Kubukeka sengathi kuwumsebenzi olula ngempela ukuthatha nokutshala isihlahla. Kepha empeleni - lokhu kuluhla lonke lwemicimbi okudingeka wazi ngayo futhi yonke kumele ibonwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ungathola umphumela ohluke ngokuphelele wonke amaphupho wensimu aphupha ngawo. Ngokutshala kwesihlahla okungalungile, okungafanele, ungafinyelela isivuno esincane kakhulu noma ungasilindi nhlobo, noma, esikhundleni seminyaka embalwa ukusuka ekutshaleni kuya kwisilimo sokuqala, lindela izithelo ezimbili, noma ngisho nezikhathi ezinde. Ngakho-ke usitshala kanjani isihlahla kahle? Sizokhuluma ngalokhu kulesi sihloko.
Umuthi omncane engadini.
Izinsuku zokutshala izihlahla zezithelo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izihlahla zingatshalwa zombili entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Isikhathi esihle entwasahlobo singaphambi kokuhluma. In most of Russia, this is April. Ekwindla, ukutshala kufanele kuqedwe ezinsukwini eziyi-15 ukuya ku-20 ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo. Imvamisa izihlahla zitshalwa ngo-Okthoba, lapho inhlabathi imanzi, ingasashisi futhi ingabandi.
Ngokwazi izinsuku zokutshala, wonke umuntu angazinqumela ngokwakhe lapho kufaneleka yena ukuthi atshala isihlahla. Ngokwemvelo, kunesikhathi esincane entwasahlobo: akwenzeki njalo ukuphatha ukutshala isihlahla ngaphambi kokuhluma; I-Autumn yisikhathi sokuthula, futhi ukukhetha kwezithombo ezinkulisa kunkulu kakhulu. Uma uthenga isihlahla ekwindla, unquma ukutshala entwasahlobo, kuyodingeka ukuthi usimbele kwenye indawo futhi usivikele kuma-rodents.
Inursery indawo enhle kunazo zonke ongayithenga
Umthetho wokuqala wokutshala noma yisiphi isihlahla uqala ngokukhetha kwendawo yokutholwa kwayo. Ukuthenga izihlahla kungcono kakhulu kuyo. Kungcono ukuthi i-nursery lapho uzothenga khona isithombo ikhona ngempumelelo edolobheni lakho okungenani iminyaka embalwa. Kusendaweni enkulisa lapho ungathenga khona isithombo esigcwele imbewu sanoma yisiphi isihlahla, esihambisana nezinhlobonhlobo, ngaphandle kwezifo futhi singangenwa yizilokazane.
Kodwa-ke, ngisho nalapho, lapho uthenga, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola uhlelo lwezimpande, ingxenye esemoyeni yesitshalo, futhi uma ungatholi ukubola, izimbotshana zamagxolo, izimpande zomile, lapho-ke lesi sitshalo singathengwa. Ngendlela, kungcono ukuthutha isithombo endaweni yaso ngokuqala ngokufaka isistimu yaso yezimpande kubumba lobumba, sifafaze izimpande nge-sawdust futhi sizisongele esikhwameni sepulasitiki.
Isithombo ngasinye sinendawo yaso
Ukuze isihlahla sikhule ngempumelelo esizeni sakho, udinga ukukhetha indawo yaso. Iningi lezihlahla lizokhula kahle endaweni ekhanyisiwe, ngaphandle komthunzi, ngaphandle kokucindezelwa nokucindezelwa (izindawo lapho kuncibilika noma kuqhamuke khona amanzi emvula), enhlabathini enezinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba elingatholakali ngaphezu kwamamitha amabili ebusweni bawo.
Kuhle uma kunokuvikelwa ohlangothini olusenyakatho ngesimo sodonga lwendlu, uthango noma esinye isakhiwo, awukho umuthi owodwa owenqabayo. Khetha indawo lapho isivuno ositshalayo singakakhuli ngaphambili noma okungenani iminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha edlule. Musa ukutshala, usho, umuthi we-apula umuthi we-apula futhi, nokunye. Ngani?
Yonke into ilula: ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uhlobo oluthile lwamasiko lubanga izinto ezisetshenziselwa umhlabathi ngamanani adingekayo, futhi “lucebisa” umhlabathi ngezinambuzane nezifo, ubusika noma ukulala, obuqala ngokushesha ukusebenza indawo efanayo futhi isiko.
Uhlobo lomhlabathi nalo lubalulekile, ngoba indawo efanelekile ayigcini lapho ukukhanya, khona futhi umswakama awugugi. Iningi lezihlahla lizokhula kahle kuphela enhlabathini enempilo futhi evulekile, njenge-chernozem, loam nokunye. Musa ukutshala izihlahla enhlabathini enobumba olunesihlabathi noma obukhulu ngaphandle kokulungiselela kokuqala kwengxenye engezansi: ukukhulula (ukungezwa kwesihlabathi somfula noma, isibonelo, ama-bushwheat husks - lokhu kunjalo ngomhlabathi wobumba noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphawu (ukwengeza okumbumba kobumba emhlabathini, imvamisa ibhakede ngemitha yesikwele) - esimweni senhlabathi enesihlabathi.
Izinga le-pH, isb. Ukulingana kwe-acid ne-alkali, nakho kubalulekile ngokungangabazeki. Inketho enhle kakhulu imvamisa i-pH kusuka ku-6.0 kuye ku-7.0, uma iphakeme, khona-ke le nhlabathi ine-alkaline, ngaphansi kwayo kune-acidic, izihlahla ezimbalwa ezifana nenhlabathi enjalo. Ungahlola izinga le-pH ngokuhlola okujwayelekile kwe-litmus, unciphise inhlabathi yenhlabathi emanzini bese uyicwilisa lapho. Umbala ucetshwe iphepha owenziwe ngalo uzokhombisa izinga le-pH. Iqoqo lamaphepha ne-litmus esikalini lingathengwa kunoma yisiphi isikhungo sengadi.
Ingadi yezithelo entsha.
Ibanga phakathi kwezithombo
Kulokhu, sikhuluma ngephethini yokufika. Izihlahla, noma ngabe ziyini, ngokuqinisekile azithandi ukuqina. Ngenkathi isithombo sisencane ngesigaxa esincanyana kanye namahlumela ambalwa, kubonakala sengathi imitha yendawo ekhululekile yanele, nokho, ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, lapho kwakhiwa inqwaba enamandla engaphezulu komhlaba, umqhele wesihlahla sakho uzoqala ukuphazamisa izihlahla noma izihlahlana ezingomakhelwane, ziqale ukufinyelela lapho ukukhanya, kungaqala ukugoba noma izoba yicala elilodwa, bese kungenziwa lutho ngesihlahla - sekwephuze kakhulu.
Ukuze ugweme inkathazo, ungabi nogqozi, tshala izihlahla ezinkulu ukuze okungenani amamitha amathathu aqhamuke kwezinye izihlahla, lokhu kufanele kube ngokwanele ukuthuthukiswa komqhele.
Galela umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala
Ngaphambi kokufika, lapho usuthathe isinqumo sendawo nohlelo, udinga ukulungisa inhlabathi ngokufanele. Ngaphandle, kubonakala sengathi wonke umhlaba uyafana, umnyama noma mpunga, usondele ngombala onsundu njalonjalo. Eqinisweni, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kungashiwo ukuthi kuyingqayizivele. Kwisayithi elilodwa, i-potassium kuphela engaba yanele ukwanelisa izidingo zesihlahla, ngakwenye - i-nitrogen, kanti okwesithathu zonke izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kwesihlahla ngeke zanele.
Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa ingozi yokufa kwesihlahla ngemuva kokutshala, inhlabathi kumele ivundiswe ngaphambi kokutshala. Izicucu zivame ukufakelwa ukumba inhlabathi, zisabalalisa umquba obolile noma i-humus ebusweni (4-5 kg nge 1 m2), umlotha wezinkuni (250-300 g nge-1m2) kanye ne-nitroammofosku (isipuni nge-1 m2) Imvamisa lawa makhambi enele ukuthi isihlahla siqale ukukhula ngokuphelele endaweni entsha.
Lapho ulungisa inhlabathi, qiniseka ukuthi ususa wonke ukhula, ikakhulukazi ama-rhizomes we-ukolweni, angumncintiswano wokuqala kwisithombo, futhi esigabeni sokuqala sempilo yesihlahla, akufanele kube khona esizeni esisha. Utshani kakolweni, ngasendleleni, ungabuyisela ukukhula kwawo noma ngabe isentimitha eyodwa kuphela yezimpande zawo ihlala emhlabathini.
Izici zokwakha i-fossa yokubamba
Lapho inhlabathi isilungile, ungaqala ukudala imigodi yokufika. Le nqubo ijwayelekile, ayinkimbinkimbi, kodwa kunemithetho yayo. Isibonelo, udinga ukumba izimbobo, wenze imiphetho ngisho, ikala ama-25-30% ngaphezulu kwenani lezinqubo zesihlahla, ubambe okungenani amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokutshala isithombo.
Ukumba okokuqala umgodi kuzovumela inhlabathi ukuthi ihlale noma ngaphambi kokufakwa kwesithombo kuyo, khona-ke ngeke kusimangaze ngendlela yokutshala okuhlulekile ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokutshala. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlela ukukhipha udaka kusuka kubumba olwandisiwe, izitini eziphukile noma amatshe ayigugu phansi komgodi.
Iningi lezihlahla ezinjenge-drainage, ngeke livumele ukuzanyazanyiswa kwamanzi eduze kohlelo lwezimpande bese kukhipha ukubola kwalo. Ngaphezulu kwephayiphu, kuyadingeka ukuthulula ungqimba wezakhi, njengoba abalimi bekubiza kanjalo - umcamelo wezakhi. Kufanele ibe nengxube ye-humus nenhlabathi enomsoco (imvamisa ingaphezulu inempilo kunawo wonke) ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo ngokufakwa kwe-50 g yokhuni lomlotha kanye ne-15-20 g ye-nitroammophos. Ngaphambi kokubeka uhlelo lwezimpande lwesithombo egodini, kufanele luniselwe kaningi.
Ukubekwa kwesithombo emgodini wokufika.
Ungasifaka kanjani isithombo emgodini?
Siqhubeka ngqo kokwehla. Ngakho-ke, umgodi usulungile, ugcwele umanyolo, uniselwa futhi sekuyizinsuku eziyi-12-14, inhlabathi isizinzile futhi ungatshala isihlahla endaweni ehlala njalo.
Kungcono ukuqala ukufakwa ngokufakwa kwesikhonkwane sokusekelwa, kufanele sibekwe kuphela ukusuka ohlangothini olusenyakatho. Kudingeka isikhonkwane sokusekela ukugcina umuthi uqhakazile okokuqala kuze kube yilapho imbewu iqinile. Ngemuva kokuyifaka, udinga ukuthatha isihlahla sethu bese ubheka kahle isiqu saso. Esiqwini ungabona uhlangothi olumnyama nobukhanya.
Uhlangothi olumnyama luvame ngaseningizimu, uhlangothi olukhanyayo lusenyakatho. Uma ufuna umuthi uthome izimpande ngokushesha endaweni entsha, kufanele uwubeke kanjalo: ukuze uhlangothi olumnyama lubheke eningizimu, uhlangothi olukhanya lubheke enyakatho. Ngakho-ke, sizotshala lesi sihlahla njengoba sasikhule ngaphambili enkulisa, futhi ukucindezela kusuka ekufakweni kuzoncishiswa kancane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho utshala, qala wehlise isithombo emgodini bese uqonda kahle izimpande zawo ukuze ubheke ezinhlangothini, ungagobi, ungaphuli futhi ungaqondiswa phezulu usuka emgodini.
Ngokuvamile, kulula kakhulu ukutshala noma yisiphi isihlahla ndawonye, umuntu oyedwa kufanele abambe ngokuqinile ngesiqu, kanti omunye kufanele afafaze izimpande ngenhlabathi. Lapho ugcwalisa izimpande ngenhlabathi, zama ukusonta yisithombo kancane ukuze wonke amaphakathi aphakathi kwezimpande agcwaliswe ngenhlabathi, hhayi umoya. Lapho utshala, sikucebisa ukuthi uhlanganise ungqimba lomhlabathi ngesendlalelo, okungukuthi, ufafaze kancane - uhlanganise kancane, bese uphinde - uthele inhlabathi, uphinde uhlangane nokunye, kuze kube yilapho umgodi ugcwele.
Kubaluleke kakhulu lapho utshala ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi intamo yezimpande (indawo izimpande ingena kuyo isiqu) iqinisekile ukuthi iphakeme kancane ngaphezu komhlabathi, okungenani amasentimitha noma ngaphezulu. Kubukeka sengathi lokhu kuyisifiso, empeleni, uma ujula intamo yezimpande, umuthi uzoncipha ngokushesha ukukhula, futhi ukungena kwenkathi yezithelo kuzobambezeleka kakhulu (ngezithelo zamatshe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuvela komsuka entanyeni kungenzeka nesihlahla size sife).
Akusizi ngalutho ukuyiyekelela, ngethemba lokuthi uzothola ithuba, noma ngabe kamuva “wemba” umsuka wezimpande, noma kunjalo ingcindezi izokwakheka kuyo futhi umswakama uzowela phezu kwenhlabathi, akunandaba nemvula noma ukuthambisa, izogxambukela le nkambiso, nentamo yezimpande nakho kuzobola.
Ngemuva kokuthi uhlelo lwezimpande selufafazwe ngokuphelele ngenhlabathi, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa inhlabathi, iqonde isihlahla ukuze ime ime iqonde, sibopheke isikhonkwane ngo “ayisishiyagalombili” ukuvimbela ukubekeka, bese uthela inhlabathi ngamabhakede wamanzi futhi uqiniseke ukuhlanganisa ingaphezulu lomhlabathi nge-humus ungqimba kumasentimitha ambalwa .
I-humus yisibalo esihle kakhulu, lapho ukutshala ekwindla kuzosindisa umswakama kusuka ekushwabeni futhi ngeke kuvume ukuthi uhlelo lwe-seedling lube yiqhwa, futhi lapho ukutshala isithombo ngohlobo lwentwasahlobo, ungqimba lwe-mulch ngendlela ye-humus luzoba ukondla okwengeziwe, ngeke kuvume ukwakheka kokuqothuka kwenhlabathi futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kokhula.
Ukufakwa kwesikhonkwane sokusekela lapho utshala isilimoUkunakekelwa kwezithombo kokuqala
Uma ucabanga ukuthi ngokuhlwanyelwa kokutshala emhlabathini, ukutshala sekuphelile, lapho-ke unephutha. Kunezenzo eziningana ezenziwa ngemuva kokufika, kepha nokho kufanele zifakwe kuhlu lwemisebenzi yokubhuka engabaluleki. Ekwindla, kungukuvikelwa kwezihlahla ezincane eziqwini. Imvamisa, ngemuva kokutshala, isiqu esifinyelela kubude obungaba ngu-60 cm sigoqwa ngenetha lepulasitiki, bese kuthi isheyizi elinoshevu lisakazeke lapho kukhula khona imbewu.
Lapho utshala entwasahlobo, kubalulekile ukuvikela isiqu somthi osemusha ekushisweni yilanga ngokusenza mhlophe.
Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ukufika sekuphelile. Njengoba ubona, akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi ngokutshala isihlahla endaweni yaso, futhi uma konke kwenziwa kahle, umuthi uzosheshe ulethe isivuno sokuqala, esizokhula kuphela unyaka nonyaka.
