Ukwakheka komndeni wepinki (Rosaceae) ifaka izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimbili ezithokozisayo - i-AroniaI-Aronia) nomlotha wasentabeni (ISorbus) I-Aronia nomlotha wezintaba bayizihlobo ezikhundleni zamabhodlela, kepha ezingeni lohlobo kunokuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Kwanele ukubheka ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwamaqabunga, umkhuba jikelele wesitshalo, indawo yokusatshalaliswa, izidingo zemvelo nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ukuqonda ukuthi lezi yizitshalo ezihlukile. Kuhunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini, uhlobo lwe-epithet lwe-chokeberry luhunyushwa njengesithelo esimnyama, yingakho igama eliphelele ngesiRashiya - chokeberry (I-Aronia melanocarpa) Ebantwini kuvame ukubizwa ngephutha i-chokeberry.
I-Chokeberry Aronia, noma iChokeberry (i-Aronia melanocarpa)I-Aronia chokeberry ibuye ididaniswe ne- "chokeberry Michurin" futhi futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-chokeberry yayo. Ngombono wokubheka kwe-botanical, i-aronia yaseMichurin akuyona i-aronia chokeberry ngokuphelele, kodwa kuphela ukuhlukahluka kwayo kusethi ehlukile yama-chromosomes. Okusho ukuthi, ezingeni lokuphilayo, lezi izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zohlobo olufanayo. Aronia Michurin (Aronia mitschurinii) nayo ayiwona umlotha osentabeni. URowan, ngezimpawu zayo zemvelo, ungowolunye uhlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele - iSorbus, enegama elijwayelekile ohlelweni lwezitshalo - olujwayelekile (I-Sorbus aucuparia).
Incazelo ye-botanical chokeberry chokeberry
I-Choke ngesiGreek isho umsizi, usizo, okuhle. U-Aronia chokeberry - umsizi wokuqala kumuntu, ezikhathini zasendulo, udokotela osemqoka ekwelashweni kwabaningi, izifo zakhe eziningi.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-chokeberry aronia ikhula isuka ku-0,5 iye ku-2.0 m ukuphakama. Izinhlobo ezifakwayo zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4 - lesi sihlahla esikhulu esinamagatsha anamanzi, umqhele waso usakazeka ngobudala, sithatha ububanzi obungu-2-2,5 m.
Uhlelo lwezimpande ze-chokeberry aronia lu-fibrous, luthuthukiswe kahle, luhlala ungqimba lomhlaba olungaphezulu kuka-40-60 cm, ludinga ukuchelela ngokuntuleka komswakama. Uhlelo lwezimpande aludluleli ngale kwemingcele yangaphandle yomqhele. Amahlumela wonyaka wombala onsundu, ekugcineni ambozwe ngamagxolo ansundu.
Amaqabunga e-Chokeberry acwebezelayo, alula, aphakama. Indawo elandelayo. Iqabunga leqabunga liqinile, i-ovate yangemuva, inkulu, ngesinye isikhathi icishe ibe yisikwele (6-8x5-7 cm) ngomphetho onqenqiwe kanye nonqenqema. Ingaphezulu leqabunga leqabunga libukhali. Umbala wamaqabunga e-chokeberry uluhlaza okotshani. Izinduna ezimnyama nezinsundu zibonakala ngokucacile eceleni komongo weqabunga leqabunga. Ngo-ekwindla, umbala wamaqabunga uthatha imithunzi ehlukene - owolintshi, obomvu, onsomi, onikeza izihlahla umhlobiso ogqamile omuhle.
Izimbali ze-chokeberry zi-bisexual, medium ngosayizi, zivamile. ICorolla imhlophe, ibomvana kancane. Kunezimbali ezingama-15- 20 ezimbalini, ezinama-anthers ansomi aphakama phezu kwesihlakala sepistil, enikeza imbali isikhalazo esingajwayelekile. Izimbali ziqoqwa konogada abayinkimbinkimbi abangafika ku-6 cm ubukhulu. Izimbali "chokeberry" ziqala ngoMeyi - Juni futhi zihlala amasonto angama-2-3.
I-fruiting ye-chokeberry chokeberry iqala ngonyaka wesi-2 - 3. Izithelo uvuthwe ngo-Agasti - ingxenye yokuqala kaSeptemba. Izithelo zingamajikijolo amnyama ayindilinga, amajwabu ama-apula aqhakaza aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ekuvuthweni kwemvelo, izithelo zinomnandi, zinoshukela, zi-tart kancane. Kunembewu engu-4-8 oblong epulpus ye-fetus.
Izithelo nezimbali ze-chokeberry chokeberry ngokubukeka zifana kakhulu nezimbali nezithelo zomlotha wentaba, yingakho igama lesibili eliyiphutha le-chokeberry (chokeberry).
I-Chokeberry Aronia, noma iChokeberry (i-Aronia melanocarpa).
I-Aronia chokeberry
Impumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, lapho i-chokeberry yasendle ikhula ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ibhekwa njengendawo yemvelaphi yayo. Uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwe-chokeberry aronia luhlanganisa izindawo ezifudumele kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ukhule ngempumelelo e-Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan. E-Russian Federation, ikhula ezihlahleni ezihlukene emahlathini asehlathini, emaphethelweni, endaweni engaphansi kwehlathi nehlathi lama-steppeese engxenyeni yaseYurophu. I- "Chokeberry" isabalele ezifundeni eziPhakathi, eziseVolga, eNyakatho neCaucasus. Isiko elinzima ebusika likhula cishe kuwo wonke amapulazi esifundeni sase-Ural, eNtshonalanga Siberian, eNyakatho Ntshonalanga, ngisho naseYakutia, nakwezinye izindawo ezingxenyeni yase-Asia eRussia. Ezindaweni eziphawulelwe amazinga okushisa ebusika ngenhla -35 ° C, i-chokeberry chokeberry igobelwe phansi ebusika, iyimboze ngamagatsha e-spruce noma iqhwa.
Uhlobo lwe-Aronia lunezinhlobo eziyi-15, kepha lwafakwa emasikweni futhi lwasebenza njengesisekelo sokutshala kanye nokungenisa kwezinhlobo zezindawo ezihlukene zezulu, munye kuphela - i-Aronia aronia.
Izinhlobo ezitshaliwe ze- "chokeberry" njengento ebalulekile yokwelapha eluhlaza zitshalwa ngobuningi bezimboni e-Altai. Izindawo ezibalulekile zigcinwa yisiko e-Ukraine, Belarus, ezifundazweni zeBaltic. Isetshenziswa njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa esibalulekile ekuhlobiseni imihlaba yamapaki, izikwele, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, uthango lwemvelo lweziza.
I-Aronia - izinto zokwelapha ezingavuthiwe
Ku-aronia ye-chokeberry, amaqabunga aluhlaza nezithelo ezintsha futhi zomile.
Izithelo ezivuthiwe ziqukethe ushukela ongafika ku-10%, ngaphezu kwe-1% acid organic, kuze kufike ku-1% pectin kuze kufike ku-18-20% into eyomile. Izithelo ze-chokeberry chokeberry ezisuka ku-3 ziye ku-30% zimboza isidingo sansuku zonke samavithamini (C, E, B1, B2, B6, B9, K, P, E, PP), ama-macro- nama-microelements ngendlela kasawoti we-molybdenum, manganese, ithusi, insimbi , i-boron, i-fluorine. Okuqukethwe i-iodine ku- "chokeberry" kuphakeme kunama-gooseberries, ama-raspberry, ama-sitrobheli. Ngobukhulu obukhulu bezithelo kukhona ama-anthocyanins, ama-leukoanthocyanins, ama-catechins. I-Chokeberry aronia ihlukaniswa ngokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-calcium, ngaphambi kwezilimo ezinjenge-blackcurrant namawolintshi. Kuzithelo, ezingaphezu kuka-4%, futhi ngamaqabunga afinyelela ku-1.5% we-flavonoids, kufaka phakathi i-rutin, i-quercetin, i-hesperidin. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwesithelo kugcizelela inani le-chokeberry aronia, kokubili isiko lokwelapha nokudla.
I-Chokeberry Aronia, noma iChokeberry (i-Aronia melanocarpa)Izici eziwusizo ze- "chokeberry"
I-Aronia aronia yakha ama-7- kg kg amajikijolo esihlahleni. Kuvunwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa. Zingasetshenziswa zisha, futhi zicutshungulwe zibe ujusi, iwayini, notshwala, ama-compotes. Ukusuka amajikijolo alungisa ujamu, ujamu, isiraphu, i-marmalade, i-marshmallow, i-jelly. Amajikijolo omisiwe emoyeni ovulekile nakokomisa endaweni yokushisa ka-50 ... + 60 ° С. Izithelo ezomile zigcinwa ezikhwameni zamaphepha kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2. Ukuze usebenzise itiye lokwelapha, amaqabunga avunwa ngemuva kokuqhakaza kwezimbali omisiwe. Amajikijolo amasha we- "chokeberry" kumazinga okushisa ayi-zero agcinwa isikhathi esingangonyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukunambitheka kwawo nezimfanelo ezinempilo.
Kusuka kuzithelo ezintsha nezomisiwe, kulungiswa izithako zokwelapha kanye ne-infusions, ezisetshenziselwa ekhaya nge-immune immune encishisiwe, i-mellitus yesifo sikashukela, njenge-prophylactic ye-oncology, umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-vasculitis ye-allergic, ephethe i-Vitamin, ebaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezine-metabolic ukuphazamiseka. Izithelo ze-chokeberry chokeberry zinciphisa i-cholesterol, zithuthukise ukusebenza kohlelo lwe-endocrine nohlelo lokuphefumula. Izithelo ziyi-antiseptic enhle. Izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswe kahle kusuka kwizithelo namahlamvu ezifo zesibindi, i-gallder, uhlelo lwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ophezulu.
Qaphela! Awungeke usebenzise i-chokeberry chokeberry njengomkhiqizo wokudla futhi umkhiqizo ongaphansi kwengcindezi encishisiwe, ukwanda kwezifo zesisu, ukwanda kwegazi, i-thrombophlebitis.
Ungakhula kanjani i-chokeberry chokeberry
Izidingo zemvelo
I-Aronia chokeberry ayifuni kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo. Isiko linobusika obuqinile nobusika. Kodwa ezindaweni ezinomthunzi empeleni azitheli izithelo futhi zingasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njengesiko lokuhlobisa. Ibekezelela kalula ama-frost ka -30 ... -35 ° C ngisho -40 ° C. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, kwakha izivuno eziphakeme lapho kuthambisa nokukhanya okuhle. Ngokuya ngezidingo ze-agrotechnical, isihlahla sikhula size sibe ngamamitha amathathu futhi sikhule sifinyelele ku-50 ngeziqu zeminyaka ehlukene.
Ukutshala "chokeberry"
I-chokeberry chokeberry ayinciphisi emhlabathini futhi ikhule ngokujwayelekile futhi ikhula ngisho nasenhlabathini enamanzi. Akubekezeleli inhlabathi enosawoti neyamadwala, izikhukhula zohlelo lwezimpande. Iyabekezelela inhlabathi ene-acidified, kepha izinhlabathi ezingathathi hlangothi ziphezulu kakhulu. Inhlabathi ye-Acidic ayihlanganisiwe ngomlotha noma ngofulawa we-dolomite, ulamula ungaba.
Ukutshala izithombo ze-aronia chokeberry, udinga ukuthenga ezindaweni zokufunda ezikhethekile noma usebenzise ihlumela lezinhlobonhlobo ezaziwayo.
Kungcono ukutshala izithombo ekwindla ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo noma entwasahlobo ngemuva kokuncibilika kweqhwa (uma ebusika kubanda kakhulu). I-Aronia aronia isho izilimo zokuqala kanye neminyaka engama-1-3 ngemuva kokutshala iqala ukuthela izithelo.
Ngaphambi kokutshala, izithombo ze-chokeberry chokeberry zifushanisa izimpande zibe ngu-25-30 cm bese usika isiqu sibe ngama-5-6 efihlekile. Isithombo sigcinwa amahora amaningi kusisombululo sezimpande noma amanzi.
Ukulungiswa kwemigodi yokutshala kwenziwa emasontweni angama-2-3 ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo. Imigodi yokufakelwa imbiwa ngosayizi ongu-50x50x60 cm.Ibanga eliphakathi kwamakhuba okufika liyi-2-2.5 m. Uma ukufika komhlaba kuhloselwe uthango noma ngenhloso yokuhlobisa, khona-ke ukutshala kungandiswa bese kulahlwa ngemuva kwamamitha ayi-1-1,5.
Uma umhlabathi usudilizwa izakhi zomzimba, khona-ke inhlabathi eyembiwe ixubene nebhakede lezinto eziphilayo (hhayi okusha), izipuni ezi-2 ze-nitrophosphate, isipuni se-potassium sulfate kanye nezipuni ezi-2 ze-superphosphate zengezwa. Kumhlabathi ovundile, ungakhawulela kuwe ngebhakede le-humus kusuka kumanyolo wamaminerali - nitrophos. Uma inhlabathi iminyene, udinga ukwenza ibhakede le-0.5-1.0 le-peat noma isihlabathi.
I-Aronia chokeberry itshalwe ngendlela efanayo nakwezinye izilimo ezingama-bushy berry. Lapho utshala, indawo yentamo yezimpande ihlolwe. Akunakujula, ngoba le ndlela iholela ekwakhekeni kwenombolo enkulu yezimpande amahlumela. Uma ukukhula kungagawulwa ngokuhlelekile, isihlahla sizothela size siphelelwe umkhiqizo.
I-Chokeberry Aronia, noma iChokeberry (i-Aronia melanocarpa)Nakekela i- "chokeberry"
Ukunakekela i-chokeberry aronia kubandakanya ukukhulula inhlabathi, ukuchelela, ukufaka umquba, ukugawula izihlahla futhi ukuvuselela izihlahla, ukulwa nezinambuzane nezifo.
Esikhathini esomile, semifino eyomile, ukutshala i-chokeberry chokeberry kuyaniselwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12-25 bese kufakwa ngokushesha ngokushesha ukuze kufakwe ngokweqile umswakama. Ngobudala, imvamisa yokunisela iyancishiswa, njengoba izimpande ngazinye zijula kumamitha ayi-2 - 3 futhi ngokunikela ngokuzimele zinikeze izihlahla ngomswakama odingekayo.
I-Aronia chokeberry isuthiswa izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngonyaka. Entwasahlobo, kuhlanganiswa ingxube yomquba noma yokulahlwa kwenyoni ngosawoti we-potassium noma umlotha ngaphambi kokuthi kuvulwe ama-buds. Ngokwesibili ziphuzwa ngesisombululo samanzi somanyolo ngaphambi kokuqhakaza. Okondlayo sebenzisa umlotha (izinkomishi ezi-1-2), i-nitrophosphate (20-25 g), iKemir (20-30 g), neminye imianyolo equkethe ama-macro- nama-microelements. Ekwindla, ngemuva kokuvuna (ngokusho kwesimo sesitshalo), i-superphosphate ne-potassium sulfate isetshenziselwa ukugqoka phezulu, ngokulandelana, ku-50 no-30 g / bush.
Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqhakaza, ukuthathwa kwenhlanzeko yonyaka kwenziwa. Ama-Aronia chokeberry amahlumela anqunywa ezingeni lomhlabathi. Lapho izihlahla, amahlumela angenasidingo nawo ayabhujiswa, ashiya amahlumela angama-5-6 athuthuke kahle, futhi athela izithelo. Eminyakeni engu-5-7 ubudala, ukuthathwa kokunye esikhundleni senziwa. Ukushintsha amahlumela akhulayo futhi ukhawule ukukhula kwehlathi lika "aronia" 2-3 amahlumela amasha ashiywe. Leli hlumela ngenkuthalo lenza isivuno seminyaka engama-5-7 futhi lingaphansi kokubuyiselwa. Isihlahla esakhiwe kahle siqukethe iziqu ezingama-40-45 zeminyaka ehlukile. Ukuvuselelwa okuphelele kwenziwa ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10-12, ngokuya ngesimo sesihlahla. Ukuvuselelwa okuhlelekile kwandisa ukwenziwa kwesihlahla isikhathi eside.
Ukushicilelwa kwe- "chokeberry"
I-Aronia aronia iphindaphindwa ngembewu nezithombo. Ngokwemifino, njengazo zonke izihlahlana eziyisimpande - ukunquma, ukusika, inzalo yezimpande, ukuhlukanisa isihlahla, ukugoma.
Imbewu ye-Aronia chokeberry ingahlwanyelwa ngqo ekwindla enhlabathini, lapho ithola khona ubusika bemvelo phakathi nobusika. Izithombo ezikhulile zitshalelwe indawo ehlala njalo ngonyaka olandelayo. Lapho sisakaza ngokusebenzisa izithombo, imbewu kufanele ifakwe ngaphansi kwe-3 - 4-stratation. Ukulima okuqhubekayo nokunakekelwa kwezithombo, njengezinye izitshalo.
Ukusakazwa kwemifino kwezihlahla ze-chokeberry chokeberry kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nakwezinye izitshalo ze-shrub izimpande ihlumela.
I-Chokeberry Aronia, noma iChokeberry (i-Aronia melanocarpa)Izinhlobo ze-chokeberry chokeberry zokukhula emakotishi
Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuzalaniswa okufuywayo nokuxubile.
- I-Nero, i-Altai enezithelo ezinkulu, ezinamehlo amnyama, iGrandiolia, iRubin, i-Estland, njll.
Ezinhlotsheni zangaphandle ze-chokeberry chokeberry, ezivame kakhulu:
- Isi-Finish - iViking, iHakkia, iBelder,
- IsiPolish - Kutno, Nova Ves, Dubrovice,
- Izinhlobonhlobo zaseDanish.
Umsebenzi wokuzala uhlose ikakhulukazi ukuthola izinhlobo ezi-hybrid zokungakwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa, eziphakeme kakhulu, ezinezithelo ezinkulu. Ngokwezibonakaliso zangaphandle, izinhlobo ze "chokeberry" azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa. Umehluko uvela kuphela lapho kuvuna, lapho izithelo zithola ukunambitheka kwesimilo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezikhethwe kumakhathalogi kufanele zithengwe kuphela kulezo zindawo ezikhethekile, lapho ngasikhathi sinye ungathola izeluleko ezifanele.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinambuzane nezifo
I-chokeberry chokeberry iyamelana nezilokazane nezifo. Eminyakeni ethile, kubhekwa izilonda ezizodwa zama-aphid, amabhu asentabeni, amabhu asebusika, imicu yamakhemikhali, izintwala zomlotha wezintaba kanye nama-hawthorn. Kuphephile ukulawula izinambuzane ngemikhiqizo yemvelo esetshenziselwa ukumelana nezinambuzane kwezinye izilimo: i-dendrobacillin, i-bitoxibacillin, i-verticillin, i-bicol, i-boverin nezinye. Kwamakhemikhali, kunconywa ukwelapha i-chokeberry chokeberry entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuvula kwe-bud kanye nasekwindla ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga ngesixazululo esingu-1-2% se-sulfate yethusi noma i-Bordeaux fluid.
Kulezi zifo ezinotshalwe ngokungakhathaleli kwe-chokeberry, i-bacterial necrosis yokugcwala kwamagxolo, ukushiswa kwezezimali, ukugqwala kweqabunga kude nebanga lezitshalo ezithintwe nokugqwala (i-apula, eliphakathi kwe) kungakhula, kuyaqabukela - ukubonwa kwamagciwane. Ukulwa nezifo, kanye nezinambuzane, kwenziwa kangcono ngemikhiqizo yemvelo, kusetshenziswa i-haupsin evivinywe isikhathi eside, i-phytosporin, igamair, glyocladine, trichodermin nabanye. Vele, ungasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezintsha kusuka kuhlu olunconyelisiwe lonyaka.
Imikhiqizo ye-Biological inethonya elisebenzayo kwizilokazane nezifo kuphela ngokubambelela ngokuqinile kwizincomo. Ezokwelapha zokuqala kwentwasahlobo, izindlela zokwelapha zamakhemikhali zingasetshenziswa, kepha kuphela kuze kube yilapho zivuleka izimbali.
