Umlilo owalethela i-titan Prometheus uvivinyo olwesabekayo, futhi wanikeza ubuntu ngokuphila nokuchuma, manje sekulula kakhulu ukuwuveza. Kuyiqiniso, lokhu kulula.
Abandulelayo bemidlalo yanamuhla, ebizwa ngokuthi imidlalo ye-phosphoric, yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1831 ngumlisa waseFrance oneminyaka engu-19 uCharles Soria kwathi emuva kweminyaka engu-5 beza eRussia, kodwa babiza kakhulu kulokhu okubizayo: ipeni elilodwa. NgoNovemba 29, 1848, imidlalo yashiwo emthethweni waseRussia: "uma kwenzeka imililo kulo nyaka ... abahlaseli bavame ukwenza amacala emidlalweni". UNicholas ngikuyalele ukuthi kufanele manje amafekthri womdlalo "avunyelwe kwezinye izihloko, futhi imidlalo ethengiswa emafekthri athengiswayo kufanele ifakwe uphawu lwamakhulu ezinkulungwane emabhokisini e-tin bese iphakethe lokugcina linikezwe lokhu, okufanele likhishwe emikhandlwini yedolobha, ngenhlawulo yanoma yiliphi iphasela ngesiliva ruble. "
Ukukhathazeka njengobaba ukuchuma komkhakha omusha kwasheshe kwaholela ekutheni e-Russia kube nesizinda esisodwa kuphela somdlalo, futhi ukungabi bikho kwemidlalo kwaqala ukushintshwa yizo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zobungcweti ezinjengezikhwebu ezimpunga ezimbozwe yisibabule. Kungemva kweminyaka engama-21 kuphela, u-Alexander II akhiphe isimemezelo esisha esivumela ukuthi "yonke indawo, embusweni nasebusweni basePoland, bakhiqize imidlalo ye-phosphoric futhi bayithengise ngaphandle kwemikhawulo ekhethekile."
Aspen© Tauno Erik
Ngo-1882, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyi-13 nje, inani lefektri yezemidlalo kuleli lizwe lase likhule laba ngama-263, kodwa amakhulu amafektri amancane awanikezanga umentshisi we "bastard Russia".
Hhawu, futhi yini manje ngokufana, wonke umuntu uyazi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke emhlabeni wemidlalo yamaSoviet. Ngo-1953, wonke umuntu wabahlali baseSoviet Union wayengachitha amabhokisi emidlalo angama-42, ngonyaka we-1964 - esesevele engama-68, futhi luhlobo luni lwabantu abangazange baluthole!
Ifektri yakudala yomdlalo weBalabanov, iGiant, iLightouse kanye nenqwaba yabanye ayivezi nje okwejwayelekile, kodwa futhi neyaziwa ngokuthi “midlalo yokulahla yonke indawo”, okubhekwe ngokungqubuzana nanoma iyiphi indawo enzima, umswakama-ubufakazi, igesi, ukuzingela, isiphepho, ukushisa phezu umoya. Kunemidlalo enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme elivuthayo elikuvumela ukuthi ushise intambo yocingo, kunemidlalo eshisayo enganikeli ilangabi elivulekile - ukushisa umlilo iziqhumane, imidlalo yesikhumbuzo ngamashishi abomvu akhanyayo (okubizwa ngokuthi ama-matchstick abangochwepheshe) nekhanda legolide, imidlalo enikeza ipinki, bomvu, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ilangabi eliluhlaza okotshani.
Umshini wokulinganisa kuphela ukhiqiza ukufana kwezigidi eziyi-1.5 ngehora. Amabhiliyoni emidlalo, izigidi zamabhokisi azo aqhamuka emgqeni womhlangano, futhi konke kuvela ohlotsheni olulodwa lokhuni.
Ngisho nasefekthri yokuqala yomdlalo, izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla zahlolwa ukuthi zenziwe utshani, futhi manje asikwazi ukuthola nesihlahla esingahlolwa yizimpawu zemidlalo. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside, wonke umuntu wavuma ukuthi asikho isihlahla esingcono somentshisi ngaphandle kwe-aspen. Lokhu kuzoqinisekiswa ososayensi okuwukuphela kwesikhungo sokucwaninga sesayensi embonini yemidlalo ezweni lethu.
AspenEBalabanovo, esifundeni saseKaluga, awukwazi ukuzwa kuphela ukubuyekezwa okuthopha kakhulu mayelana ne-aspen, kodwa futhi ubona ukuguqulwa kwayo okumangalisayo. Umhlangano wokuqala uzoba esiteshini, lapho kugcwele khona izingodo ezinde zamalayini.
Kwisakhiwo somdlalo wokuhlola weZiko, imishini ngaphambi kwamehlo akho izokhipha kuqala amagxolo ku-aspen, bese ivula izingodo emabhulokini wemitha eyodwa nengxenye bese ibeka "etafuleni lokuhlinzwa" eliyinhloko. Amabhulokhi abambeke ngokuqinile agijimisa kancane emshinini okhethekile, futhi imimese emikhulu ebukhali isusa ngokucophelela ungqimba lwamapheshana ungqimba. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-veneer peeling. Okulandelayo, i-veneer inqunywa otshanini bomdlalo, oqoqwa ngokushesha ngumfudlana womoya bese uyiswa endlini yokugeza. Ebhashini, izingcezwana zifakwe izinto zokwenziwa, ngemuva kokufakwa, ziyoma bese zithunyelwa kumshini wokugaya ukuze ususe izimbumbulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuhlanganiswa ama-aspen utshani, futhi kuphela emva kwalokho omunye umshini othomathikhi ubeka inhloko ekhanyayo onsundu kuyo.
Izidingo eziqinile zibekwa endalini emincane enekhanda lesibabule: akumele iqukethe izinto ze-tarry futhi ingaphezulu layo kufanele lihlanzeke ngokuphelele ngemuva kokucutshungulwa, kufanele lishiswe kalula, lishise ngomlilo, ngisho nangomlilo ozolile, ongabhemi; Isimo esisemqoka siyabhekwa nekhono laso lokungena kalula.
Kule mithetho, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokhuni, i-aspen kuphela iyahambelana, yize idinga ukuphathwa obucayi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ungayinquma ukuze ilingane kuphela ebusika, lapho iqukethe umswakama omncane. Akukhuthazi ukugcinwa kwe-aspen nokuhlala isikhathi eside, kuyoma. Cishe iminyaka emi-2 eyedlule, amabala ayo ayakwazi ukulinda emgqeni, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi awakufanelekeli ukukhiqizwa komdlalo.
I-Aspen ikhula ezweni lethu endaweni edlula isigamu sendawo ye-United Kingdom ye-Great Britain ne-Northern Ireland. Amakhosi omdlalo kade aba nomona ngengcebo yethu ye-aspen. Ngama-ruble angama-35 egolide, amafektri aseJalimane kanye nesiNgisi kwadingeka akhokhele izwe lethu ngayo yonke imitha yobubanzi be-aspen. Kamuva baqala ukuzala ama-aspen emasimini akhethekile. Enye inkampani yaseBrithani iBrimai, ithenge izithombo ngemuva kweMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili e-USSR, yathatha cishe amahektha angama-4,000 ngaphansi kwe-aspen.
AspenEzweni lethu, i-birch kuphela ephansi kune-aspen endaweni ehlala phakathi kwezingodo eziqinile. Iziqu zayo ezincibilikayo ezinamahlamvu aluhlaza grey phezulu nengwevu yomlotha ngezansi zingabonakala eduze kwesihlahla sonwele sasePhalamende nepayini, ngesihlahla se-oki ne-oak, emindeneni nasemaphondweni. Amahlathi e-aspen ahlanzekile nawo ajwayelekile. Nomaphi lapho i-aspen yethu ikhula khona! Ngaphandle kokuthi athande i-tundra enzima futhi eyomile, ahlala kuzo zonke izifunda ngokuzithandela okukhulu.
Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, noma ngaphambi kokuvela kwamaqabunga okuqala, sekuvele ukuqhuma. Njengama-poplars (i-popen ne-popula kungokwalolu hlobo olufanayo lwe-botanical), imiqhele kwezinye izihlahla imbozwe ngamakati (abesilisa) be-fluffy, kanti ezinye ziboshwe ngamakhanda aluhlaza wezimbali zabesifazane. Inyanga eyodwa nesigamu kuya kwezimbili ngemuva kokuqothuka, izihlahla zabesifazane sezivele zisabalalisa imbewu engenakubalwa. Imbewu yabo incane kakhulu kangangokuba ayibonakali kalula ngamehlo alula, kepha ilulungele kahle uhambo olude lwebanga elide: yilelo nalelo linendawo yalo.
Imbewu ye-aspen iphathiswe impahla enqabile - masheshe ihlale phansi endaweni entsha. Ngemuva kwamahora ayi-12 ngemuva kokuqala, angakwazi ukuhluma ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Kuliqiniso, imbewu ye-aspen isheshe ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okuzala futhi akuvamile ukuyigcina izinyanga eziyisithupha. Izitshalo ezincane ze-aspen zibuthakathaka, futhi ngokuntuleka komswakama noma ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi zazo ziyafa. Isimo sabasindile ngesikhathi sokuvivinywa kokuqala sihlela nokuhlolwa okuningi kokukhuthazela: izinduku zamahlathi zinentshisekelo yegxolo lezihlahla ezincane ze-aspen, amagatsha awo amnene avame ukuphulwa ngumoya ovuthayo, ngokuqhubeka agobele phansi aze akhubazeke iqhwa elimanzi eliqoqeka phezu kwawo. Amanxeba amasha emzimbeni we-aspen ngokushesha azosebenzisa ithuba lesitha sawo esibaluleke kunazo zonke - amakhowe we-parasite. Njengoba sezinzile ku-aspen, amakhowe abhubhisa inyama yakhe emhlophe - izinkuni. Eminyakeni engama-60-80, izimbotshana, ezibuthakathaka ngumsebenzi womuntu othembekile ongamenywanga, zibhubha ekuqubukeni komoya, kuyilapho izihlahla ezibaleke ukutheleleka yile fungus ziphila iminyaka engama-200.
AspenImvamisa, izihlahla ze-aspen zemvelaphi yembewu zinempilo, noma ukuzithola phakathi kwezihlahla ezinkulu ze-aspen akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Iqiniso ngukuthi, lithembela kancane enhlanyelweni yayo, i-aspen iguqulwe kabusha ukuze ikhiqizwe ihlumela lezimpande. Kuphela endaweni ethile emhlabathini oshiywe ngokulima noma endaweni enamanzi angenamvula, imbewu yakhe inganikeza izithombo ezinobungane nezisebenzisekayo. Ehlathini, ngenxa yokulahlwa kwamaqabunga aminyene nokukhululekile kwamaqabunga, kuyaqabukela akwazi ukuphumelela ukukhula.
Ukuhlola isihlahla se-aspen, lapha nalaphaya uzohlangana nezitshalo ezincane eziphansi ezineziqu eziqonde nezingcambile. Lesi yisithombo, noma isitshalo esidla imifino cishe sonke lesi sizwe esidalwa yizidalwa eziphilayo. Gaya amahlandla amaningi uzungeze i-midget enjalo, futhi uzobona ukuthi ihlala empandeni engashisi obukhulu, futhi uma ungavilanga kakhulu ukusebenza nefosholo, qiniseka ukuthi impande ivela esihlahleni esidala. Ebangeni elingafinyelela kumamitha angama-50, kwesinye isikhathi izithonjana ezigxilile ezivela ezihlahleni zomama zitholakala ezimpandeni zezintambo. Izitshalo ezingafinyelela kwabangu-12 zingakhela empandeni eyodwa. Akukho okuncane okwenzekayo ku-aspen yabantu abadala nezimpande. Ngakho-ke, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi amahlathi akhe akubheka njengokhula lwehlathi olunobungozi. Umuntu kufanele agawule i-oki kuphela, ngokwesibonelo, ihlathi, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-oki ingaphinde iqale kabusha lapha ngaphandle kosizo lomuntu. I-Aspen ithumba ngokushesha yonke indawo ephumile, icindezela amahlumela e-oki, umvikeli wayo wakamuva. Futhi ubuyisele lapha amalungelo esihlahla se-oki, sithi, ngokukhetha i-aspen, ehlala endaweni yonke yokusika, evunguza umoya. Akukho kulokhu okuzovela ngakho. Izikhulu, uma kungenjalo ngamakhulu, amahlumela amasha azovela esikhundleni sokudubula.
Kungenzeka ukusinda i-aspen emasimini kuphela ngokuwa okuphindaphindwayo, okuzokwenza ukuthi kuqiniswe izithombo noma izinhlobo ezinkulu ezisetshenzisiwe, noma ngokukhala i-aspen yakudala ekuweni kwayo. Manje i-chemistry isisondelene ne-arborist.
Kepha amahlathi awekhohlakali kuphela ngenani eliphansi, i-aspen ebolile. Kwama-aspen anempilo awasebenzi umsebenzi. Amahlathi aseSoviet ngaphansi kokuholwa nguProfessor A.S. Yablokov aphumelele ngempumelelo ukuhlanganisa inzalo ye-aspen iminyaka eminingi. Kuhlonzwa izindlela eziningana zezihlahla ezinkulu ze-aspen ezifinyelela kumamitha angama-50 ukuphakama futhi zibe nesiqu esilinganiselwe semitha. Lezi zimidondoshiya ezikhula ngokushesha, ezingonakalanga nhlobo isitha se-aspen yaphakade - ukubola, ukuziqhenya nethemba labakhandi bamahlathi.
AspenNgaphezu kweziqhwaga, izinhlobo ezihle zokuhlobisa i-aspen ezinamagatsha agelezayo, akhalayo noma imiqhele evumelanayo ye-pyramidal ikhula emahlathini ethu. I-Aspen yasekuqaleni yalethwa yilungu elihambisanayo le-Academy of Science of the Russian SSR F. JI. UShchepotiev, uyiqambe ngokuhlonipha lo msubathi osemqoka waseSoviet u-Aspen Sukachev.
Izihlahla ze-aspen, ngokuphola kwazo njalo, zakha izimo ezinhle kumakhowe e-aspen, athokozisa inhliziyo yalowo othatha amakhowe. Ukusuka entwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo, ama-aspen foliage shimmers emoyeni, bese ihlobo liphela, futhi lidwetshwe cishe nayo yonke imibala yomnyama: i-carmine, meerk, amaqabunga e-lime-aphuzi anemibala ehlukene anikeza ukubukeka okuhle kwezihlahla.
Kodwa-ke, i-aspen ikweleta amaqabunga ayo emcabangweni ohambisana nayo, mhlawumbe, kusukela esikhathini sakudala. Amaqabunga ayo ahlala ethuthumela futhi egcwala, okudala umuzwa wokukhathazeka okungenakuphikiswa phakathi kwesihambi esidlula ngakule ndawo. Abantu abaningi bamnika amagama aphakanyisiwe. Ezikhathini zasendulo, e-Ukraine babebiza i-aspen ngokuthi isihlahla esifungelwayo. AmaBelarusians akhanyise i-aspen yesihlahla somthakathi, Izigxobo - eqhaqhazela. Kepha phakathi kwamaJalimane naseRussia bekukholelwa ukuthi uJuda Iscariot wazilengisa phezu kwembokodo, futhi ngokunengekayo uzama ukukhipha inkumbulo yomsizi ngokunyakazisa amacembe. Ngakho igama "uJuda umuthi" wanamathela kuye.
Okwamanje, konke kuchazwa kalula. Ama-petioles amaqabunga e-aspen engxenyeni engenhla ayenziwa kahle, yingakho wona, ngokunyakaza komoya okuncane, aqala ukunyakaza, athuke. Lesi sici se-aspen sikhonjiswa egameni laso: ama-nerds abiza lesi sihlahla ngokuthi yi-popula ethuthumela.
AspenKodwa-ke, abalimi kwimpilo yabo yansuku zonke abakaze bavimbe "umuthi wakwaJuda", basebenzise izinduku ze-aspen ukubeka obhasikidi, kanye nama-chips (izinkuni ezinophahla) ophahleni. Ngisho iphathwe i-"aspen" eqalekisiwe. Manje izinkuni zaso zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamaphepha njengesihlanganisi sokhuni se-spruce kanye nasekwenzeni iselula - into eluhlaza okwesilika okwenziwe ngayo. Kepha into ebaluleke kakhulu ye-aspen ngumlilo.
Izixhumanisi zezinto zokwakha:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Bhuka ngezihlahla
