Iklabishi emhlophe ingenye yemifino ephambili kunoma iyiphi ingadi. Ukhule futhi wasetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo emhlabeni wonke. E-Russia, iklabishi selithole izwe lesibili. Abalimi baseRussia sekuphele isikhathi eside babhekwa njengabaphathi bokutshala kwayo. Futhi unikezwe ukuthi iklabishi limane liyisitolo samavithamini, iklabishi elimhlophe liyisakhamuzi esibophezelekile semibhede yethu kusukela isizini iye kwisizini nanamuhla. Cishe konke ubunzima bokukhula kwalo engadini - indatshana yethu.
Iklabishi emhlophe.
Izici ze-botanical zeklabishi emhlophe
Iklabishi engadini (I-Brassica oleracea) ifaka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kubandakanya iklabishi - Brassica oleracea var. i-oleracea; lokhu kufaka izinhlobo ezimhlophe nezinhloko-zibomvu.
Iklabishi elimhlophe - isiko lakudala, njengezinye izinhlobo zeklabishi (ngaphandle kweBeijing nesiShayina) livela ezinhlotsheni zasendle ezikhula ezifundeni zaseMedithera eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Afrika.
Izinhloko zeklabishi zinokuphakama okuphezulu nezakhiwo zokuphulukisa. Aqukethe amavithamini adingekayo emzimbeni womuntu (C, P, njll.), Ama-organic acid, usawoti wamaminerali, uguquko, ama-anthocyanins, njll.
Iklabishi isitshalo esineminyaka emibili. Ngonyaka wokuqala yakha inhloko yeklabishi, kuthi ngonyaka wesibili ikhule isiqu esinezimbali futhi inikeze imbewu. Izinhloko zeklabishi zinesimo esihlukile, usayizi, umbala, ukuxinana kwabantu kuya ngezimo ezahlukahlukene nezikhulayo. Isisindo sekhanda sisuka ku-300 g kuya ku-10 kg noma ngaphezulu. Lesi sitshalo esingavimbani nobandayo nohlelo lwezimpande olwakhiwe kahle, olusakazeka engxenyeni enkulu yomhlabathi ekujuleni kwama-40-50 cm.
Izimo zokukhulisa iklabishi
Isilinganiso seklabishi lokushisa
Iklabishi isitshalo esimelana nokubanda kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula nentuthuko, isabela ngokuhlukile kumbuso wokushisa. Imbewu iqala ukumila ngo-3-4 ° C, izinga lokushisa lokumila elilungile lingama-18-20 ° C. Esimweni sokuqala, izithombo ziyavela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-8 kuya kwelesi-12, ngolwesibili - ngosuku lwe-3-4.
Izitshalo zamaklabishi ziyaqhubeka zikhula ngo-5-10 ° C, kepha-ke, izinga lokushisa elingu-12-16 ° C livumela ukukhula nokukhula kwezithombo, no-15-18 ° C wezitshalo ezindala ezivulekile. Izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwama-25 ° C likuthinta kabi ukwakheka kwekhanda. Kulokhu, ukuqina kwezicubu kuyabonakala, amaqabunga aphansi alahlwa, amakhanda eklabishi aqhekekile. Konke lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwesivuno kanye nokwenziwa kwamakhanda amancane angewona ajwayelekile weklabishi.
Isilinganiso seklabishi ukukhanya
Ukukhanya kungomunye wemithombo yokugcina amandla, esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukukhula okujwayelekile nokukhula kwezitshalo kuncike ngobungako nekhwalithi yokukhanya, kanye nesikhathi sasemini.
Iklabishi yisitshalo esifuna ukukhanya kalula. Ukuhlobana kwayo nokushintsha kokukhanya njengoba ikhula futhi ikhula. Lesi sitshalo senza izimfuno eziphakeme kakhulu ngobukhulu bokukhanyisa esikhathini sokuzalela imbewu. Ukuntuleka kokukhanya ngalesi sikhathi kuholela ekuphakameni kwezitshalo, kunciphisa ukumelana kwabo nezifo ezahlukahlukene zokukhunta, ukwakheka kwamaqabunga amancane, futhi okwalandela - amakhanda ahlukene.
Kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokufakelwa okuqinile, ngokwesibonelo, lapho iklabishi likhula ngemigqa phakathi kwezihlahla zezithelo, amakhanda ngokuvamile awakhiwa nakancane.
Ngokwemvelo, iklabishi yisitshalo sosuku olude (izinhlobo zemvelaphi yasenyakatho). Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-ecotypes zaseMedithera (amaSyria nezinye) ziyizitshalo zezinsuku ezimfushane. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokukhula nosuku olude, iklabishi lenza izinqubo ezithile ze-biochemical eziqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwezitho zokuzala (ukhipha izimbali) ngonyaka wesibili.
Ukukhula okuxakile nokuthuthuka kweklabishi elimhlophe kubonwa usuku olude nokukhanyisa okukhulu, lapho, kanye nemisebe yama-wave amade, kunenqwaba yama-wave-short.
Isilinganiso seklabishi somswakama
Iklabishi isitshalo esidla umswakama kakhulu. Isidingo saso esikhulu sokuswakama sichazwa yizimpawu zokuziphatha: indawo ephezulu yamaqabunga nendawo engashoni yohlelo lwezimpande. Iyashintsha ngokuya ngezigaba zokukhula nokuthuthuka ngesikhathi se-inclusionsis.
Izikhathi ezibucayi nezigaba zokufunwa komswakama wesitshalo yilezi: ukuhluma kwembewu, ukusinda kwezithombo emva kokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile, ukwakheka kwekhanda. Ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa kwamakhanda iklabishi, izidingo zomswakama womhlaba nomoya ziyanda.
Okuthandeka kakhulu kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula kubhekwa njengomswakama wenhlabathi ezingeni lama-80% omthamo ophansi kakhulu womswakama kanye nomswakama ohlobene wama-80-90%. Ngokuncipha komswakama wenhlabathi kuya ku-60% HB, amaqabunga aba mnyama futhi apinki, imiphetho yawo igoba kancane, isiqu seklabishi elisanda kuvuthwa liyaqina bese ikhanda elincane elingelona elijwayelekile lakhiwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, umswakama omningi womhlabathi, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, uvimba ukukhula kweklabishi nokwakhiwa kwamakhanda eklabishi; i-anthocyanin pigment (amabala) avela emaqabungeni nakuma-petioles, izitshalo zingenwa yi-bacteriosis.
Isidingo sezitshalo zomswakama sehluka hhayi kuphela ezimeni zezulu nakwesimo sezulu kanye nezigaba zokuthuthuka, kodwa futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lezinye izinto. Izinhlobo zokuqala zamaklabishi ezivuthiwe, ezibonakaliswa ukukhula okuthe xaxa nokukhawuleka kwesivuno, zidinga umswakama omningi kunowokuvuthwa sekwephuzile. Izitshalo ezitshalwe ngezithombo zifunwa kakhulu kumswakama wenhlabathi kunezitshalo ezihlwanyelwe imbewu ngqo enhlabathini.
Iklabishi emhlophe emncane engadini.
Isilinganiso seklabishi enhlabathini nasekondleni
Iklabishi ngesinye sezitshalo ezifunwa kakhulu ukuzala kwenhlabathi. Ikhula kahle kakhulu kunokhanyikhanyi we-loamy nenhlabathi enesihlabathi esimanzi esinengqimba ejulile esebenzayo nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-humus. Inhlabathi enesihlabathi, lapho izinto zokwakha humus zingeniswa kuzo, zilungele iklabishi yezinhlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa.
Umhlabathi weklabishi okhulayo kufanele ukhuliswe kahle, uqukethe inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba, elingathathi hlangothi noma elinama-asidi kancane. Lapho okuphezulu kokutshala kwenhlabathi, kudingeka izakhi zomzimba omncane. Iklabishi lidinga inhlabathi eyakheke kahle, evundile, evundiswe kahle, futhi iphendula kahle ekusebenziseni imithamo ephezulu yomanyolo we-organic namaminerali enhlabathini, ikakhulukazi ngendlela ehlangene.
Ngokuzala okwanele, uhlobo lomhlabathi uqobo alubalulekile kangako kulesi sitshalo, ngaphandle kokugcwala okukhulu, okunamandla kakhulu, okumangalisayo futhi okugcwele amanzi, okwenziwe kabi i-aerated, okungafanele iklabishi. Emhlabathini wenhlabathi, kuthinteka isifo se-keel, okuholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwesivuno.
Izinhlobo zaseklabishi ezivuthiwe zithinteka kakhulu yi-keel kuneklabishi elivuthiwe sekwephuzile, ngakho-ke zidinga ukuthi zikhuliswe enhlabathini engenawo umquba. Iklabishi lisabela kahle ku-lime, elingasetshenziswa ekwindla noma entwasahlobo emavikini angama-2 2-3 ngaphambi kokutshala.
Indima yamanyolo weklabishi ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokukhula ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhlabathi iqukethe i-nitrogen encane efinyeleleka ezitshalweni. Umanyolo we-organic ngaphansi kweklabishi yezinhlobo zokuqala ezivuthiwe wethulwa ngendlela ye-humus. Ukusetshenziswa komquba omusha akusebenzi, ngoba into e-organic ayinasikhathi sokubola ngenkathi yokukhula kwezitshalo.
Izinhlobo zeklabishi eziphakathi nendawo futhi ezivuthiwe ezivuthiwe cishe kuwo wonke umhlabathi (ngaphandle kwamabhodlela amancane e-peat) ziphendula kahle ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo we-organic. Kodwa-ke, umquba uwodwa awukwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokwanele iklabishi ngezakhi zomzimba, ngoba ukubola kwawo emhlabathini kanye nokukhishwa kwezakhi zomzimba ezitholakala ezitshalweni ezivela kuwo kwenzeka kancane kancane kunesidingo sazo sokwanda komsoco. Ngenxa yalokhu, iklabishi likhula futhi lithuthuka kangcono lapho lihlanganiswa nomanyolo we-organic kanye ne-mineral.
Ukusebenza kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kukamanyolo kweklabishi akuxhomeki ohlotsheni lomhlabathi kuphela, kepha nasekutshaleni kwawo, okuqukethwe kwezakhi ezikhona kuwo, isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kukamanyolo, ukunisela. Ukuthola isivuno esiphakeme seklabishi elimhlophe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi zonke izakhamzimba zisesilinganisweni esifanele.
Ukuvula umhlabathi kanye nezitshalo ezikhulayo
Ukuvulwa kokuqala kwenhlabathi kanye nokubhujiswa kokhula kwenziwa ngemuva kokusinda kwezithombo ezitshaliwe. Ukuchekululwa kwenhlabathi okwalandela kwenziwa ngendlela edingekile ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7-8 noma ngemuva kokunisela kuze kube yilapho amaqabunga evaliwe ezindlini.
Ukutshala kokuqala kwenziwa ku-4-5 cm ukujula.Ukujulwa kokutshala kwesibili kungama-6-8 cm, okulandelayo kuze kube yilapho amaqabunga evaliwe - cm 8-10.Ububanzi bendawo yokuvikela ezungeze izitshalo kumele okungenani bube yi-12-14 cm. Ukulima kubaluleke kakhulu kunhlabathi esindayo.
I-hilling yokuqala yezinhlobo zokuqala yenziwa ezinsukwini eziyi-15 - 20 ngemuva kokufakelwa, nezinhlobo sekwephuzile - ezinsukwini ezingama-25 kamuva. Ukufakwa kwemali okuholela emuva kuholela kumonakalo ohlelweni lwezimpande kanye nokuphuma kwamaqabunga okuvala. I-Haring yenziwa ngemuva kokunisela noma ukugqoka phezulu, ukukhipha umhlabathi ngamaqabunga okuqala eqiniso. Le nqubo ibangela ukukhula kwezimpande ezingeziwe.
I-hilling yesibili yenziwa ezinsukwini eziyi-10-12 ngemuva kweyokuqala. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinesigaxa esifushane zanele ngehora elilodwa.
Vuna iklabishi.
Ukugqoka iklabishi
Ngokuya ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi kanye nomanyolo ofakelwe ukulinywa okuyinhloko naphambi kokuhlwanyelwa, iklabishi londliwa izikhathi ezingama-3-4 phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukondla kusebenza kahle kakhulu esigabeni sokukhula kwamaqabunga aphezulu naphakathi nokwakhiwa kwamakhanda eklabishi.
Kulokhu, umuntu kumele akhumbule njalo ukuthi ngesikhathi kwenziwa amaqabunga, iklabishi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, idinga umanyolo we-nitrogen ngaphezulu, ngoba ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngamazinga okushisa aphansi, izinqubo ze-microbiological emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi ezisindayo, zibuthakathaka. Ngakho-ke, izakhamzimba ngendlela efinyeleleka ezitshalweni azanele.
Ukugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu kwenziwa ngezinsuku eziyi-10-15 ngemuva kokufakelwa kwezithombo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, i-mullein ihlanjululwe ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 10, ichitha u-0,5 ngesitshalo ngasinye. Uma kungekho mullein, ukugqoka phezulu kungenziwa ngesisombululo soketshezi kukamanyolo wamaminerali - 10 g we-urea, 20 g we-superphosphate no-10 g womanyolo we potassium ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi.
Uma, lapho ngifaka izithombo enhlabathini, inani elanele lomanyolo, ikakhulukazi umanyolo we-nitrogen, lanezelwa emithonjeni, lapho-ke ingubo yokuqala ephezulu ingashiywa.
Ukugqoka kwesibili okuphezulu kwenziwa ezinsukwini ezingama-25-30 ngemuva kokutshala izithombo, isb., Izinsuku eziyi-10-15 emva kokugqoka kokuqala kokuqala. Kulokhu, kungcono ukusebenzisa ukumiliselwa kwe-mullein emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 10, okwenza i-0.5 l ukumiliselwa kwesitshalo ngasinye. Njengomthetho, lokhu kugqoka okuphezulu kuhlanganiswa ne-hilling. Lezi zembatho ezimbili eziphambili zenziwa ngaphansi kweklabishi yezinhlobonhlobo zokuqala nezasemuva. Kepha kusebenza ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zeklabishi.
Ukugqoka kwesithathu okuphezulu kuphela kweklabishi lezinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo sekwedlule kwenziwa ezinsukwini eziyi-15 ngemuva kokugqoka kwesibili okuphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kwekhanda leklabishi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ekutshelweni okufanayo kwe-mullein, i-30 g ye-superphosphate iyoncibilika ku-10 l wamanzi, ichitha u-1-1,5 l ngesitshalo ngasinye. Uma kunesidingo, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 nekhambi elifanayo, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukugqoka kwesine okuphezulu kweklabishi.
Uma usakaza umanyolo wezimbiwa ezizungeze izitshalo kwifomu elomile, udinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukuthi umanyolo awawi emaqabungeni ukugwema ukulimala, ikakhulukazi lapho amacembe emanzi
Ukuvimbela Izinhloko Zokuphamba
Ezimweni ezivumayo emazingeni okushisa nakomswakama, iklabishi livame ukuvuthwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuvuna. Uma okwamanje ukukhula kwabo kungavumi, bangase baphuke.
Ukugwema le nkinga, amakhanda alungele iklabishi, uma isikhathi sokuvuna singakafiki, udinga ukugoba amahlandla ambalwa endaweni eyodwa ukwephula uhlelo lwezimpande noma usike kancane izimpande ngefosholo. Lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu ukufinyeleleka kwezakhi zomzimba futhi kumise ukukhula kweklabishi, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuqhekeka kwamakhanda eklabishi.
Ukulawulwa kwesifo sezinambuzane kanye neklabishi
Izilokazane eziningi zilimaza iklabishi kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula - izimbungulu ezibethelwa kanye nama-aphid, abamhlophe beklabishi ne-dustpan, amabhu. Izilimo kufanele ziphathwe njalo ngezinsuku ezingama-7 000 ngama-insecticides Sumyalfa, Zolon, Sherpa, Karate, Aktellik, Volaton, njll.
Enye isifundo esiyingozi entwasahlobo iklabishi fly. Indiza yayo iqala maphakathi no-Ephreli sekwephuzile, lapho inhlabathi ifudumala ifinyelela kuma-12-13 degrees. Iklabishi indiza ibekela amaqanda entanjeni yezitshalo noma enhlabathini eseduze kwayo. Izibungu ezihehayo zingena ezimpandeni, kudlule izinwe kuzo, ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo ziqala ukubuna (ikakhulukazi lapho isimo sezulu esomile, esishisayo), amaqabunga aba umbala oholayo ngombala, ukukhula kukhula kancane noma kumile ngokuphelele, futhi ngokuvamile izitshalo ziyafa.
Amaqanda iklabishi elimhlophe.
Izinyathelo Zokulawula Izindiza Zeklabishi
Ukubambelela ngokuqinile ekushintsheni kwezitshalo, ukugcina isizinda sezolimo esiphakeme, ukwelashwa kokuvimbela (ekuqaleni kwehlobo lama-butterflies) ngama-insecticides angenhla yizindlela eziphambili zokulawula.
Uma isitshalo sonakalisiwe, engeza isixazululo esingamaphesenti ayi-0,15-0.2 se "Bi-58" noma "Bazudin" ezimpandeni. Ukusetshenziswa - amalitha ayi-0,25-0.3 ngesitshalo. Kusebenza kahle ukwethula lapho utshala i- “phosphamide” noma i-granular superphosphate efakwe nge- “Phosphamide” (“Bi-58”).
Kulezi zifo, eziyingozi kakhulu zingama-bacterial vascular and mucous, fusarium wilt.
Ukulawulwa Kwezifo
Ukugqoka imbewu, ukujikeleza kwezitshalo okuqinile, ukugcina isizinda sezolimo esiphakeme kuyizindlela eziphambili zokuvimbela nokulwa nezifo zeklabishi.
Iklabishi lithathwa njengesigcino sangempela sezempilo, ngoba kanye nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, linezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuphulukisa: zokubuyisela esimweni sokuphamba, i-analgesic, anti-inflammatory, isibulala-magciwane, i-bactericidal, i-anti-sclerotic, i-hemostatic, i-diuretic, ukulashwa kwamanxeba, i-processizing inqubo ye-metabolic futhi ilawula i-vithamini esele, iqukethe amavithamini amaningi .
