Phakathi kwabamele izimbali zezindawo ezishisayo nezindawo eziphansi, kukhona izitshalo ezinkulu nezincane, ezithinta ukubukeka okungajwayelekile kwamahlamvu, izimbali neziqu. Isimo sezulu esivumayo seSouthern Hemisphere sanikeza umhlaba impepho nezimbali ezinhle kakhulu ezidumile emhlabeni. I-Amorphophallus, njengommeleli womndeni we-aroid, futhi ayeki ukumangaza bobabili botanists kanye nabathandi bemvelo ejwayelekile.
Izindawo zokukhula nezimpawu ze-amorphophallus
Noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingama-170 ezinikezwe uhlobo lwe-amorphophallus zifanelwe yindaba ehlukile, kepha iningi lazo zisadinga ukutadishelwa ngokucophelela nangokuchazwa. Namuhla kwaziwa kahle ukuthi iningi labameleli bohlobo luphakathi kwemingcele ecacile yendawo yokuhlala. Emvelweni, atholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zezindawo ezishisayo zase-Afrika, Pacific kanye nase-Asia. Uhla luhlanganisa iNingizimu Afrika neMadagascar, i-Australia kanye neziqhingi eziseduzane, kanye neChina, iJapan neNdiya, amahlathi aseNepal naseThailand, iVietnam, iziqhingi ezinkulu nezincane zoLwandlekazi iPacific. I-Indochina ithathwa njengekhaya lalezi zinto ezihlala isikhashana, kodwa ngendlela yayo izitshalo ezimangalisayo.
I-Amorphophallus ivame ukubonakala ezihlahleni zamadwala angaphansi komhlaba noma emadwaleni amatshe phakathi kolunye utshani nezihlahlana. Ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi, bakha isiqu esikhulu esimile ngeqabunga elinezimpawu ezintathu. Ingxenye engaphansi komhlaba iyi-tuber enkulu, isisindo sayo kuncike ezinhlotsheni.
Esikhathini esiningi, lesi sitshalo siphumule, futhi ukuqhakaza kwenzeka ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuvela kokuluhlaza.
I-Amorphophallus titanic (Amorphophallus titanum)
Phakathi kwe-amorphophallus kunezitshalo ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu, ezivelele kunazo zonke zibizwa kufanele ngokuthi yi-titanic amorphophallus. Umbono watholakala futhi wachazwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 yisazi sezitshalo u-Odoardo Beccari ngesikhathi sokuya engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeSumatra.
Ukubona kwesitshalo esingaziwa kugasele umphakathi. Akukaze kube khona ngaphambili abantu bakwazile ukubona ukuqhakaza kwe-inflorescence enamamitha amabili ngesimo se-cob enamandla eyakhiwe yi-stip enomnandi. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ubukhulu bawo bushayekile, iphunga elivela esitshalweni alihlangene nephunga lezimbali futhi alikhohlwa.
Namuhla, lapho ososayensi bekwazi ukwenza ukuhlaziya ngamakhemikhali kwe- "iphunga", kwacaca ukuthi abomdabu ababiza i-amorphophallus imbali ye-cadaveric babenembile impela. Phakathi kwezingxenye zokwakheka okumnandi kwakungu:
- i-dimethyl trisulfide, enquma iphunga loshizi oluthile;
- i-dimethyl disulfide ne-trimethylamine ekhona ngephunga lezinhlanzi ezibolayo;
- i-isovaleric acid, eqhamuka kumasokisi agqoke ukujuluka;
- i-benzyl alcohol, enikeza iphunga ushukela omnandi;
- indole, esinye sezakhi sephunga lokugcotshwa kwezimbotshana.
Ukuqina kuyaqina njengoba isibhakabhaka sivutha luhlaza okuvela ngaphandle nang onsomi kusuka ngaphakathi. "Iphunga" le-amorphophallus, njengasesithombeni, likhonza ukuheha izinambuzane ezivunguza impova, ngakho-ke amandla alo ayaguquka phakathi nosuku, afinyelele phezulu phakathi kobusuku.
Ngo-1894, i-titanic amorphophallus yaqashelwa njengophawu lweIndonesia Botanical Garden. Amakhophi ahlukile aya eNgilandi nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ukuyofundelwa nokukhonjiswa emphakathini.
Kepha ama-inflorescence amakhulu noma iphunga awasizanga ukuvikela le nhlobo ekuqothulweni okuphelele endle. Cishe wonke ama-arum titanum aziwa namuhla, njengoba uDavid Attenborough abiza lesi sitshalo, ayizigaxa ezivela ezingadini ze-botanical nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Lezi amorphophallus zinamagama azo kanye nokuqapha njalo kwentuthuko nezimbali.
Ngenxa yokubheka ngokucophelela, kwatholakala ukuthi i-tuber enesisindo esingu-117 kg ngo-2006 yatholakala eJalimane, kwathi izindlebe ezi-3 metres 10, ezakhonjiswa embukisweni owawuse-USA ngo-2010, zangena kuGuinness Book of Record.
Ngaphezu kwe-inflorescence eyingqayizivele, i-cob, ebhekwa njengekhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wezitshalo, kanye nama-corms, i-titanic amorphophallus:
- kunalokho ukhula olungaqondile olunamanzi;
- okuwukuphela kweqabunga le-cirrus kufinyelela kumitha ububanzi nge-petiole enomgodi ongamamitha amathathu ukuphakama.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, umdondoshiya womhlaba wezitshalo uqhakaza eminyakeni engama-7000 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela. Futhi ingxenye eluhlaza yesitshalo ibonakala ngaphezu kwenhlabathi kuphela ngemuva kokubuna kwe-inflorescence.
Lapho-ke, ngaphansi kwesigaxa se-amorphophallus, njengasesithombeni, kwakheka amajikijolo obukhulu obumba owolintshi noma umbala ophuzi. Ukuqhakaza kwezimbali akujwayelekile kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, ama-inflorescence awakhi iminyaka engama-5-8, kepha kwesinye isikhathi abathandi bemvelo minyaka yonke bangabona ukukhula kwesitshalo esisodwa esingajwayelekile emhlabeni.
I-Amorphophallus cognac (Amorphophallus konjac)
Olunye uhlobo lwe-amorphophallus yindabuko yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, China kanye neNhlonhlo yaseKorea. I-Amorphophallus cognac noma, njengoba abantu bendawo beyibiza, i-cognac ingaphansi komfowethu we-titanic, kepha iyathakazelisa ngokulinganayo ama-botanists nakubo bonke abangahambisani nhlobo kwezimbali ezihlala kwamanye amazwe.
Ngaphezu kwegama elithi "konyaku", eChina, ePhilippines noma eVietnam, igama elithi "inyoka yesiloba" noma "ulimi lukasathane" lingezwakala maqondana nale nhlobo. Ukwesaba okukhohlisayo kwabomdabu kwakudalwa uhlobo lwe-inflorescence enkulu ekhonjiwe ye-burgundy hue, efana kakhulu nolimi lukaDeveli, oluvele ezweni langaphansi ngokwalo. Emibuthanweni yesayensi, lolu hlobo lwesitshalo se-pereid semvelo luphinde lube negama eliphakathi - umfula i-amorphophallus.
Ukwakheka kwesitshalo kuhlukile kancane kune-titanic amorphophallus, kepha ukuphakama kwesixhumi kungabi ngaphezu kwamamitha amabili ukusuka kubhavu kuya esiqongweni seqabunga elilodwa noma i-inflorescence.
I-amorphophallus tuber, njengasesithombeni, inokubukeka okuyindilinga okungajwayelekile futhi ingafinyelela isentimitha esingama-30.
Umfula i-amorphophallus uvela esikhathini esishisayo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo futhi uqhakaza ngo-Ephreli. I-inflorescence exhumanayo ihlala phezu kwesiqu esiqondile, ukufanisa ithoni yendawo yokubeka neyendlebe, engaba yimitha ubude. Lapho iqhakaza, iphunga lenyama ebolile lisakazeka ezungeze i-amorphophallus, bese kuthi amaconsi anamathela entweni ekwembini. Ngale ndlela, lesi sitshalo sidonsela izinambuzane ezidlulisa impova kusuka ezimbali zesilisa ziye ezimbalini zezesifazane ezitholakala lapha.
Yize kunephunga elingokwemvelo elingathandeki, isiko elibukeka njengelivelisiwe likhula njengokuhlobisa hhayi kuphela ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, kodwa nasezindlini ezijwayelekile.
Kepha ekhaya, babazisa kakhudlwana hhayi ubuhle bangempela be-inflorescence nezintende eziluhlaza ezithambile, kodwa ithuba lokusebenzisa i-amorphophallus tuber ekudleni. Ukusuka kuma-couns ansundu enza ufulawa kanye nama-ingredient wokudla we-gelling, angaphili kwikhwalithi kuya ku-agar-agar.
I-Amorphophallus pionifolia (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius)
I-Amorphallus brandy akuyona ukuphela kwesitshalo sokuhlobisa nokudla kuhlobo. Kwezinye izifundazwe zase China, eVietnam naseziqhingini zoLwandlekazi iPacific, kukhula iqabunga le-amorphophallus pion, elibizwa ngokuthi yindlovu yam.
Ngokufana okufanayo kwe-tuber kanye neqabunga, i-inflorescence ne-bedpread ngokubukeka kwehluke kakhulu ku-conniac ne-arum titanum. Isimbozo se-purple noma se-violet-greenish eceleni komaphethelo sinefrili ebunjiwe, futhi ingxenye engenhla ye-cob ekwi-petiole efushane ifana nomzimba wezithelo womugqa ogcwele.
I-tuber yomuntu omdala i-amorphophallus pionifolia ingaba nesisindo esingama-15 kg futhi ifike kububanzi obungamasentimitha angama-40. Ekhaya, le nhlobo ihlwanyelwa njengesitshalo sokudla, sokwelapha nesokudla. Badla ufulawa otholakala kuma-nezilimo eziyizigaxa, bese bezikhuhla ngokwawo, okuthosiwe futhi kubilisiwe njengamazambane.
Njengengxenye engezansi yokubekwa kombhede, i-petiole inombala ogqamile. Amaqabunga alezi zinhlobo afana impela namaqabunga ezimbali zensimu edumile, kodwa ngokungafani nayo, angakhula kusuka kububanzi obuyi-50 kuya kwangama-300 cm.
I-Amorphophallus bulbiferous (Amorphophallus bulbiferi)
Onke ama-amorphophallus anuka iphunga lawo ngokuthandwa yizinambuzane eziwazungeza. Njengomthetho, lezi yizimpukane namabhungane e-carrion, ekhangwa yi-miasma yenyama ebolile. Ngesizathu esifanayo, ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ikhava, i-inflorescence elondolozekile ine-burgundy ecebile noma i-tint yegazi.
Noma kunjalo, yonke imithetho ayifani. Umdwebo we-voodoo okhula endle noma i-amorphophallus enezithelo ezinamandla ungabhekwa njengento enhle kakhulu, ejabulisa kakhulu kunazo zonke izihlobo. Une-cob emhlophe-ephuzi, ekhombe phezulu, enomngcele ocacile phakathi kwezimbali zesifazane nowesilisa, neveyili epinki ngaphakathi. Ngokwesimo nangomusa, njengoba kubonakala esithombeni se-amorphophallus, le inflorescence isikhumbuza kakhulu i-calla, ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe ayinaphunga elingathandeki elidumaza kakhulu abatshali bezimbali.
Kepha isici esiyinhloko sezinhlobo akusikho lokhu, kepha amandla okwenza ama-bulbs asebenzayo ekuhlanganiseni kwemithambo yamaqabunga. Iwela phansi emhlabathini, ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane sokuhlanza, ziyahluma futhi zinikeze impilo yezitshalo ezintsha kanye nezingane ezakha i-corm.
I-Amphophallus enezibazi endle isatholakala emahlathini aseNdiya naseMyanmar. Kepha izinhlobo zathola ukuqashelwa kweqiniso eYurophu nase-USA, lapho kubhekwa khona njengelisiko lamagumbi elihle kakhulu.
Inhlobo inesikhathi eside esomile, kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuFebhuwari ishubhu lisemhlabathini owomile ngaphandle kokunisela, futhi entwasahlobo ngemuva kokufakelwa linikeza umcibisholo lapho kuvela khona i-inflorescence enkulu emhlophe-pink.
Njengakwezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene, ngemuva kokucoliswa komoya, njengasesithombeni se-amorphophallus, amajikijolo angama-oval angavuthwa. Ngokuya kobomvu, umbala wabo uhluka kusuka kokuluhlaza okotshani kuya ku-carmine. Ngaphambi kokuba amajikijolo avuthwe ngokuphelele, lesi sitshalo siyakwazi ukukhiqiza iqabunga petiole enezici.
Amorphophallus mfishane (Amorphophallus pygmaeus)
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kubathandi bezilimo zasendlini kungumbala omncane we-amorphophallus noma i-pygmy yomdabu eThailand. Isitshalo esingekho ngaphezu kwengxenye yamamitha ukuphakama sihlukaniswa ezihlotsheni eziningi ngam inflorescence amhlophe ngokuphelele amhlophe anendawo encane, futhi emhlophe.
Lolu hlobo lukhipha iphunga elibonakalayo le-amorphophallus kuphela ngobusuku bokuqala ngemuva kokuvela kwembokodo futhi kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla kujabulise abanikazi kuqala ngohlobo lwama-inflorescence, bese amajikijolo akha i-cob, bese kuba namahlamvu amnyama aluhlaza noma acishe abe mnyama.
