Manje abalimi abengeziwe balwela ukutshala imifino ngendlela eyiyo yokuhlwanyela, nokulungiselela izithombo kanye nenhlabathi ngokwazo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, ngoba uma ufunda lokhu, ungakhulisa izithombo ezinhle bese ugcine kuzo zombili.
Kuyacaca ukuthi inhlabathi yezithombo kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zesilimo esithile: enye yondla inhlabathi evundile futhi inomswakama (ukhukhamba), kanti enye iyayithanda inhlabathi eyomileyo ne mpofu (utamatisi). Kunezibonelo ezivame ukukhetha umhlabathi omuncu, ngokuvamile, awukho umhlabathi wendawo yonke. Kodwa-ke, kusekhona izidingo eziyisisekelo zezithombo.
Silungiselela inhlabathi yezithombo ekwindla.
Kufanele ube yini umhlabathi wezithombo?
Okokuqala, ukuzala okulinganiselayo nokuqukethwe kwama-microflora anenzuzo nazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo zokudla okunempilo. Okwesibili, ukulingana kwenhlabathi kokubumbana kwamaminerali naku-organic. Futhi konke lokhu kumele kube kwifomu elifinyelelekayo lezitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi yezithombo kufanele ibe namanzi futhi ivunyelwe ukuphefumula, ikwazi ukugcina umswakama isikhathi eside. Ubumsulwa bemvelo, izinga le-pH elingathathi hlangothi - konke lokhu kuyimithetho engabhaliwe, futhi, okuncane, okucwathile, okwakheke, okungenazinqe nokungcola.
Ngendlela, mayelana nezinqwaba: akudingekile ukushiya izingcezu zobumba enhlabathini, ngoba kuxubanisa inhlabathi, kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezingadonsa i-nitrogen ngesikhathi sokubola kwaso kanye nokugcwala kwenhlabathi, kulokhu izimpande zezithombo zingafa. Akufanele kube semhlabathini ukuthola izithombo zembewu yokhula, izibungu kanye nezibungu zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene.
Awukwazi ukumba umgodi onjalo engadini noma ehlathini eliseduze. Imvamisa lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezinhlobonhlobo, okuvame ukuba nezingxenye ezilinganayo ze-peat (imvamisa indawo ephansi), humus, isihlabathi somfula kanye nama-50% omhlabathi omuhle wasendulo.
Kungcono kuphi ukuthatha inhlabathi yengxubevange?
Ngasizathu simbe, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kungumhlabathi wehlathi ofanele ngazo zonke izindlela. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akunjalo, kumane kuyingxenye ebalulekile, isisekelo, kepha kuhle (ngamatamatisi, ngokwesibonelo). Kungcono ukuvuna inhlabathi yehlathi ekugcineni kwesizini yehlobo ukuze ingabandi ngenkathi ufika ehlathini nefosholo.
Thatha inhlabathi yehlathi kuphela ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezinempilo, ngenkathi ugwema oki, ama-chestnut, ama-willow, lapho kunama-tannins amaningi. Thatha inhlabathi eyenziwe ngokhuni oluqinile, kepha hhayi kusuka kukaphayini: inhlabathi enobunzima obuvamisile buvame kakhulu ukuthi bube nezithombo.
Futhi ngingakwazi ukuthatha inhlabathi kusuka emibhedeni? Kodwa-ke, ungaxwaya ngokuqapha. Ukwenza isibonelo, ungathathi inhlabathi yamakhukhamba kanye nethanga endaweni lapho kukhula khona izilimo zamathanga noma amakhukhamba, futhi uma uzotshala utamatisi, ungathathi inhlabathi ngemuva kwezilimo zikatamatisi, amazambane nezinye izitshalo ezingabizi.
Amagama ambalwa ngomhlabathi olungiselelwe izithombo
Ungathenga inhlabathi yezithombo futhi esitolo, kunamaphakethe amaningi enomhlabathi. Ukuhlola, ungathatha eyodwa: yebo, inhlabathi ilula, inempilo, ithambisa umswakama, ibhalwe emaphaketheni ukuthi ama-deoxidizer, ama-macronutrients ahlukahlukene nama-micronutrients atholakalayo ayengezwa kuwo. Konke lokhu kuphuma kahle futhi akubizi njalo.
Kodwa-ke, izingxube ezenziwe ngomumo nazo zinobunzima: - Lokhu, okokuqala, inani elingaziwa lezakhi zomzimba. Kuyacaca ukuthi bakhona, kepha malini? Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-acidity yenhlabathi, imvamisa isuka ku-5.0 iye ku-6.5 (futhi lokhu kusabalala okukhulu). Esikhundleni se-peat, kungenzeka kube nothuli lwe-peat, alukho usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwephakeji, njalonjalo.
Indlela yokupheka yezithombo esebenzisa ingxube eqediwe: thatha inhlabathi ethengiwe enhle, uyixube ezingxenyeni ezilinganayo nenhlabathi engadini noma i-turf inhlabathi, engeza i-100 g yekhiyori evamile (i-deoxidizing ejenti) kumakhilogremu ayi-10. Kungani kunjalo? Ngokwazi kwethu uqobo kuyaziwa ukuthi ngisho nengxube ethengiwe ebizayo imvama i-Peat ene-acidity ephezulu kakhulu.
Uyini umhlaba we-turf? Eqinisweni, lokhu kuyisiqephu esingaphansi komhlaba, esakhiwa yinqubo ende ehambisana nokubekwa kwezingulule ze-turf esitaki futhi sithululela le yokugcina nge-mullein. Izinkathi ezimbili zokuswakama njalo ngale "umpe", futhi kuphela lapho ungasho ngokuziqhenya ukuthi lokhu kungumhlabathi wekhamba eliphakeme kakhulu elise site lakho.
Inhlabathi yengadi yokulungiselela inhlabathi yezithomboIsu lobuchwepheshe lokulungiselela inhlabathi esezingeni eliphakeme lezithombo
Konke kulula lapha - isihlabathi somfula, izwe eliphansi, umhlaba ovela ehlathini noma insimu, nakho konke ngamasheya alinganayo. Ngikholwe, lokhu kuzodlula izithombo zezithombo ze-isitshalo seqanda, iklabishi, upelepele, utamatisi.
Akunankinga? Bese wengeza i-humus, lokhu kungcono kakhulu, ngoba ngaphandle kokukhetha iphutha ne-acid peat (ihhashi, yisho). Uma ufuna ukwenza kahle nje, kilo nganye yenhlabathi engeza amagremu ayi-100 omlotha wezinkuni, umlotha noma womlotha wesithando.
Ngokuvamile, njengoba sabhala ngenhla, inhlabathi esezingeni eliphakeme yezithombo incike kusiko. Isibonelo, iklabishi, utamatisi, upelepele wensimbi, isitshalo seqanda, ukhukhamba, amakhukhi athanda lokhu kuhlanganiswa: cishe ama-35% omhlabathi (ihlathi, ingadi), i-humus (aze afike ku-50%) noma u-peat (cishe u-30%), isihlabathi somfula (konke, kuze kufike ku-100% ) Ngezithombo zeklabishi, ingxenye yesihlabathi somfula ingakhuphuka ifike ku-40%, kuthi utamatisi ehlathini nasensimini, aqukethe 70%, noma ngisho ne-100% yenhlabathi, akhula kahle!
Kubalulekile! Khumbula, izithombo ezingadingi inhlabathi enempilo, kepha izithombo esezikhulile sezivele zidinga inhlabathi ebaluleke kakhulu ngokulandela umsoco.
Ngokwemvelo, zonke izakhi kufanele zilungele ekwindla futhi ekwindla inhlabathi kumele ilungiselelwe ekugcineni. Ngani? Ngoba ukwakheka kuzohlangana kube yinto eyodwa futhi izithombo entwasahlobo zizoba zinhle ngangokunokwenzeka. Indlela engcono yokugcina inhlabathi ezilungele izithombo isikhwama sepulasitiki esivaliwe.
Ukulungiswa kwezakhi ezahlukahlukene ukulungiselela inhlabathi yezithombo.
Manje ake sibhekane nodaba olubaluleke kakhulu oluthi ukubulawa kwamagciwane emhlabathini.
Izindlela zokukhipha igciwane emhlabathini izithombo
Inhlabathi eqandayo yezithombo
Kimi, le ndlela elula kakhulu futhi emnene yokuphuma kweshumi nambili, mhlawumbe, engenzeka. Silungisa ingxube yenhlabathi, siyigcwalise ngezikhwama zezindwangu bese siyibeka kuvulandi olungashintshiwe noma esibondeni, noma ngaphansi kophahla. Cishe izinsuku eziyi-100 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokutshala, izikhwama zingangeniswa endlini futhi zivunyelwe ukuncipha ngokuphelele, ngemuva kokubamba kanjalo isonto. Ngemuva kwalokho ngomusa futhi emakhazeni - ngale ndlela imbewu yokhula nazo zonke izinhlobo zezibungu eziqala ukuvuka zizobhujiswa ngaso leso sikhathi.
Ukuqedwa kwendlela - ngeke kuvikele kuzo zonke izifo, ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyelwa kwezithombo, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uchithe inhlabathi nge-potassium permanganate (obomvu okhanyayo).
Ukubalwa kwezithombo
Kulokhu, inhlabathi ibalwa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwamadigri ayikhulu, kodwa ngale ndlela yonke microflora enenzuzo nayo iqinisekisiwe ukuthi izokufa. Kwakhiwa inhlabathi engavundile.
Ukubulala amagciwane inhlabathi ene potassium permanganate
Kwakuyindlela futhi izoba yindlela yonke yokuhlanzisisa inhlabathi (kungakapheli imikhawulo). Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, yenza isisombululo se-raspberry potassium permanganate (ngokuvamile amagremu amahlanu ngebhakede lamanzi lokushisa elingaba ngu-40 ° C), hlanganisa kahle, uchithe inhlabathi bese umboza ngokushesha ngefilimu.
Izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela (ezintathu kuya kwezine), phinda konke futhi.
I-mustard powder
Umuntu ayihambelani nayo, kepha angakwazi ukuvikela inhlabathi ezinkingeni eziningi - kusuka kumagciwane ahlukahlukene kanye namagciwane, kwisikhunta ngisho naku-nematode nasekutheni. Ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ngasikhathi sinye, udinga ukukhipha isipuni se-lwesinaphi kafulawa kwiphakethe bese uhlangana namalitha amahlanu enhlabathi. Ungakwazi, ngendlela, engeza i-nitroammophoska engiyithandayo ngenani le-5-7 g kwivoluyonke yenhlabathi.
Izindlela zokulungisa inhlabathi
Kungenzeka ukhubaza inhlabathi ngamalungiselelo angenabungozi ngokuphelele, futhi aphephile hhayi kuphela ezitshalweni, kodwa futhi nakubantu, futhi ngokujwayelekile emvelweni. Lezi zibizwa ngama-fungicides asemvelo, njenge-Alirin-B, i-Gamair, i-Fitosporin-M kanye nabanye abahlukahlukene, njengale. Basebenza kanjani?
Ake sithi sidale inhlabathi nganoma iyiphi yalezi zindlela ezingenhla, khona-ke sizalanisa umuthi ngokwemiyalo bese sichitha inhlabathi ngomuthi. Amasiko wakhe wamagciwane aqala ukuhlanza ngenkuthalo inhlabathi oyidalile evela kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-muck, kufaka phakathi ngisho ne-ejenti ye-causative yezinhlobonhlobo zezifo zokukhunta kanye namagciwane. Ngasikhathi sinye, lawa malungiselelo nawo angaqukatha izinto eziwusizo ze-humic, ngakho-ke ukukhuluma, inzuzo ephindwe kabili (kepha intengo, nokho, iphinda kabili).
Le mishanguzo iqabula inhlabathi, inciphise noma isuse ngokuphelele ubuthi bayo, futhi uxolelwe esidingweni sokuchitha amanzi abilayo, uqhwa noma uthobe inhlabathi.
Into ethokozisa kakhulu ukuthi uma usuwulungisile umhlabathi futhi wanquma ukuwuphatha ngomunye wemishanguzo yokuhlanza amagciwane, udinga ukufunda imiyalo futhi wenze ngokuqinile kukho. Isibonelo, umuthi owaziwa ngeTrichodermin waziwa yiwo wonke umuntu: igremu eyodwa nje yanele ukubulala amagciwane lonke ilitha lomhlabathi. I-Trichodermin ingasetjenziswa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu ukuthola izithombo, ngokwesibonelo, sekusele izinsuku ezintathu noma ezine.
Ukulungiselela i-EM, ungayibhali phansi, aqukethe ama-microorganisms amaningi awusizo emhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Futhi zingasetshenziswa njengesigaba sokugcina lapho kulungiswa inhlabathi ukuze kukhiqizwe izithombo. Kwesinye isikhathi noma inhlabathi ekhathele ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo e-EM ibonakala iphile futhi iguquke. Enye yalezi zidakamizwa, okuyinto, oyazi kahle, iBaikal EM1.
Nasi isibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwaso: ngemuva kokubekelwa lapho kubanda khona, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi okulungiselelwe izithombo ngemuva kokuchewa kudinga ukuthululwa ngale ndlela yokulungiselela cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, bese ugcwalisa iziqukathi ze-seedling, njengoba uhlala wenza, uzimboze ngefilimu. Into esemqoka ukuthi isilinganiso somuthi enhlabathini asibonakali, 1 kuya ku-500 kuphela, futhi umphumela kwesinye isikhathi uyabonakala kakhulu.
