciphisa ukuthula, okwesithathu ukuphilisa abagulayo, into yesine ukugcina ihlanzekile". Lapho-ke iziqeshana ze-birch zakhanyisa izindlu ezihluphayo zabaphuyile; I-birch yanika umgwaqo, owagcoba ngazo zonke izindlela izinto zokuhamba ezinamasondo zamahhashi; iziguli zaphathwa nge-birch sap, i-fig, i-infusion yamaqabunga; imishanelo yokugeza nemishanelo yakhonza ukuthuthwa kwendle nokuhlanzeka kwabafowethu.

Kepha empeleni, i-birch yayihlala futhi isihlahla iwusizo kakhulu. Ngeke sikhulume ngezici zayo eziphezulu zokuhlobisa, ezibaluleke kakhulu kumadolobhana nasemizaneni ebuka indawo. Kepha ungazi kanjani ukuthi inani elikhulu lokhuni le-birch ngokhuni, elisetshenziswa kabanzi emnothweni wezwe? Le plywood esezingeni eliphakeme, nefenisha, ebonakaliswa iphethini elintekenteke, yasekuqaleni, amabhokisi ezibhamu zokuzingela, izitsha; kusuka ngokhuni lwe-birch nge-distillation thola i-methyl alcohol, uviniga, i-acetone.

Kuphela manje, ekwakhiweni, i-birch, ngenxa yamandla anganele enkuni, isetshenziswe kancane kakhulu kuze kube muva nje. Kepha manje, ngenxa yamakhemikhali, uyaphindisela lapha. Angikholwa nokuthi izakhiwo zamapulazi ezenziwe ngokhuni olunjalo aziphansi emandleni ezakhiwo zensimbi futhi ngasikhathi sinye ziphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi. Izinkuni ezinjalo azinazimpindo, ungqimba lwesiphambano, noma obunye ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile; akazi futhi abolile, akesabi ukumanzi, futhi amelana nezinambuzane eziningi nomlilo. Lokhu okusetshenziswayo akwesabi ushintsho olubonakalayo lokushisa futhi konke kushibhile kakhulu kunokhonkolo nensimbi.

I-Birch (Birch)

Umkhakha wanamuhla awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokubizwa ngokuthi yokhuni okucindezelwe kwe-birch, lapho kwenziwa khona amabhele, amagiya, kanye nama-petrol ngamapayipi. Le mikhiqizo iboniswa ngamandla aphezulu nokuqina, hhayi okuphansi kulokhu maqondana nemikhiqizo yensimbi.

Kuthuthuke kakhulu futhi "imbangela yesithathu" ye-birch - "iyagula yokuphola." Ukulungiselela okwenziwe kumakhowe amnyama amnyama (isikhunta samanga se-tinder parasitizing emithini ye-birch), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-chaga, kusetshenziswe isikhathi esithile ukulwa nezifo. I-infusions ye-Chaga kudala isetshenziswa ngabantu njengezindawo zokufaka itiye nanjengo muthi, futhi manje ucwaningo lwezokwelapha seluqinisekisile ukusebenza ngempumelelo okuphezulu kwe-chaga ekwelashweni kwezigaba zokuqala zezihlunu ezinomdlavuza. I-Birch sap iqukethe ushukela ongamaphesenti angama-20 futhi isetshenziswa njengesiphuzo kanye nokulungiselela isiraphu yemithi. Amahlamvu nama-birch bark nawo awasizi ngalutho. Amahlamvu (anama-tannin amaningi) ukudla okuhle kakhulu kwezimbuzi nezimvu. Ungqimba oluphezulu lwegxolo le-birch - i-birch bark - yiyona nto enhle kakhulu eluhlaza yokwenziwa kokwenza i-tar kanye namafutha ahlukahlukene okugcoba. Ngokwe-tar, bona, bathola imikhiqizo eminingi ebalulekile yezimboni.

Izingcweti zenza izinto eziningi ezinhle futhi eziwusizo zomndeni kusuka kumagxolo e-birch: obhasikidi bokuvula abavulekile, obhavu basawoti, amabhiniga esinkwa. Futhi i-birch bark njenge papyrus yaseRussia?

I-Birch (Birch)

Kuze kube manje, besikhuluma nge-birch yethu emhlophe ejwayelekile, njengoba lesi sihlahla saziwa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, unezinhlobo eziningi (ezingaba ngu-120!) Izihlobo eziseduze, iningi lazo zimhlophe. Ngale ndlela, i-birch iwukuphela kwesihlahla phakathi kwezwe elikhulu lesitshalo elinamagxolo amhlophe qhwa, futhi liyawugqiba umhlophe ngento ekhethekile yokufaka imibala - i-betulin, eqanjwe inkosikazi uqobo (ngesiLatin, i-birch yi-betula).

Kunezinhlobo ze-birch ezingenayo i-betulin, lapho amagxolo kukhona ama-cherry, aphuzi, onsomi omnyama, onsomi futhi omnyama.

Umndeni we-birch wehlukene futhi uhlukile. By the way, kanye ne-birch botanists, i-alder genus, i-hazel genus, i-Hornbeam genus, yathathwa njengezinye zazo. Izinhlobo ze-birch, kanye nabamele i-alder ne-hazel genera, sezizinze cishe emhlabeni wonke. ESoviet Union kuphela, kukhula izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-40 ze-birch, ezihlala endaweni yokuqala phakathi kwezinkuni eziqinile ngokuya ngendawo. Ngobungako bendawo okuhlalwa kuyona, azikho izinhlobo eyodwa ze-birch ezingancintisana ne-warty birch, eqanjwe kanjalo ngenxa yezimpi ezincane, ezinamabala, ezinamaqabunga amagatsha amancane. Wahlala phansi emathafeni ezingxenye zeYurophu nezase-Asia zaseRussia aze ayofika ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zeCaucasus ne-Altai; akha ama-grey-groves amancane e-Western Siberia naseNyakatho Kazakhstan. Akunjalo noma yiziphi izinhlobo ezithile ze-birch, noma wonke amanye amalungu omndeni we-birch ahlanganiswe angenakuhambisana naye.

I-Birch (Birch)

Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo ze-birch nazo ziphawulekile. Ezimweni ezinzima zase Kamchatka, Sakhalin, nase Okhotsk taiga, ngokwesibonelo, iBirch yamatshe iyakhula. Amagxolo akhe awabukeki kakhulu, ampunga omnyama, ama-shaggy, kodwa izinkuni zilukhuni ngokwedlulele futhi ziqinile. Kwi-iron birch evela kwi-Far Eastern taiga, ukhuni alugqinsi nje, njengensimbi, kepha futhi lusinda kakhulu. Ngikhumbula indaba yomzingeli waseMpumalanga Ekude mayelana nokuthi abahambi ababili abangenalwazi basebenze kanjani izinsuku eziningana bakha i-raft evela ku-birch enjalo. Kepha kwathi nje lapho bephonsa udonga oluphelile emanzini, wehlela ezansi n netshe.

Ucwaningo oluningi luveze ukuthi i-iron birch ayidluli ngamandla zombili ezinsimbi eziningi nakuma-iron iron-bakout ahlonishwa njenge "iqhawe lobulukhuni". Isibonelo, izingxenye zamandla akhethekile, njengamaslayidi we-shutlock wewing, zenziwe nge-iron birch, isetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi lapho kudingeka ukuthembeka okuphezulu.

I-Iron birch inombala onsomi omnyama, futhi ebudaleni cishe icishe ibe mnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nochwepheshe bayenqaba ukuqaphela i-birch esihlahleni esinombala onsundu.

Kuningi okungashiwo odade abangama-birch, kepha akekho ongasiza kepha khumbula omncane kubo - uCinderella wamahlathi aseKarelian. Ngakho-ke shayela abantu bakwaKarelian birch abantu abaziyo okuningi ngokhuni. Njengokungathi kunamahloni ngengane yakhe ebukeka kahle, imvelo yamfihla kude emehlweni abantu, ezindlebeni ezingaboni. Emahlathini akude kakhulu aseKarelia, endaweni ethile kuphela eZaonezhie, umuntu angahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile manje, bese kuba nesihlahla esincane seKarelian birch.

I-Birch (Birch)

Isikhathi eside kusukela ekuzingeleni i-birch kaKarelian njengezilwane ezibaluleke kakhulu, abantu baye babhubhisa amasheya abo ngaphambili. Amakhulu amakhilomitha manje angahanjwa ngezindlela ze-Kareiga - futhi konke kwaba yize. Izikhathi zakudala zasendaweni zisho kamunyu ukuthi ukusesha kwe-Karelian birch ngaleso sikhathi kufaniswa nokukhipha amagugu angajwayelekile. Kepha lapho kuvela isivini esincane phakathi kwenqwaba yamatshe agrey Karelian, kubonakala sengathi ifu elimhlophe qhwa sehle emhlabeni.

Ukubhujiswa okungapheli kwezimodeli ezinhle kakhulu cishe kwaholela ekuqothulweni ngokuphelele kwe-birch kaKarelian. Ngiyabonga kuphela ngemizamo yama-botanists namahlathi amahlathi okwakungenzeka ngayo ukubuyisa inkazimulo yayo yangaphambili, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuxosha inganekwane yokungabi khona kokuzala. Itshalwe ngezandla ezinekhono futhi ezinakekelayo, umdabu waseKarelian manje ukhula ngempumelelo ezingadini zezitshalo zaseMoscow, eKiev, eTashkent, futhi utholakala kakhulu phakathi kwamahlathi amasha ehlathi. Ukulondolozwa kwalesi sihlahla esingajwayelekile sekudalelwe eKarelia.

Kwakunempikiswano enkulu evuthayo nge-birch kaKarelian. Abanye bebethambekele ekubhekeni njengezinhlobo ezizimele, kanti ezinye kwakuyindlela yohlobo lwe-warty birch kuphela. "Game wemvelo!" - kusho owesithathu. Kepha kokukodwa, wonke umuntu wayenobunye - ukuthi wawungumuthi oyigugu futhi omuhle.

I-Birch (Birch)

Okutholwe ngemivubukulo endaweni yaseNovgorod yasendulo kukhombisa ukuthi ukhuni lweKarelian birch lwalukhethekile ezikhathini zasendulo. Isikhathi eside, abakwaKareli babekhokha izintela zezingodo zale birch. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube esedlule esedlule eLapland, eFinland naseKarelia, izingcezu ezincane zale nkuni zazisebenza njenge-chip yokuxoxisana.

Izihlahla zeBirch, ezifana noKarelian, zazaziwa emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. EJalimane, lokhu kuzalwa kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-birch yasebukhosini. ISweden yahlinzeka izinkuni zayo ezimakethe zesiNgisi ngaphansi kwegama le-lilac, noma lomlilo. Imikhiqizo emangalisayo evela kuKarelian birch yenziwa ngabenzi bezandla bethu beVyatka. Ekwenzeni ifenisha, izinsimbi zokubhala eziyingqayizivele, amakhabethe, ushizi, amacala kagwayi, ubuciko be-glassware kwakungekho mkhawulo ngekhono nekhono labo.

Kuyini ukonakala kwezinkuni zalesi sihlahla esidume kangaka esidumile? Okokuqala, ukunakwa kudonswa ebuhleni bayo obuyingqayizivele. Inhlanganisela enjalo yemigqa, imibala yangemuva ayitholakali emhlabeni wonke omkhulu onamahlahla. Akuzenzekeli ukuthi i-Karelian birch ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yimabula. Okumhlophe-ophuzi, onsundu okhanyayo ngezithunzi ezahlukahlukene zokhuni kumshaya ngesimo esingajwayelekile sezindandatho zesihlahla. Ama-curls amaningi amangalisayo, ama-ovals nezinkanyezi ngemuva kwekhandlela, kungathi kukhipha uhlobo oluthile lokukhanya okumangazayo okumangazayo, kunikeze umbono wokuthi lesi sihlahla sikhanyisiwe sivela ngaphakathi.

I-Birch (Birch)

Kuningi okungangezwa kulokho osekushiwo nge-Karelian birch, kepha umuntu ngeke anikeze amagama ambalwa kummeli owoniwe kakhulu womndeni we-birch, mhlawumbe ongathandeki kakhulu, udadewabo omfushane kakhulu. Ama-botanists ayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-birch amancanyana, futhi endaweni yawo ahlala abizwa ngokuthi yi-polar birch. Lesi yisihlobo esenyakatho impela sasemizini yezindlu zokuhlala. AmaBotanists amnikeza igama lesayensi "nana" (ngesiLatin - umfushane). Isikhathi esidala se-tundra engafinyeleleki ngeke siziqhayise ngobuhle noma ngokhuni oluhle kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi mude kunamakhowe, futhi isiqu saso asikho sikhulu kunepensela elivamile. Kodwa-ke, amandla awalubambi lolu birch. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uyena obekezelela ngokuzikhandla ubunzima be-tundra enokhahlo futhi ngesibindi uhlanganisa konke ukucabanga kwe-Arctic enonya. Ehlobo kuzoshintsha kube luhlaza, kuqhume, kusakaze imbewu nxazonke, futhi isikhathi eside ngaphambi kobusika, sekuvele ukucasha ngesembozo seqhwa esincane, silindele ukushisa okusha.

I-dwarf birch ngokuzimela ibamba umngcele osenyakatho wezimila ezinamahlahla. Hhayi nje kuphela kwe-Arctic Circle, kepha futhi nasemngceleni wezingwe ezingapheli ezintabeni zePamirs, iCaucasus, iTien Shan, isizwe se-birch senza inkonzo yaso enzima.