I-rasubberry eyi-shrub (uRubus idaeus) imele uhlobo lweRubus lomndeni opinki. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-600. Iningi lalezi zinhlobo lalivele laziwa ku-Old World, ngokwesibonelo, okokuqala lapho kuvela khona ama-raspberries asendle emibhalweni yesandla yekhulu lesithathu. BC. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ama-raspberry atshalwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngekhulu le-16. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, isihlahla esinjalo sithanda ukukhula emfuleni kanye nasemahlathini. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lesi sitshalo singesinye sezilimo ezithandwayo ze-berry ezitshalwe ezingadini. Namuhla, lesi sitshalo sitholakala cishe kuzo zonke iziza ezingadini. Izithelo ezi-raspberry ezimnandi futhi ezihlwabusayo kakhulu ziyabongwa ngokusebenziseka kwazo, ngoba ziqukethe izinto ezinamaminerali ukuthi umzimba womuntu udinga ama-asidi namavithamini. Leli siko lihlukaniswa ngokuzithoba kwalo. Isitshalo esinjalo siyakwazi ukukhula kahle futhi sinikeze ukuvuna okuhle ngisho nasekuchithweni. Uma i-raspberry ibhekelwa kahle, izovikeleka ekuthelelekeni yizifo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezinambuzane, futhi izokhiqiza nokuvunwa okunothile.
Izici Okusajingijolo
Namuhla, ama-raspberries adumile kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi emazweni ahlukene, njengama-currant, ama-sitrobheli, ama-gooseberry, ama-sitrobheli, ama-blueberries nezinye izilimo zasendle ezingcono kakhulu futhi ezimnandi. Kaningi, abalimi bakhulisa ama-raspberries hhayi bona, kodwa futhi bayathengiswa. Kulokhu, umlimi uzama ukuthola isivuno esicebile samajikijolo amahle.
Okusajingijolo okwejwayelekile isichwensi esiqabulayo, ukuphakama kwawo kungahluka kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-150 kuya kwangama-250. Isitshalo esinjalo sinezimpande ezinamahlahla lapho ikhula khona inqwaba yezimpande ezingaphansi. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kohlelo olunamandla lwezimbali. Iziqu ziqonde. Amahlumela amancane eGrassy anombala oluhlaza okotshani omnandi kakhulu, ebusweni bawo kukhona i-grey grey kanye nezikhala eziningi ezincane. Kakade ngonyaka wesibili, iziqu zilinganiswa futhi zipendwe ngombala onsundu. Lapho izithelo ziphela, ukomiswa kweziqu ezinjalo kuyabonakala, kodwa ngesizini elilandelayo kuthathelwa indawo amahlumela amasha. Amapuleti amaqabunga amaqabunga okwenziwe njalo anama-petioles, ayinkimbinkimbi, kukhona amaqabunga ama-ovate angama-3-7. Ingaphezulu lamaqabunga liluhlaza okomnyama, futhi ingaphakathi limhlophe, ngoba kukhona i-pubescence kulo. Ama-axillary apical racemose inflorescence aqukethe izimbali ezimhlophe, eziwu ububanzi zibalelwa ku-10 mm. Njengomthetho, amajikijolo akhula ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila kweziqu. Amajikijolo ama-Drupes amancane anwele akhule abe yisithelo esiyinkimbinkimbi, angafakwa ngopende ngemibala ehlukahlukene yamabala okusajingijolo, bese kuthiwe imbala emnyama (ezinhlotsheni ezinjengojingijolo) noma izithelo eziphuzi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuzalela, kuzalwa raspberry, izithelo zawo ziqala ngonyaka wokuqala wokukhula, futhi izilimo ezi-2 zivunwa kuwo phakathi nenkathi. I-Cumanica ne-blackberry ziyizinhlobo zama-raspberries ezakha iziqu ezinde, anamathela kubonga lokusekelwa ameva abekwe phezu kwawo. Amathambo nezikhulu kungama-raspberries e-herbaceous. Ama-raspberries akhulayo alula impela, kepha ukuze uthole isivuno esiningi, kufanele unamathele emithethweni yobuchwepheshe bezolimo balesi siko, futhi usinakekele kahle.
Ukutshala ama-raspberries emhlabathini ovulekile
Isikhathi sokutshala
Ukutshala ama-raspberries emhlabathini ovulekile kungenziwa kuyo yonke intwasahlobo nasekwindla (Septhemba kuya ku-Okthoba). Indawo efanele ukufika lapho kufanele ibe yilanga. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi leli siko likhule endaweni enomthunzi, khona-ke ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanya, amahlumela amancane kwesinye isikhathi alula kakhulu kangangokuba afihla iziqu zezithelo. Izinhlobo ezihlukile ze-raspberry zinezintandokazi zazo zomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, iningi lazo likhula kahle enhlabathini enomsoco okhanyayo, futhi i-loam ne-chernozem nazo zilungele lesi sitshalo. I-pH yenhlabathi edingekayo kuma-raspberries kufanele ibe phakathi kuka-5.7 no-6.5. Ezindaweni eziphansi nasezindaweni ezinendawo elingalingani, lesi sihlahlana asikwazi ukutshala, ngoba ukutholakala kwamanzi kuyabonakala kuzo. Futhi, imithambeka emaweni nezindawo eziphakemeyo azilungele ukutshala, kulokhu ama-raspberry azohlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama. Ngokutshala isiko elinjalo, kunconywa ukukhetha ithafa elicwengekile noma ukuba nesakhiwo esincanyana sokukhetha. Endaweni efanayo ngaphandle kokufakelwa, isihlahla esinjalo singatshalwa iminyaka engama-7-10, emva kwalokho uzodinga ukufakelwa, ngoba inhlabathi izophela kakhulu. Futhi kule ndawo, ama-raspberries angatshalwa futhi kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka okungenani engama-5-7. Lapho kukhule khona ama-solanaceous (amazambane, utamatisi, upelepele), akunakwenzeka ukutshala leli siko le-berry nganoma yisiphi isimo. Kepha isiza ngemuva kokusanhlamvu noma ama-legumes wokutshala ama-raspberries kufanelana kahle kakhulu.
Ukutshala okusajingijolo entwasahlobo
Ukutshala kwentwasahlobo nokwindla kwehluka kuphela ngendlela abalungiselela ngayo le nqubo, kodwa uma kungenjalo ziyefana. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yentwasahlobo, udinga ukulungiselela umgodi, inani lawo okufanele libe ngu-0.5x0.4x0.4 m, kuyilapho ungqimba olungaphezulu lomsoco womhlaba kufanele lugoqwe ngokuhlukile. Ibanga phakathi kwamakhophi esivandeni kufanele libe ngu-0.5 m, ngenkathi ukuhlukaniswa komugqa kufanele okungenani kube yi-1.5 m. Isendlalelo esingaphezulu somhlabathi kumele sihlanganiswe nama-gramu angama-50 we-potassium sulfate, kanye nama-gramu ayi-100 we-granular superphosphate, namakhilogremu ayi-10 we-humus noma umquba ngamakhilogremu angu-0,4 womlotha wezinkuni. Ingxenye yengxube yokudalwa kwenhlabathi idinga ukuthululwa emgodini, futhi okusele kufanele kuthululelwe ngegquma eliseduze kwayo. Uma ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukutshala, ingxube yenhlabathi esemgodini ibilongwe, izodinga ukukhululwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-seedling kufanele ibekwe emgodini ukuze ihlumela lokufaka esikhundleni litholakala ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi. Ngemuva kokuba izimpande ziqonde ngokucophelela, umgodi kufanele ugcwaliswe ngenhlabathi. Iyanyathelwa, bese kwenziwa umgodi ongajulile kakhulu eduze kwesitshalo, okufanele sigcwaliswe ngamanzi. Ngemuva kokuthi uketshezi selungenwe ngokuphelele, ingaphezulu lomgodi kufanele lifakwe phakathi ngokhuni lwe-sawdust, humus noma utshani obomile. Isithombo sifushaniswa sibe ngu-0,3 m ngaphezu kwenhlabathi. Uma isimo sezulu siyobe sesomile izinsuku eziningana emva kokuba ama-raspberries atshaliwe, khona-ke izitshalo zizodinga ukuphinda ziniselwe. Ukutshala ama-raspberry entwasahlobo kubi kakhulu ekwindla, ngoba kungenzeka kube sekwephuzile ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle, ngenxa yalokho izithombo zizokhula kakhulu. Entwasahlobo, izinto zokutshala ezithengiwe esitolo noma enkulisa ekhethekile zitshalekile, noma enye evunwa ekwindla (ibekwa esiqandisini ebusika).
Ukutshala ama-raspberries ekwindla
Ekwindla, ukulungiswa komgodi wokufika kufanele kwaziwe emasontweni ayi-6 ngaphambi kosuku lokwehlulwa. Isiza simbelwa ekujuleni kwefosholo le-bayonet, kuyilapho zonke izimpande zokhula zikhethiwe kanti ne-0-0-0.4 kg ye-superphosphate iyangezwa, amabhakede ama-2 kuye kwangama-3 omquba obunjiweyo kanye nama-gramu ayi-100-200 we-potassium sulfate nge-1 m2 uzungu. Uma ufaka umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala, ama-raspberries ngeke adinge umanyolo we-phosphorus ne-potassium iminyaka engaba ngu-5. Uma inhlabathi ithambile, khona-ke yonke imitha eyi-12 indawo oyidingayo ukwenza amabhakede amane esihlabathi. Kungcono ukutshala ama-raspberries ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaSepthemba noma owokuqala ngo-Okthoba. Ekwindla, bobabili ongoti nabalimi abanolwazi batusa ukutshala leli siko, ngoba kulokhu kuzokwazi ukulungiselela kancane kancane indawo esizoyitshala, kanti nezitshalo ngokwazo ziqala kahle ngaphambi kobusika, futhi ziqale ukukhula ngentshiseko entwasahlobo.
Ukunakekela okusajingijolo
Ukunakekelwa okusajingijolo kwentwasahlobo
Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuba iqhwa lonke esakhiweni selincibilikile, kuzodingeka ukuthi likhululwe emaqabungeni awile ngonyaka owedlule, ngoba angaqukatha amagciwane noma izinambuzane ezifihle lapho kusuka kusihlwa ebusika. Le shrub idinga ukuxhaswa, ngakho-ke entwasahlobo kufanele uvule ama-raspberries ku-trellis. Uma lesi sitshalo siboshelwe kwi-trellis, khona-ke ngenxa yalokho kuzokhanywa ngokulinganayo yimisebe yelanga, ukuvuthwa nokukhula kwamahlumela amancane kuyosheshisa, futhi futhi kulula ukunakekela izihlahla ezinjalo. Uma uthatha isinqumo sokwenza i-trellis, lapho-ke uzodinga ekugcineni nasekuqaleni komugqa ngamunye ukuze ugaye amakholomu anamandla aze afike kumasentimitha ayi-150 kuzinhlangothi zombili. Phakathi kwalezi zinsika, kuyadingeka ukwelula ucingo ngezintambo ezi-2: umugqa ongaphansi kufanele ubekwe endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-0.6-0.7 ukusuka ebusweni bendawo, kanye nenye engenhla ebangeni eliphakeme ngamamitha ayi-1,2. Ukuze ugweme ukugeleza kocingo oludingekayo, kudingeka ukuthi ungene emhlabeni wonke amamitha ayi-5 unamathele isigxobo sokhuni. Beka iziqu zezihlahla ezihlotshiswe ngocingo eduze kwentambo, bese uyazilungisa ngokuzibopha ngamawele. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, imigqa eyengeziwe yocingo kufanele yelulwe phakathi kokuthunyelwe: eyokuqala - ekuphakameni kwe-0.3 m ukusuka ebusweni besayithi, nenye - ekuphakameni kwe-1.5 m.
Isikhathi sokuphumula kuzoba lula kakhulu ukunakekela leli siko. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka ukuthi isuswe ukhula ngendlela ehlelekile, inikezwe ukudla, iniselwe, ithukululwe inhlabathi eduze kwezihlahla ukuze ibe ukujula okujulile, emva kwalokho umphezulu wayo umbozwe ungqimba we-mulch. Yini esetshenziselwa ukondla lesi sitshalo entwasahlobo? Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ngaphambi kokutshala wonke umanyolo odingekayo wethulwa emhlabathini, ama-raspberries angeke adinge i-potassium ne-phosphorus iminyaka engu-5. Kodwa-ke, kuyadingeka ukondla izitshalo ngomanyolo oqukethe i-nitrogen minyaka yonke. Lungisa isixazululo esilandelayo sezakhi zokondla: amalitha ayi-10 amanzi, hlanganisa nefosholo eli-1 lodoti wenkomo kanye nama-gramu ayi-5 e-urea noma nitrate. Le ngxube ithululelwa ngaphansi kwesitshalo ngasinye ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaMashi noma sokuqala ngo-Ephreli. Uma uthatha isinqumo sokusebenzisa umanyolo ohlukile oqukethe i-nitrogen, lapho-ke eyi-1 m2 indawo izodinga ukuthatha amagremu angama-20 kuye kwangama-25 ento leyo. Lapho-ke ingaphezulu lomhlabathi lizodinga ukukhululwa.
Ukunakekela okusajingijolo ekwindla
Lapho ekwindla kuzoqoqwa zonke izithelo ezihlahleni, kuzodingeka wenze ukulungiswa kwama-raspberries lapho kuzobusika khona ubusika. Le nqubo kumele ibhekelwe nawo wonke umthwalo wemfanelo, ngoba kuya ngokuthi isivuno sizoba malini ngesizini ezayo. Ingaphezulu lesayithi kufanele likhululwe kungqimba yakudala ye-mulching, okufanele ichithwe, ngoba ingaqukatha izinambuzane noma ama-pathogen ahlukahlukene. Lapho-ke umhlabathi wembiwa ngokucophelela ube ukujula okungadluli kumasentimitha ayi-8-10. Isikhathi esisodwa eminyakeni embalwa yokumba, kunconywa ukufaka umlotha wokhuni nomquba enhlabathini. Umanyolo oqukethe i-nitrogen yokudla ama-raspberries ekwindla awasetshenziswanga, ngoba ngenxa yawo, ukukhula okusebenzayo kwamahlumela amancane kungaqala, amaqabunga awo andiza sekwephuzile, okuandisa amathuba okulimala kwesithwathwa. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi isihlahla somhluzi sidinga umanyolo we-phosphorus ne-potassium, kufanele sisetshenziselwe ukungagxili ngokujulile (kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-20 amasentimitha), okufanele kutholakale okungenani izithombo ezingama-0.3 kusuka ezitshalweni. Akusekho kuthathwa isihlahla ngasinye Amagremu angama-40 kasawoti we-potassium kanye nama-60 amagremu we-superphosphate. Ezitshalweni ezondliwe ngale ndlela, ukubekwa kwezimbali eziqhakazayo kuzothuthuka, okuzosithinta kahle isivuno esizayo.
Ukunisela ama-raspberries
Ukunisela ama-raspberries entwasahlobo nasehlobo kuphela uma kunesomiso isikhathi eside. Uma lina ngokuhlelekile, khona-ke ngeke adinge ukuthambisa. Esikhathini esishisayo nesomile, lesi sitshalo sizodinga ukuthambisa okuningi, kanti amanzi kufanele atheleke ingaphezulu ngamamitha ayi-0.3-0.4 Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihlahla somhlaba sidinga ukunisela ngoMeyi ngaphambi kokuba siqhakaze, futhi nangesikhathi isikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo nokuvuthwa kwezithelo. Ukunisela ubusika kwalesi siko kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ekwindla kunokubekwa kokuqhakaza kwezinhlaka ohlelweni lwezimpande. Kulesi simo, zama ukuthoba inhlabathi kuze kufike ekujuleni okungenzeka, khona-ke ubusika be-raspberry buzoba ngaphezu kokuphumelela. Indlela yokudonsa ilungele ukuchelela lesi sitshalo, ngoba inezinzuzo eziningi:
- ukonga amanzi - kusetshenziswa uketshezi oluncane ngokuqhathaniswa nokufafaza noma ukunisela ngenkasa;
- amanzi afudumele - noma ngabe yikuphi, akunakwenzeka ukunisela leli siko ngamanzi abandayo, futhi ngale ndlela yokunisela, uketshezi seluvele lufudumele ohlelweni lwezimpande;
- umfaniswano omanzi womhlabathi.
Uma ufuna ukunciphisa kakhulu inani le-ukuthambisa ehlobo, khona-ke indawo yendawo kufanele imbozwe ungqimba we-mulch.
Ukufakwa okusajingijolo
Lapho udlulisa isitshalo esinjalo, umuntu kufanele alandele imigomo efanayo neyokutshala kwayo kokuqala. Lesi shrub sithambekele ekukhuleni okuqinile. Izimpande zawo zitholakala eduze komhlabathi, futhi ehlobo inani elikhulu lamahlumela akhula. Uma kufiswa, ngosizo lwefosholo, zingahlukaniswa nesihlahla sikamama futhi, zimbiwe kanye nezimpande, ezitshalwe endaweni entsha yaphakade. Uma lo mbala ukhule futhi umdala, khona-ke ukusebenzisa ifosholo kungenzeka ukusika ingxenye encane kunazo zonke kanye nohlelo lwezimpande nenhlama yomhlaba, ngenkathi kubhekelwa ukuthi ububanzi b amahlumela awo akufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-10 mm. "Ekuhlukaniseni" okunjalo udinga ukufiphaza amahlumela afinyelele ku-0,25 m, bese itshalwa kwenye indawo. Ungadlulisa ama-raspberries nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sebusika. Kodwa-ke, abalimi abanolwazi batusa le nqubo entwasahlobo. Ukuvikela ukukhula okungalawulwa kwesitshalo esinjalo, indawo lapho ikhula khona idinga ukuvikeleka, ngoba lokhu kufakwa emashidini enziwe ngensimbi noma esitsheni.
Ukusakazwa okusajingijolo
Ukusabalalisa ama-raspberries alula kakhulu, alula futhi ashesha. Ukuyisakaza kanjani ngenzalo kuchazwe kabanzi ngenhla. Futhi, Ukusakazwa kwalesi sitshalo usebenzisa cuttings. Ukusika kusikwa ngoJuni ngosuku olunamafu, ngoba lokhu, kukhethwe inzalo yeminyaka emibili noma emithathu yeminyaka. Ubude bezinsika kufanele bube ngamasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12, futhi kufanele babe namapuleti amaqabunga 2 noma 3. Ukusika kwamahora ayi-12 kucwiliswe kuthuluzi elikhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande, emva kwalokho litshalwe esitsheni se-0.5 l, okumele sigcwaliswe ngesihlabathi esixutshwe ne-peat. Izitsha zisuswa ngaphansi kwefilimu, kuyilapho kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi umswakama odingekayo wokususa izingqimba kufanele ube ngamaphesenti angama-90, futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele lisuke kuma-22 liye kwangama-25 degrees. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-4, ukusikeka kufanele kuqale ukukhula. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, athuthwa ngokucophelela kanye nesixha somhlaba esitsheni esikhulu kakhulu: ukuphakama kwawo kufanele kube okungenani amasentimitha ayi-14, futhi ivolumu yayo kufanele ibe amalitha ayi-1.5. Ngemuva kokuthi izingodo sezisukhulile, kufanele ziqale ukuthukuthela, ngoba zikhipha isikhashana emoyeni omusha. Izinhlobo ezisikwe ngokuqinile zitshalelwe embhedeni wokuqeqesha, zizodinga umthunzi ovela elangeni elinukayo, elisuswa kuphela lapho izitshalo sezimpande futhi ziqala ukukhula. Ekwindla, zidluliselwa endaweni engapheli. Ukuvunwa ekwindla, ama-cuttings kumele aphathwe nge-fungicide, ayobavikela ezifweni fungal. Lapho-ke ukusikeka kufanele kumbozwe nge-peat bese kufakwa kwisitoreji esisele, egumbini elingaphansi noma kwenye indawo epholile. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kwenkathi yentwasahlobo, ama-cutways azobhekana nokuhlukaniswa; kubalulekile ukuba ungakhohlwa ukukhipha ubumbano ngokuhlelekile.Entwasahlobo, ukusikwa kuyatshalwa ngokushesha embhedeni, kuyilapho umphezulu wawo kufanele umbozwe ungqimba we-mulch.
Kunezinhlobo zama-raspberry, okusakazwayo kwazo asebenzisa ukubamba kwezinhlaka (njengakwamanye amajikijolo). Ngakho-ke, lokhu kufaka phakathi i-raspberries ebubende ne-aronia. Emavikini okuqala ekwindla, ihlumela elikhulile liqala ukuncika libheke enhlabathini, ngenkathi amaqabunga akhiwe phezulu ayoba mancane, futhi lithatha isimo esinjenge-loop - ngalesi sikhathi, kuba nezimpande. Lokhu kudutshulwa kufanele kuhlukaniswe kanye "nesibambo", ngenkathi kufanele kususwe ngendlela efanayo njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla.
Ukuthena okusajingijolo
Izihlahla okusajingijolo entwasahlobo
Entwasahlobo, ama-raspberries kufanele anqunywe kube izinso ezinempilo kuzo zonke iziqu ezithintwe yisithwathwa, futhi alimale, onesifo, futhi namagatsha athuthukisiwe kufanele asikwe. Uma ulandela imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo balesi siko, khona-ke kumitha eyi-1 eqondile yesayithi kufanele ibe amahlumela ayi-10-15. Kulokhu, wonke amahlumela kufanele anqunywe esihlahleni, kusale kuphela lawo abengawokuqala ukuqala ukukhula, kudingeka ancishiswe ngamasentimitha ayi-15-20. Ngenxa yokuthena okunjalo okunciphayo, ikhwalithi yezithelo izothuthuka, futhi nayo izoba nkulu. Ukuthenwa okunjalo kungenziwa uma kufiswa ekwindla, kodwa noma kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, zonke iziqu ezilimele nezithomalalise iqhwa zizodinga ukususwa ezihlahleni. Futhi ngokusho kwe-I.V. Kazakov, izihlahla ezibunjiwe entwasahlobo zizonikeza isivuno esicebile.
Izihlahla okusajingijolo ekwindla
Ekwindla, ngemuva kokuvuna, udinga ukususa zonke iziqu ezineminyaka emibili ubudala, njengoba ngesizini ezayo ngeke ziqhakaze futhi zithele izithelo. Vele, zingagawulwa entwasahlobo, kepha kulokhu kuzosusa isitshalo izakhi ezidinga kakhulu ebusika. Sika zonke iziqu ezithele izithelo esikhathini samanje. Uma ama-raspberry otshala kuwo engaphendukanga, ungawunquma ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi akudingekile ukulinda kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile. Ochwepheshe batusa inqubo efanayo ngokushesha nje lapho sekuvunulwé konke okusuka emahlathini, kulokhu wonke ama-raspberries azoqondiswa ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwamahlumela amancane, okuyiwo athela izithelo ngesizini ezayo. Uma izinhlobo zokulungisa sezitshaliwe, kufanele zisikwe ekugcineni kwe-izithelo zesibili. Kunconywa ukubhubhisa zonke iziqu ezisikiwe, njengoba ama-microorganisms we-pathogenic kanye nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene kungahlala kuzo.
Ama-raspberries asebusika
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukulungiselela ama-raspberries kahle ebusika. Kungumqondo ojwayelekile kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi ukuthi ama-raspberries ebusika kufanele aboshwe futhi ashiywe esikhundleni sokuma. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akunakwenziwa kunoma yikuphi, ngoba ama-buds wezimbali angambozwe yiqhwa angaba yiqhwa. Izihlahla zigobekile eduze kobuso benhlabathi futhi zigxilile kulesi sikhundla, zibopha kunethayela eliphakeme kakhulu le-wire trellis. Ukusuka ngeziqu udinga ukususa wonke amahlamvu, ngoba lokhu kufaka amagilavu bese ugijimisa ihlumela ekuqondeni kusuka ezansi kuya phezulu. Qikelela, ngoba uma ukhetha amahlamvu, ukusebenzisa isandla sakho kusuka phezulu kuya phansi, lokhu kungaholela ekususweni kwamahlamvu wezimbali. Zama ukugcina leli shrub limbozwe ngokuphelele yiqhwa ebusika. Ngakho-ke, uma kunesidingo, i-raspberry izodinga ukuphonswa ngeqhwa.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi izitshalo zasebusika zidinga umoya, ngakho-ke iqhwa elibonakala esembozweni seqhwa kufanele lihlatshwe. Uma ubusika bungenalo iqhwa, khona-ke i-raspberry kufanele imbozwe ngezinto zokumboza. Entwasahlobo, indawo yokukhosela kufanele isuswe endaweni. Bheka kuzo zonke iziqu bese ususa lezo ezithintwe yisithwathwa. Amahlumela asele angaphakanyiswa futhi aboshwe kwi-trellis.
Izifo okusajingijolo kanye nokwelashwa kwabo
Amajikijolo aphuzi aphuzi
Abalimi abaningi banesasasa, ngoba amahlamvu aluhlaza aphenduka aphuzi futhi andiza? Uma kwenzeka ukuthi amahlamvu esihlahleni asiguqule umbala waso aphuzi, lokhu kusho ukuthi lesi sibonelo singenwe ngumdlavuza wezimpande, ukugqwala noma i-chlorosis. Ungathola ukuthi isitshalo sihlushwa yisifo esingalapheki esifana nomdlavuza wezimpande, ngokuvuvukala okubonakala ebusweni bezimpande, iziqu sikhula sifushane kakhulu, izithelo azinakho ukunambitha, kanti amapuleti amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi futhi andize. Izitshalo ezithelelekile kufanele zisuswe emhlabathini bese zibhujiswa, kuyilapho indawo ekhula kuzo akufanele isetshenziselwe ukutshala okungenani iminyaka eyi-8. Uma lesi sitshalo sihlaselwe ngukugqwala, khona-ke sizoqala ukuvela ngoMeyi. Ukomisa, uphuzi nokundiza amaqabunga kuzoqala, izilonda ezimnyama zizovela ngaphezu kwesiqu. Isifo esinjengalesi singalapheka kuphela lapho sisezingeni lokuqala lentuthuko, ngoba lokhu kuhlahlwa ngamakhambi ngesisombululo se-Bordeaux ingxube (1%). Uma lesi sifo sesiqala ukusebenza futhi amahlathi ehlaselwe kakhulu, khona-ke kufanele abiwe futhi abhujiswe. Isithwali esikhulu sesifo se-viral esifana ne chlorosis yi-aphid. Kulokhu, ukuze kuvikelwe ama-raspberries ku-chlorosis, kubalulekile ukuthatha zonke izindlela ezidingekayo zokulwa ne-aphid. Kumanani athelelekile, amapuleti amaqabunga aba mancane futhi akhubazeke, iziqu ziyeke ukukhula, izithelo ziyoma bese ziphela ukunambitheka kwazo. Kwezinye izimo, imbangela ye-chlorosis kungaba ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi abandayo ekuniseleni, ukusabela kwenhlabathi ye-alkaline, inani elanele lezinto zokulandela emhlabathini, noma ukuzamisa kwamanzi emhlabathini. Zama ukuthola ukuthi yini ngempela ebangele ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, futhi usiqede ngokushesha okukhulu.
Amajikijolo ayomile
Leli siko lingelinye elithanda umswakama, ngakho-ke uma izitshalo zingatholi umswakama, amahlamvu azoqala ukoma. Kodwa-ke, uma izihlahla zihlala ziniselwa ngesikhathi nangevolumu eyanele, khona-ke udinga ukucubungula ngokucophelela amaqabunga omisiwe. Uma ubona ubukhulu bawo bungaphezulu kobuso bawo, lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-raspberries athinteka yi-midges enyongo. Lesi sinambuzane sibeka izibungu zazo ngaphezulu kwamapuleti eqabunga le-raspberry, okuholela ekuqineni okunjalo, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-galls. Zonke amahlumela ezinegciwane kufanele zinqunywe empandeni, kanti iziqu akufanele zisale, bese zishiswa. Uma lesi shrub sihlatshwa amabala ansomi, okuyisifo sokukhunta, lapho kuvela amabala wokuqala obomvu ansundu emapuletini awo amaqabunga, ekugcineni aqume. Ngemuva kokuba zonke izithelo ziqoqwe ezihlahleni ezithintekile, kufanele zifafazwe nge-Zircon. Sika ezimpandeni zonke iziqu ezomile ngokushesha lapho sekucacile ukuthi isitshalo sinesifo, futhi awudingi ukulinda kuze kufike ukwindla.
Ama-raspberries we-anthracnose
Isifo fungal anthracnose ngenkuthalo sikhula ngesimo sezulu semvula esina ehlobo. Esihlahleni esithintekile, ngaphezulu kwamapuleti amaqabunga, kuvela amabala anemibala engwevu enomngcele obomvu, izithelo ziyoma, bese kuthi ukuphela kwamahlumela kuphele. Ukuvimbela, ukutshala, kufanele ukhethe izinhlobo ezingamelana nalesi sifo, futhi kudingeka usike futhi ushise zonke izingxenye ezinegciwane le-raspberries. Futhi, isampula esithintekile kufanele siphathwe ngesisombululo seNitrafen.
Izinambuzane zama-raspberries nokulwa nazo
Lezi zinambuzane ezilandelayo zihlala ezinhlathini ze-raspberry: ama-aphid, izimbuzane zesicabucabu, ukudubula nokukhipha irayisi okuyi-raspberry gall midges, i-weevil, i-raspberry nut grower, ibhungane le-raspberry ne-raspberry stem fly. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ibhungane elinombala onsundu lingahlala kulesi sihlahla. Lesi sinambuzane sidla ama-buds, izimbali namahlamvu wesitshalo, ngenkathi izinsikazi ezisezimbali zihlela ukuphuma kwazo. Izibunguza amaqanda, izibungu zidla izithelo. Ngemuva kokuthi iqhwa selincibilikile, izihlahla ezithintekayo kufanele zifafazwe ngeNitrafen, kuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwama Cherry ziphathwe neFitoverm. I-raspberry stem fly yenza ukuphuma kwayo kuma-axils amapuleti weqabunga we-apical, izibungu ezizalwe zidla iziqu zangaphakathi. Ama-raspberry naticracker kanye nesiqu, kanye nama-midges enyongo enza amaqanda awo ngamahlumela amancane, lapho izibungu zibubula, zizowadla. Uma ama-aphid esezinze esihlahleni, khona-ke ngaphezulu kweziqu namahlamvu amapulangwe, kungatholakala amazolo oju, ukuvela kwamahlumela nokusonteka kwamahlamvu kwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sinambuzane singumthwali oyinhloko wezifo ezahlukahlukene eziyingozi. Izikhala zesicabucabu, kuxazululwa kuma-raspberries, zincela ujusi wazo, kuyilapho zithwele izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nokubola okungwevu. Emigqeni yezimbali, insikazi yesikhova yenza isibeletho sayo, ngenkathi igaya izinyawo zayo. Umuntu oyedwa angalimaza inani elikhulu lezimbali (aze afike ku-50). Ukususa zonke izinambuzane ezichaziwe, udinga ukucubungula izihlahla ngeKarbofos noma i-Aktellik ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nangemva kokuba zonke izithelo seziqoqiwe. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, khumbula ukuthi uma unamathela emithethweni yezobuchwepheshe bezolimo,-ke ngeke ube nezinkinga ngezinambuzane.
Izinhlobonhlobo zama-raspberry anezithombe nezincazelo
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-raspberries zihlukaniswe zaba ezinkulu, ezinezindabuko kanye nezokulungiswa. Izinhlobo zendabuko zihlukaniswa ukwethenjwa kwazo, zishesha ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu futhi zincipha emhlabathini, kepha azikwazi ukuvuna kuzo. Iziqu zezinhlanganisela zamagatsha amakhulu ezinezithelo ezinkulu ngokunamandla, ngenxa yokuthi zihlukaniswa ukukhiqiza okuphezulu, izithelo zazo zinkulu futhi zinamakha. Ukulungisa izinhlobo zinikeza izitshalo ezi-2 ngesizini, kuyilapho ziyeka ukuthela izithelo kuphela ekuqaleni kwamaqele aqine kakhulu. Futhi, lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziyehluka komunye nomunye ngombala kanye nekhwalithi yokunambitheka kwezithelo, isikhathi sokuvuthwa, futhi futhi ngokuhambisana nokumelana nezifo nezinambuzane eziyingozi.
Izinhlobo zokuqala ezivuthiwe
- Cascade. Izinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo ezihlangana kahle nesomiso futhi zithathwa kalula ukubonwa. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla esinamahlumela kancane kufinyelela ku-200 cm. Ukwakheka kwezithelo ezibomvu okumnyama kuyatholwa, zinesisindo esingama-3.5 g, ukunambitheka kumuncu.
- Cumberland. Izinhlobonhlobo zinokulingana ngokuqinile kwesithwathwa nokumelana nezinambuzane nezifo. Izithelo ezimnyama zinesisindo esingama-2 g. Isihlahla singafinyelela ukuphakama okungama-200 cm, izindebe zibunjiwe njenge-arch, azinikezi inzalo yezimpande.
- IGolide Giant. Le nhlanganisela enezithelo ezinkulu iyamelana nesithwathwa nokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Izithelo ezinkulu eziphuzi zinesisindo esingu-8-14 amagremu.
- I-Vega. Izinhlobonhlobo ezilwa nesithwathwa zimelana nezifo zokukhunta. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kucishe kube ngu-250 cm, amahlumela amaningi we-spiky akhula. Ukwakheka kwezithelo ezi-raspberry kuthambile, kunesisindo esingu-4 amagremu, ukunambitheka kuhle futhi kumuncu.
- IGlen Ampl. Izinhlobonhlobo zakhiwa eNgilandi. Iyamelana neqhwa, izifo kanye nezinambuzane, inesivuno esikhulu kakhulu (kusuka kumahektha ama-1 ayiqoqhela kumathani ayi-15 amajikijolo). Ukuphakama kwesihlahla esinamandla kungama-350 cm, amagatsha aqinile. Izithelo eziminyene ezibomvu ezihlanganisiwe zinesimo esijikeleziweyo sesisindo futhi zinesisindo esingu-4 amagremu.
Izinhlobo zokuvuthwa ezifika emuva kwesikhathi
- URuby. Izinhlobonhlobo ezilwa nesithwathwa zitholakala ekulimaleni kwe-anthracnose. Ukuphakama kwesitshalo kungamamitha ayi-1,8, ngaphezu kwamahlumela kukhona izikhala eziningi ezimfushane zombala onsomi omnyama. Ukwakheka kwezithelo ezibomvu ezigcwele sathela, zinesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-3.5.
- Mirage. Izinhlobonhlobo zilwa nezilokazane nezifo. Phezu kwesihlahla esiphakathi nendawo kukhona ameva amancane, amafushane futhi kahle athambile ngombala obomvu omnyama. Ukuma kwezithelo ezinkulu ezibomvu kuyaphakeme, kunesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-6.
- Metropolitan. Izinhlobonhlobo zimelana nezifo namaqandane futhi kubonakaliswa umkhiqizo (kuze kufike kumakhilogremu amane wezithelo ezinamakha zivunwa kusuka esihlahleni esi-1). Ukuphakama kwesihlahla esihlanganisiwe esingamamasentimitha angama-200. Izithelo ezinkulu ezibomvu zinesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-8.
Ukulungisa izinhlobo
- Isimangaliso se-Orange. Izinhlobonhlobo zilwa nezilokazane nezifo fungal. Izithelo ezicwebezelayo ze-orange zinokuqina okuphezulu, zinobude futhi zinesisindo kusuka kumagremu ayi-7 kuye kwayi-9. Ukunambitheka kwamajikijolo kumnandi futhi kumuncu.
- I-Apricot. Izithelo zombala wegolide onephunga elimnandi. Ijamo lazo liyisiwula, futhi linesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-3.5.
- IMulatto. Izinhlobonhlobo zivelisa kakhulu, zimelana kakhulu nezifo zokukhunta nezinambuzane. Izithelo ezimnandi ze-acid eziyindilinga, ezidwetshwe ngombala onsomi omnyama, zinesisindo esingu-4 amagremu.
- IDayimane. Izinhlobonhlobo zibonakala ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu, cishe izithelo ezi-3 kg zivunwa esihlahleni esi-1. Izithelo ezinkulu ezinombala we-ruby zinesimo esikhanyayo se-sheen ne-conical, zinesisindo esingama-g 7. Ukunambitheka kunoshukela omnandi, uphudingi.
Izakhiwo ze-raspberry
Amajikijolo okusajingijolo afaka i-fructose, i-organic acid - i-citric, i-malic, i-tartaric, i-ascorbic, i-formic, i-caproic, kanye namavithamini kanye nezinto zokulandela umkhondo - i-magnesium, i-iron, i-potassium, i-calcium ne phosphorus. Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-raspberry esetshenziswa njengekhambi elwa nokubandayo, ngakho enza itiye ngamajikijolo omisiwe, enza ujamu noma agaya izithelo ezintsha noshukela. Okusajingijolo kuhluke kwamanye amajikijolo ngoba ngemuva kokulashwa kokushisa zonke izakhiwo zawo ezizuzisayo ziyagcinwa. Ukusuka kwamahlamvu wesitshalo, kusetshenziswa ama-decoction kanye ne-infusions, okusetshenziselwa i-angina nokukhwehlela. I-tincture eyenziwe ngamahlamvu nezimbali isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ze-hemorrhoids kanye nezifo ze-gynecological. Ukulungiselela okwenziwe ngamajikijolo, izimbali namahlamvu kungama-antipyretic, ama-antioxidant, ama-anti-sclerotic kanye nama-anti-immune, asetshenziswa ngenkathi kwelashwa umkhuhlane, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sikashukela, i-anemia, ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyo, nezifo zezinso. Emithini esempumalanga, izidakamizwa ezifanayo ziphatha ukungabi namandla kocansi nokuzala.
I-infusion eyenziwe ngamahlamvu isetshenziselwa umqubuko, ukuvuvukala kwesikhumba, i-eczema kanye nemiphunga, ngenkathi ixubha ingaphezulu le-epidermis. Ama-Lotions enziwa kuwo yi-conjunctivitis kanye ne-blepharitis. I-decoction ilungiselelwe kusuka ezimpandeni, esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-puritis otitis media futhi imise i-hemorrhoidal kanye ne-nosebleeds.
Kungekudala kakhulu, iClemson University yenza ucwaningo ngama-raspberry. Izilwane ezihlonzayo ezinesimila somdlavuza zinikezwe ukukhishwa okusajingijolo, okwaholela ekufeni kwamaphesenti angama-90 amaseli omdlavuza. Lo mphumela awukwazi ukuphindwa nge-antioxidant engaphezu kweyodwa eyaziwa yisayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinhlobo ze-raspberry zinomphumela.
Ama-raspberry anezinto eziningi eziphikisana. Akunconyelwe ukuyisebenzisa ngesikhathi sokuqothuka kwe-gastritis, isilonda esiswini kanye ne-duodenal ulcer. Futhi ku-contraindicated kubantu abahlushwa i-jade, gout kanye ne-amyloidosis.
