Ubusika bugoqile ekwehleni. Intwasahlobo iqhubeka ingqongqoza emnyango, iyakhumbula: sekuyisikhathi sokulungiselela ukuhlwanyela izithombo. Izithombo ezikhulayo zinikeza indawo enhle yokugcina izilimo zemifino ezithanda ukushisa ezingakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi. Ukutshala izithombo ezikhulile emhlabathini ovulekile noma ovikelekile kukuvumela ukuthi ukhule ngokwengeziwe izilimo zakuqala nezasekuqaleni eningizimu, thola isivuno esivuthiwe lapho utshala endaweni evulekile ezindaweni ezibandayo, lapho kubanda ekwindla kuqala ngo-Agasti nezithelo zezitshalo zemifino ngesizini ende ekhulayo azinaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa. Yonke imisebenzi yokuqala, ukuhlwanyelwa nokunakekela izithombo cishe kuyafana, kepha nokho ukutshala kwayo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukunakwa, ukunemba nokubekezela. Ukwephulwa kwezidingo zezitshalo kuya ezimeni zokukhula nentuthuko kubandakanya uchungechunge lwezinkinga ezidinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha.
Izithombo iklabishi.
Ukuze ukhule izithombo ezinempilo, kubalulekile ukuthi ungenzi amaphutha, futhi uma zenzeka, thola ngokushesha isixazululo esifanele. Lo mbhalo uhlongoza ukujwayelana nezinkinga eziphambili ezenzeka enqubweni yokukhula kwezithombo, nezindlela zokuzixazulula.
1. Imbewu ayizange iqhume;
Lokhu kwenzeke ngasiphi isizathu?
Imbangela ingaba yimbewu ampofu. Imbewu inciphise amandla okuzala nobungane bezithombo. Ukujula kokubekwa kwembewu kwephulwa.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
Ukuze uvikele izithombo ezinezithombo ezisezingeni eliphansi, ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele usebenzise imbewu esezingeni eliphakeme ukuhlwanyelwa, lapho zonke izinkomba ezidingekayo zikhonjiswa khona esikhwameni: isamba sembewu, isikhathi sokukhula kwesithombo, amaphesenti namandla wokuhluma, impilo yeshelufu neminye imininingwane.
Uma imbewu ilungiselelwe yona iyodwa, kufanele ilinganiswe, ihlukanise ukukhanya nesindayo. Imbewu ephelele kumele ihlanzwe. Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, hlola ukumila kwembewu.
Kungcono ukusebenzisa isixazululo esivusayo bese uhlwanyela ngembewu ebunjiweyo (ehlume).
Imbewu ehlwanyelwe izithombo ayiqhume.
2. Imbewu imila kancane futhi ngokungalingani
Lokhu kwenzeke ngasiphi isizathu?
Ukuhlwanyelwa kwembewu okubi Izilimo ezahlukahlukene zinosayizi abahlukahlukene bembewu. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, imbewu ihlwanyelwa ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene.
Ukuhlwanyela okungajwayelekile noma okungcwatshwe kakhulu kuzophinde kuholele ekutheni izithombo zihlume noma zingalingani.
Isendlalelo sekhwalithi esingesihle. Iqhaza elibalulekile ekutholeni izithombo ezinobungane futhi ezifika ngesikhathi zidlalwa yi-substrate. Isizathu singakhethwa ngokungafanele futhi silungiselelwe inhlanganisela yenhlabathi (inhlabathi enobumba esindayo evela engadini, hhayi inhlabathi eyenziwe nge-disin nezinye izizathu).
Naka impahla yethu: Ungayilungisa kanjani inhlabathi yezithombo?
Ukwephulwa kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi. Ukuhlwanyelwa kwembewu kwenziwa enhlabathini ebandayo, enamanzi futhi imbewu ebunjiweyo (yamila) yagcwaliswa ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo, futhi izimpande zezimpande zabola kusuka emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Lapho kushisa kakhulu, imbewu ibamba enhlabathini emanzi efudumele kakhulu.
Amanzi angathukutheka engxenyeni engezansi yetanki lokufika, uma ukhohlwe ukwenza izimbobo zokudonsa amanzi ngaphansi noma ahlanganiswe nomhlabathi ominyene - hlola!
Izithombo ezingafakwanga zezimbewu ezihlwanyelwe izithombo.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
Kuyadingeka ukuhambisana ngokucophelela nazo zonke izidingo ze-agrotechnical zokutshala imbewu yezithombo.
Uma udidekile ukujula kokuhlwanyelwa, ungahamba ngale ndlela elandelayo: imbewu ingcwatshwa kuze kufike ekuphakameni kwembewu, noma kungabi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayo amabili.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthola amahlumela afanayo wokuhlwanyela imbewu ukuze ubuke ukufana kokufakwa kwembewu. Utamatisi, upelepele wensimbi futhi obabayo, isitshalo seqanda kusondele ekujuleni okungadluli ku-1,0-1,5 cm.
Incane kakhulu, imbewu enothuli (isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, iparsley, amasaladi) ixutshwe nesihlabathi esihlekile esifakiwe, ikhiyamu e-powdery futhi ihlwanyelwe ebusweni besigcawu esilungiselelwe. Ukuhlwanyelwa okuvela phezulu kufakwe ungqimba olunesihlabathi esincanyana, i-humus, i-substrate efanayo eyomile imbewu ehlwanyelwe kuyo.
Indawo engaphansi yokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo kufanele inakekelwe kusengaphambili. Kuyasebenza kakhulu kubaqalayo ukuthenga inhlabathi eyenziwe ngomumo yezithombo ezitolo esitolo. Unokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile, lungiselela ngokuzimela ezincomweni ingxube ekhanyayo, enamanzi- nephefumula kalula enenhabhu futhi ivundiswe ngamanyolo wezimbiwa.
Ukuze imbewu yakheke izithombo ezifika ngesikhathi esifanele, kuyadingeka ukunisela inhlabathi kahle ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, amanzi amaningi ngokweqile kufanele agxobhoze emaphaseji. Ngemuva kokunisela, nikeza izinsuku ezimbalwa ze-sludge ukuze inhlabathi ikhule futhi ifudumele kuze kufike ku-18 ... + 20 ° С. Inhlabathi evuthiwe akufanele ibe manzi, kepha inomswakama. Kulula ukushwabana lapho kwakhiwa imifuno yokutshala. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lokuvela kwamahlumela anobungane kufanele libe ngu + 20 ... + 25 ° C, futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kwamahlumela amakhulu kumele ancishiswe abe ngu + 16 ... + 18 ° C. Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela ngaphambi kwezithombo, kungcono ukungawunisi inhlabathi, kepha uyifafaze ukuze ukungqunjelwa kwenhlabathi kungakheki.
Uma izinyathelo ezithathiwe zingazange zixazulule izinkinga zokuthola amahlumela ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi wonke umnqamulajuqu usudlulile, khona-ke kunengqondo (ikakhulukazi uma isikhathi sokutshala yisinsuku se-4-8) sokuhlwanyela imbewu kwenye indawo esemhlabeni, kulandela zonke izinqubo ezidingekayo.
3. Ukutshala izithombo
Inkinga enkulu elandelayo ngemuva kokuthola izithombo ukufaka izithombo. Kubukeka sengathi konke kuhamba kahle. Ube nobukhulu amahlumela obukhulu. Isisusile ifilimu ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezincane futhi yahlela kabusha iziqukathi ngezithombo zaya efasiteleni futhi ... kungazelelwe, kwaqala ukufuduswa nokufakwa kwezithombo.
Lokhu kwenzeke ngasiphi isizathu?
Isizathu singase sibe ngokweqile kwesilinganiso sokutshala. Kwesinye isikhathi (ikakhulukazi abaqalayo), ngokuzethembisa, imbewu eyi-1.5-2.0 ihlwanyelwa. Ngokuvamile le ndlela isetshenziswa lapho kuhlwanyelwa ezindaweni ezinkulu (izithombo ezithengiswayo noma kwezinye izidingo). Ngekhwalithi enhle yembewu, izithombo eziminyene ezinobungani zizoqala umzabalazo wokukhanyisa, umswakama kanye nokudla, izithombo ezibuthakathaka nezikhanyayo zizocindezela. Izithombo zizoqala ukukhula ngokungalingani. Ngaphezulu futhi ngokuqinile kuzogoba ukukhanyisela okuningi (indawo yokuhlala eyodwa).
Ukufaka izithombo.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
Hlwanyela imbewu njalo ngesilinganiso esinqunyelwe. Ungadlula isilinganiso sokuhlwelwa ngama-5-10%. Kungcono ukusebenzisa imbewu yokutshala amakhasethi, amabhodwe we-peat noma izinkomishi zepulasitiki. Ngale ndlela yokutshala, ubukhulu bokuhlwanyelwa bubonwa kalula futhi izithombo empeleni azithinteki ezifweni zokukhunta kanye namagciwane.
Okufanele ukwenze
Nge amahlumela aminyene wezithombo, udinga ngokushesha ukucindezela. Ngomusa, ezingeni lomhlabathi, buthaka (ngaphandle kokukhipha) amahlumela angenamandla. Ngokuhlwanyela okujwayelekile, ibanga phakathi kwezithombo lingama-1.5-2.0 cm ngokulandelana, futhi ngokusakazeka - cishe indawo efanayo ezungeze umngcele. Le ndlela izonikezela ngokwanda komoya omusha, ithuthukise ukukhanyisa kanye nokudla kokuhlwanyelwa ngakunye.
Uma ukuhlwanyelwa kwenziwa ezimbizeni noma ezinkomeni ezihlukile, khona-ke imbewu ayi-2-3 iyahlwanyelwa bese kuthi emva kokuhluma kukhishwe izithombo ezibuthakathaka (ngokuncipha), kusale enye yazo ithuthukisiwe.
4. Ukudweba izithombo
Ngaphambi kwezithombo, izithombo zesikhathi esizayo azidingi ukukhanyiswa ngakho-ke izitshalo zihlanzwa kude nokukhanya, kumbozwe ngezinto ezi-opaque. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngemuva kokuhluma, izitshalo ezivezwa endaweni ekhanyisiwe ziqala ukweluleka kakhulu, iziqu ziba mncane bese ziwela emhlabathini.
Lokhu kwenzeke ngasiphi isizathu?
Isizathu esikhulu kungaba ukuntuleka kokukhanya. Emzabalazweni wenani lokukhanya, ukunwetshwa kwesisekelo esisodwa kwezithombo kuyaqala. Ukuntuleka kokukhanya kungahlotshaniswa namaphaneli angcolile wewindows, ukuchelela okuqinisiwe, izithombo ezinwebekile. Imincane igoba ekukhanyeni. Ungahlali uqondile, lala phansi. Ngalesi sikhathi, amathuba wesifo se-seedling aphezulu.
Esinye isizathu kungaba ukushisa komoya okuphezulu kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi.
Ukuchelela kaningi, isizathu sokuhluma kwe-post-shoot.
Yelula izithombo zamatamatisi.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
Lokhu, ngemuva kokuqhuma kokuqala (cishe ezinsukwini ezi-3 zokuqala), iziqukathi zidluliselwa kumawindows, eduze kokukhanya kwemvelo. Okuhle kakhulu kulokhu yilungiselelo eliseningizimu lamafasitela. Amawindi okuphehla kwezihlahla zokugcina izithombo agezwa kuqala kusuka othulini nasekungcoleni. Faka ukukhanyisa okwengeziwe.
Inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezithombo kufanele ibe nomswakama ngokulinganayo. Lapho unisela amaviki amabili okuqala, udinga ukuvikela izitshalo emanzini. Ukunisela kwenziwa kangcono ngaphambi kuka-12 emini. Amanzi afudumele okunisela ukufika ku-18 ... + 20 ° С. Ukulandelana kokunisela izikhathi ezingama-1-2 ngesonto. Okunye ukuthambisa kuyadingeka lapho kwakhiwa umququ omncane womhlabathi owomile. Lapho kukhula ekhaya, izithombo ziniselwa ngasemaphethelweni wethangi, endaweni ebamba ukushisa - eceleni kwemisele.
Okufanele ukwenze
Ukukhula okujwayelekile nokukhula kwezithombo kudinga ukukhanyiselwa amahora angu-12- 12 ngosuku. NgoFebhuwari-Mashi, amahora emini afushane futhi ukukhanya kokukhanya kuncane. Ngu-50% kuphela wokukhanya okudingekayo ongena ezitshalweni. Ekujuleni kokukhanya okuphansi, izitshalo ziyi-chlorotic, zinwebeka futhi zigobeka zibheke emthonjeni wokukhanya.
Ngokukhanyisa, ungasebenzisa i-phytolamp, i-fluorescent, izibani ze-LED. Izithombo ze-dosing zivame ukwenziwa kusuka ngo-7 a.m kuya ku-20 p.m. Ukuze uthuthukise ukukhanya kokukhanya okufakwayo kwezithombo ezikhulayo zasekhaya, ungafaka isikrini se-foil esikhanyayo kusukela ohlangothini lwewindi.
Ukuyeka ukudweba izithombo, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa umswakama wenhlabathi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, khuphula ngokucophelela izithombo ezifakiwe beseomisa inhlabathi ngaphansi kwazo ngesihlabathi esihle esomile (inketho enhle). Ngokuzayo, kusebenza ngokwengeziwe ukushintshela ekuniseleni ngamaphayilethi nokufafazwa kahle kokufafaza kwezitshalo okuvela esibhamu sokufafaza.
Umswakama omningi womoya nenhlabathi kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezifo zokukhunta. Ukuze izithombo ziphilile, hhayi ukuthi zelule, kepha ukuze zikhule ziwugqinsi, zibilisiwe, zizinzile, kubalulekile ukugcina umswakama ofanele egumbini elisezingeni lama-70-75%. Ukwehlisa umswakama womoya, igumbi linomoya, kodwa ngaphandle kokusalungiswa.
5. Ukushona nokufa kwezithombo
Ukutshala izithombo kudinga ukunakwa njalo. Zonke izinyathelo zathathwa, izitshalo zazimi ziluhlaza, zintsha, ziveza amahlamvu okuqala angempela, futhi ngokuzumayo, zombili ezitsheni ezinkulu nasezitshalweni ezincane ezihlukile, zaqala ukubuna, ukusonteka, futhi kwezinye izindawo kwavela amabala amancanyana ezithombo yezithombo efile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezitshalo ezifile liyanda.
Lokhu kwenzeke ngasiphi isizathu?
Ukomela kuhlotshaniswa nokomiswa komhlabathi kanye nokwephulwa kwenani lamanzi amaqabunga ezithombo noma ukwephulwa kombuso womswakama wommoya.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezitshalo ngomanyolo.
Amahlamvu awagcini nje kuphela, kodwa futhi aqothuka uma kuvela ama-aphid nezinye izinambuzane.
Ukwanda kwesibalo nokuvela kwe-foci entsha yezitshalo ezifile kungakhombisa isifo semvelo yokuvuvukala kanye namagciwane.
Ukushona nokufa kwezithombo.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
Hlola njalo isimo somswakama wenhlabathi bese ulandela imithetho yokunisela izitshalo. Uma uqweqwe lomile lwakhiwe ebusweni futhi ngaphansi kwalo inhlabathi isomile ukuthinta, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuguqula umbuso wokunisela.
Sebenzisa imishini efanelekile yokufaka umanyolo.
Uma izitshalo zingathanda lapho zithathelwa yizinambuzane - ama-aphid noma imikhaza. Ukuqapha njalo kuyadingeka ukuvikela ukuzalwa kabusha kanye nokuhlala kabusha kwezinambuzane ezivelayo. Izithombo zidinga izindlela zokuzivikela.
Ukufa kwezihlumela okukodwa akukubi, kodwa ukubonakala kwenqwaba yezindawo zezinduna ezinezitshalo ezifile nokufa kwazo noma ngabe sezikhulile ezimbizeni nasezingilazini kuwubufakazi obusobala balesi sifo. Ukuqinisekiswa kuyiphinifa ephansi ezansi kwesiqu, indawo emnyama entanjeni yezimpande, ingxenye engezansi yesithombo enomucu.
Okufanele ukwenze
Ngokuntuleka komswakama, ukuqunjelwa kuqala ngamaqabunga aphansi, asonteke kancane ngefreyimu noma isikebhe. Kuyadingeka ukukhulula inhlabathi ezungeze izitshalo futhi uthele isilinganiso esincane samanzi afudumele. Ukuchelela okuyinhloko kufanele kwenziwe ngamaphayilethi. Futha izitshalo kusibhamu sokufafaza bese ubheka ngokucophelela futhi uhambisane nezidingo zombuso wokunisela. Mhlawumbe izithombo “zilambile” uma kungenzekwanga umanyolo, futhi ingxube yenhlabathi ibingakakhuli kahle ngokwanele ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Kulokhu, izitshalo zidinga ukondliwa.
Muva nje, abalimi abengeziwe bayabandakanyeka ekukhuliseni izithombo kumakhasethi. Kuyinto elula kakhulu. Izithombo azidingi ukukhetha, zinikezwa indawo yokuphakela, ukukhanyisa, kanye nokunikezwa kwenani elanele lomoya-mpilo kwisitshalo ngasinye. Kepha, uma sinikezwe amandla amancane amakhasethi, izithombo zanoma isiphi isiko kudingeka sondliwe. Ngaphandle kokugqoka okuphezulu, izitshalo ziyeluka, ziphenduke zibe mnyama, zibukeke buthaka.
Esikhathini sokuqala ukwakheka kwesithombo, izithombo zidinga i-nitrogen. Ungapheka umanyolo we-nitrogen kusuka kwizihlambi zezinyoni. Hlanganisa amaconsi ezinyoni ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 2. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3 ubilisiwe, fafaza ukumnika, thela amalitha ayi-10 amanzi, unisele inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezitshalo.
Ngesikhathi sokuqina kwezithombo, lungiselela ukumnika umlotha (1 isipuni somlotha kumalitha ama-2 amanzi ashisayo). Phikelela ngosuku. Cindezela bese unisela inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezitshalo. Ungathenga umuthi ophelile ezintweni zokulandela umkhondo bese ufafaza izitshalo ngesikhathi kusungulwa amaqabunga amathathu kuya kwayi-4 noma isonto ngemuva kokukhetha. Amanye umanyolo wamaminerali noma we-organic kanye nezithako ezisetshenziselwa ukugqoka okuphezulu. Into esemqoka - izixazululo zokugqoka eziphezulu kufanele kube zokuhlushwa okuphansi. Ngaphambi kokugqoka okuphezulu, izitshalo kufanele ziniselwe ukuze zingashisi izimpande ezincane ngesisombululo sezakhi.
Hlola ngokucophelela amaqabunga amaqabunga ezithombo kusuka phezulu nangaphansi. Ukusonta amaqabunga kungaba yinqubo yemvelo yokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kweqabunga leqabunga. Kepha uma kuneminonjana emincane yamabala amhlophe noma abomvu emaqabungeni - lokhu kungaba yiminonjana yezilokazane. Izithombo zingalashwa ngogwayi noma ngentuthu efrigid (yenza amasenti). Ungasebenzisa ukucubungula isidakamizwa sesimanje uShar Pei - isenzo se-intestinal sokuxhumana se-pyrethroid ngokumelene nezinambuzane eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Ngemuva kwamahora angama-1-2, izinambuzane ziyafa. Isithombo esisodwa sanele kwizithombo. Uma izithombo zikhule ekhaya, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-bioinsecticides (ayinangozi kubantu nasezilwaneni) - i-lepidocide, i-bitoxybacillin, i-phytoverm nabanye. Uyacelwa ukuthi uqaphele: i-biologics iyasebenza ukucubungula okuphindaphindwe futhi ngokuya ngezincomo.
Ukufa okuqondile kwezithombo kanye nezithombo zabantu abadala zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezifo zokukhunta. Uma lesi sitshalo sikhishwa kalula enhlabathini nasendaweni yentamo yezimpande, ingxenye engezansi yesakhiwo sobumbano, ukubola, iminxa yokuncipha kokubumba iyabonakala, izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kufanele zithathwe. Lesi sifo singabhubhisa izithombo ezinsukwini eziyi-1-2. Uma lesi sifo sisanda kuqala ukuzibonakalisa ngesimo sokufa kwezitshalo ngazinye, kubalulekile ukuthi sidlulisele izithombo ezinempilo kwezinye iziqukathi, lapho saphinde sabulala inhlabathi nge-potassium permanganate, i-planriz, trichodermin, glyocladine.
Uma izitshalo zagula ngeviki lokuqala noma lesibili ngemuva kokuhluma, kungcono ukwenziwa kabusha engxenyeni yenhlabathi entsha, enamagciwane ngokuphelele futhi siphatha izitshalo njalo nge-phytosporin, i-alirin, enyeir, trichodermin nezinye i-biofungicides.
Lo mbhalo ubheka ezinye zezinkinga ezivame kakhulu lapho kukhula izithombo. Kuningi kwalokho, ikakhulukazi lapho ukungahambelani nezidingo zamasu ezolimo okukhulisa izithombo.Iqiniso elijwayelekile lizoba yisikhumbuzo - umsebenzi wokulungiselela ophelele, ukuvimbela kanye nokugcwaliseka kwazo zonke izidingo zezitshalo ezikhulayo okuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombo zinempilo.
