Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, isishayo sezingadi zethu sesibe yisifo esingajabulisi esibizwa ngokuthi yi-late blight. Lapho uqala ukuhlangana nayo, uzithola ucabanga: kufanelekile yini ukukhulisa utamatisi nhlobo, uma umzamo omningi ulula, behla bazothola imiphumela eyi-zero. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala sekwephuzile, noma ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile, akuyona into embi kakhulu engenzeka emibhedeni yethu. Uma wazi izimfanelo zalesi sifo, kungavinjelwa, uzisindise osizini nasekudumazekeni.
Utamatisi othintwe yi-Photofluorosis.
Izimpawu zokulimala sekwephuzile kwamatamatisi
Ukulimala okufika lapho noma ukubola okushintshi kwamatamatisi kuyisifo sokukhunta okubangelwa izilwanyana ezilula kakhulu zesikhunta sePhytophthora infestans. Kubonakala njengezindawo ezinamabala ansundu amnyama noma imivimbo esiqwini namathathi wezitshalo, ompunga onsundu emaqabungeni nasemaqabunga ansundu ngezithelo.
Kusukela ezinhlwini zamaqabunga ezingaphansi, okulimaza sekwephuzile kancane kancane kuthwebula lonke isihlahla samatamatisi. Esimweni sezulu esomile, izindawo ezithintekile zoma, lapho kubolile khona.
Ezithelo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi zivuthiwe kangakanani, amabala okulimaza sekwephuzile anesakhiwo esiqinile. Ikhula kuwo wonke umhlaba, ayithinti kuphela isibalo sangaphandle utamatisi, kodwa futhi ingena shí kwezicubu zayo. Kwangavela utamatisi odwenguliwe osele wokuvuthwa. I-inflorescences ethintwa yi-blight sekwephuzile, izimbali namathuna amnyama futhi omile.
Yini efaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kokulimala sekwephuzile?
Izindawo zokusakazeka kokulimaza sekwephuzile zibanzi impela futhi zihlukaniswe ngokuqinile kube ngokuqinile, okuphakathi nendawo nokubuthakathaka. Kodwa-ke, noma kungenzeka ukuthi ukusakazeka kwalesi sifo endaweni yakho kuncane, kufanele wazi ukuthi ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile kuyadingeka, ngoba ngaphezu utamatisi, kuthinta isitshalo seqanda, upelepele namazambane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kungatholakala nakuthanga. Ukulimala okubangelwa i-Phytophthora infestans kuvame ukuphumela ekulahlekelweni kwesivuno okungu-70%.
Isikhathi esivumayo sokudlondlobala kokulimaza sekwephuzile yingxenye yesibili yehlobo, ebonakala ngomehluko emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nobusuku kanye nokukhulisa umswakama kusihlwa nakusa. Ukuvalwa ngokweqile kwe-nitrogen, okulethwe ngaphansi kwesitshalo ngesikhathi sokudla, kanye nokufakwa umoya omncane kwemibhede, nokuqina kokutshala okuphezulu, kanye nokuba khona kwezitshalo ezinesifo phakathi kwezilalo ezingomakhelwane kungasicasula lesi sifo. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukungalindi umzuzwana omuhle we-fungus, kodwa ukunakekela kusengaphambili ukuvikela utamatisi wakho kukho.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile
1. Indlela elula yokuvimbela ekulweni nokulimala sekwephuzile, okunconywe emithonjeni eminingi yezemibhalo, ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezihambisana nalesi sifo. Kepha noma izinhlobo zezitamatisi noma nzalo ezingamelana ngokuphelele nokulimala sekwephuzile, akukhathaleki ukuthi abakhiqizi babhala ini emaphaketheni ngezinhlamvu. Ezinye izazi zezolimo zezolimo zifaka izinhlobo ezinzile: "Liana", "Udumo weMoldova", "Grotto", "Gribovsky 1180", "Cinderella" nabanye.
Utamatisi othintwe yi-Photofluorosis.
2. Ungatshala utamatisi ngesikhathi sokukhula esifushane futhi uhlukile ekubuyiselweni okunobungani okusheshayo kwesitshalo, okufana ne- "Inzuzo", "Okuzimele", "iDebut F1", "Sanka". Ukuphatha ukwakha izithelo ngezinsuku ezingama-80 - 90, empeleni bagwema isiphetho sokubhujiswa yi-fungus enonya.
3. Ukukhetha izinhlobo ezinde kusiza nokuvikela ekulimaleni sekwephuzile. Inqubo yabo yezolimo isuselwa kwindlela yokukhipha amaqabunga aphansi, okusho ukuthi okutshalekile kunomoya omncane futhi akuvezi umswakama ngokweqile.
4. Ukusebenza kahle kunikezwa ngokutshala izilimo ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, lapho kulula kakhulu ukugcina izinga lokushisa elizolile nomswakama. Uma ingekho indlela yokuhlela i-greenhouse, kungenzeka, ngokuqala kobusuku obubandayo, ukumboza okutshala utamatisi nge-foil kusihlwa.
5. Njengesinyathelo sokuvimbela ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela emhlabathini ovulekile noma izinkomishi, imbewu yamatamatisi kufanele iculwe ngesisombululo esingu-1% se-potanganum permanganate.
6. Uma ukulimala sekwephuze kakhulu “kusahamba” endaweni engadini, ukuhlanza imibhede yasekwindla kufanele kube ngokucophelela: izinsalela zezitshalo akumele ziqoqwe kuphela, kepha zingcwatshwe emhlabathini noma zishiswe, futhi imishini yegadi kufanele ihlaselwe magciwane.
7. Lapho usondela esikhathini esiyingozi, udinga ukuqapha inhlanzeko yokutshala utamatisi ukhula, ukuvikela umswakama ukuthi ungangeni emaqabungeni ngesikhathi sokunisela, ukufaka umquba ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-potassium nokufafaza nge-boric acid (1 tsp nge-10 l lamanzi). Kamuva, ukufafaza kuphindaphindwa ezinye izikhathi ezimbili ngesikhashana samasonto amabili, kuze kube yilapho izithelo zibomvu.
8. Imiphumela emihle ikhonjiswa ukusetshenziswa kwabalawuli bokukhula kutamatisi. I- “Epin plus”, i- “Oksigumat”, eqinisa izitshalo, ibanikeza amandla okumelana nefungus.
Izitshalo zamatamatisi ezithinteka yi-Photofluorosis.
9. Isilinganiso esinconyelwayo sokuvimbela ukususwa kwamaqabunga aphansi, ngoba anendawo 'yokuthatha' lesi sifo.
10. Ekubonakalisweni kokuqala kokulimaza sekwephuzile - izitshalo ezithintekile, kubalulekile ukukhipha nokukhipha engadini.
11. Uma ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile sekufikile ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane futhi isimo sezulu sivumela ukukhula kwayo, awukwazi ukulinda ukuthi kulimaze isivuno sakho, kodwa khipha izithelo ezingavuthiwe bese uzifaka ekuvuthweni, ngoba ngaphambilini ubesethule imishini emanzini ashisayo. I-dosing kumele yenzeke ebumnyameni, emazingeni okushisa acishe abe ngu-+ 25 ° C, ukubulala amagciwane - imizuzu emibili emanzini okushisa kwe-60 ° C
12. Abanye abalimi, njengezinyathelo zokuvikela ingozi, basebenzise ukumfaka kwegalikhi (amalitha ayi-10 amanzi, izinkomishi eziyi-1.5 zikagalikhi oqoshiwe, 1.5 g we-potanganum permanganate kanye ne-2 tbsp. Insipho yokuhlanza). Ukufafaza kokuqala kwenziwa lapho izithombo ezitshalwe enhlabathini ziba nezimpande kahle (cishe izinsuku eziyi-10-14 emva kokutshala), okwesibili nangokulandelayo ziphindwa ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, ngesilinganiso se-150 g yesisombululo ngakunye.
Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kungukuvimbela lesi sifo kuphela, futhi ukuthembela eqinisweni lokuthi ukulimala sekwedlule isikhathi kuyinkinga enzima, akunakwenzeka ukuhlala kulezi zinyathelo, kepha nakanjani ungeze ezinye izindlela zokulawula ezinamandla kuzo.
Ama-ejenti amakhemikhali ngokulawulwa kokulimala sekwephuzile
Ngokusekelwe ekutheni izimpawu zokuqala zokulimala sekwephuzile, ezibonakaliswe kumatamatisi, ziyinkomba yokuthi lesi sifo sesiqale ukuthuthuka (isb. Isikhunta sesihlale izicubu zezitshalo isikhashana esithile), kubalulekile ukuqala ukulwa naso, ngisho nangezindlela zamakhemikhali, kusengaphambili - kanjani kuphela i-thermometer eyaqala ukwehla yaya ku-10 ° С, amazolo aqinile aqala ukuvela ezitshalweni noma lina isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili. Kungaba ngu-Agasti noma uSepthemba, kaningi ukuphela kukaJulayi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngoJuni.
Utamatisi othintwe yi-Photofluorosis.
Kuyadingeka ukukhetha izidakamizwa ngokubheka ukuthi i-Phytophthora infestans isheshe ithuthukise ukumelana ne-chemistry, okusho ukuthatha imali enezithako ezahlukahlukene ezisebenzayo. Ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe kanye ngesonto, kuguqulwe nama-fungicides akuthandayo. Yini ongayenza, kungcono ukubuza ngendawo ethengiwe. Njengoba ososayensi benaka kakhulu ukulinyazwa sekwephuzile, izidakamizwa ezintsha ziyavela njalo emakethe. Kwakudala, kufakazelwe, ungancoma u "Bravo", "Ditan", "Ditan M-45", "Ridomil Gold".
I-Chemical prophylaxis kufanele yenziwe kusihlwa, lapho kungekho moya. Ukufafaza kokugcina akufanele kwenzeke kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokuvunwa.
Ama-Microbiological agents
Ukulungiselela kwe-Microbiological, njengeFitosporin neTrichodermin nakho kuyindlela ephumelelayo. Ama-microorganisms akhona kuwo acindezela ngokuqinile ukhunta lwe-phytophthora, futhi ama-antibiotic atholwe yi-fungus Trichoderma lignorum futhi abhubhisa amagciwane athathelanayo kwamanye amagciwane. Kodwa-ke, ngeke bakwazi ukukuqeda ngokuphelele ukubola oku-brown kwamatamatisi, ngakho-ke kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokuhlangana nezinye izindlela zokulawula nokuvimbela.
Amakhambi esintu ngokulwa nokulimaza sekwephuzile
Njengoba sisazilima utamatisi "ngokwethu", singazama ukuphikisana nokulimaza okufika ngesikhathi kanye namakhambi abantu. Ukucaciswa kwabo kwesayensi akwanele ukuncoma, kepha namanje ...
1. Pine amahlumela. Cola izingcezu zikaphayini ezigqinsiwe ezinwebile bese ubilisa imizuzu emi-2 kuya kwengama-3 ku-300 kuya ku-400 ml wamanzi. Hlakaza umhluzi obandayo obandayo ngamanzi ahlanzekile 1 x 5 bese ufafaza utamatisi.
Iqabunga lamatamatisi lithintwe yi-Photofluorosis.
2. Ash. Bilisa umlotha ocishe ube ngu-300 g imizuzu engaba ngu-30 ngenani elincane lamanzi. Hlala, hlanganisa, thela amanzi ku-10 l wamanzi ngokufakwa kwe-20 g yensipho yashizi.
3. Utshani obolile. Kuma-10 l amanzi ayi-1 kg wotshani obolile noma hay, idlanzana le-urea - faka izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine. Isifutho senziwa ngokuphumula kwamasonto ayi-1.5.
4. Copper sulfate. Ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi, 2 g we-sulfate yethusi kanye no-200 g wesepha.
