Ungayinisela kanjani ingadi?

Ukubaluleka kokuchelela kunzima ukukudla ngokweqile. Kodwa-ke, ukuthambisa onekhono akuyona nje indawo yokugcwalisa inhlabathi nsuku zonke enomswakama, kodwa futhi nendlela enengqondo, kufaka phakathi izici zesiko nobuchwepheshe bokunisela, okuwukuthi, njengomthetho, konga amanzi okunisela. Lawa amasu asiza ukugcina umswakama enhlabathini. Lokhu kuyinhlanganisela yamasiko afanayo kubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Lokhu ... njll.

Ukunisela ingadi. © skh

Izindlela Zokunisela

Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunisela. Ukukhethwa kwalokhu noma okuya ngamathuba okuhlela nokuhlela indawo, uhlobo lomhlabathi namasiko. Ngokuvamile, ukunisela kuhlukaniswa ngohlobo lokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi futhi kuyahlukaniswa: ukunisela okungaphezulu, ukunisela ngenkasa, ukunisela ngokudonswa kwamanzi kanye nokuzithoba okungaphezulu.

Ukunisela okungaphezulu

Siqukethe ukunisela emiseleni, kufaka phakathi i-annular (ezungeze izihlahla zezihlahla noma izihlahla), kanye namasheke nezitsha. Kuyalulekwa lapho ingaphezulu lendawo lidaluliwe, futhi inhlabathi inamanzi anele okuthola amanzi.

Ukunisela ngomsele omude

Ukunisela nge-longitudinal furrow yikhona okuvame kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa ukutshala okuqondile kwezilimo futhi ilungele kangcono imigwaqo enomthambeka omncane (ngaphandle kwalokho, amanzi kungenzeka abaleke ngokushesha kakhulu, angabi nesikhathi esanele sokunisa inhlabathi, noma ama-stagnates ekuqaleni kwesiporo, futhi, ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ngomswakama ofanayo).

Ukujula kwemisele ngesikhathi sokunisela okunjalo kungahluka kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 cm. Ibanga phakathi kwemisele lisuka ku-50 liye ku-60 cm ezinhlakeni zamatshe ezinesihlabathi, lisuka ku-60 liye ku-80 cm kwizibambo futhi lisuka ku-80 liye ku-100 cm kubumba. Lezi zincomo zihlobene neqiniso lokuthi kule nhlabathi elula, amanzi ikakhulukazi aya ezansi komsele, kuthi kule nhlabathi esindayo asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinkomba.

Ama-grooves wokunisela okuhlala kude. © multifrog

Ukunisela ezitsheni noma amasheke

Ukuchelela ezitsheni noma amasheke kusetshenziswa ezingadini futhi kugcwalisa amanzi okuvalelwe yi-roller yomhlaba ezungeze isihlahla noma isiqu sesihlahla. Kufanelekile lapho inhlabathi ingasebenzi kahle. Ubungako bendawo eniselezeliwe kuleli cala kufanele lilingane nokuzungeza komqhele.

Kufafaza

Ayisekho indlela ethandwayo yokunisela. Kuqukethe ngokuchoboza indiza yamanzi enikezwa ingcindezi kumaconsi, etholakala ngokusetshenziswa kwama-nozzles ahlukahlukene.

Izinzuzo zokunisela okunjalo kushesha nokumanzisa okuphelele kwenhlabathi, ukutholakala kwezindawo zokunisela nge-micorelief enzima noma indawo enkulu, izindleko zabasebenzi eziphansi, ukonga amanzi ngo-15 - 30% (ngokuqhathaniswa nokunisela ngemisele ngemisele), kanye nokungenzeka kokusebenzisa ngokuphelele.

I-Splinkling ilungele inhlabathi elula, yezindawo ezinotshani obungapheli, kepha ayifanele inhlabathi esindayo. Amanzi enhlabathini yobumba awangeni kahle, ngakho-ke akha izingqimba, udonsa, izinqubo ezivusa ukuguguleka. Okunye ukubuyela emuva yikhono lokufaka inhlabathi kuphela kuze kube ngu-50 cm kule nhlabathi esindayo, kuze kube ngu-60 emhlabathini okhanyayo, obalulekile lapho kuthambisa izingadi zezithelo nezivini ezidinga ukumunisa umhlabathi kuze kufike ku-100 cm.

Indlela yokunisela

Ukudonsa ngenkasa

Ukunisela kwalolu hlobo kusho ukunikezwa kwamanzi ngesimo samaconsi endaweni yokuqongelela okukhulu kwezimpande zezitshalo nokusabalala kwayo kancane kancane kuzo zonke izindlela. Ukunisela okunjalo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-dropper akhethekile, kucatshangelwa izindlela zokunisela. Inani labadonselayo libalwa ngokusetshenziselwa isivuno esithelwayo, uhlobo lomhlabathi, usayizi wezitshalo namaphethini wokutshala (ezihlahleni zabantu abadala, lokhu kuvame ukwehla ngokweqile, okuncane, kwezihlahla nezitshalo zemifino, isitshalo esisodwa).

Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokunisela ngokudonswa kwemvula kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ezindaweni ezingabelwe, indawo enomthambeka obalulekile, ngobuningi bezinhlobo zenhlabathi kanye nakwizitshalo eziningi. Ukugcina amanzi okunisela ngokunisela okunjalo kufinyelela kuma-80%. Okubi kakhulu ngale ndlela ukuthambekela kokumboza uhlelo ngezinhlayiya eziqinile ezikhona emanzini.

Ukunisela okungaphansi

Le ndlela yokunisela ayikaziwa kangako, kepha iyathembisa impela, ngoba ifakiwe esigabeni sezoqoqosho kakhulu. Kuqukethe ukuthi ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kwenzeka ngaphansi komhlaba, ngqo endaweni yezimpande, ngokusebenzisa amashubhu akhethekile humidifier. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukunciphisa okumbalwa kokulahleka kwamanzi ngokuhwamuka, ukukhula okuncane kokhula (ngoba iningi lembewu yalo lingaphezulu, alinamisile), lidala izimo ezifanele zokudla kwezitshalo.

Ukudonsa ngenkasa. © Beer-Sheba Project

Izinhlobo zokunisela

Ngaphezu kwezindlela eziphambili zokunisela okuhloswe ngazo ukugcina umswakama omningi womhlaba, kukhona ukunisela okunemisebenzi eyengeziwe. Ikakhulu: ukuchelela okuqabulayo, ukuchelela nokusetshenziswa kanyekanye kukamanyolo, ukushaja umswakama (noma ubusika) kanye no-anti-isithwathwa.

Kuyaqabula

Isidingo salokhu kunisela sivela ezimweni zokulondolozwa isikhathi eside kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, izitshalo zishintsha umswakama omningi, ngenxa yalokho okuqukethwe kwamanzi ezithweni zazo kuncishiswa kakhulu, okuholela ebunzimeni ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile.

Khiqiza ukuthambisa okuqabulayo ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku ngokufafaza kahle (ukufafaza amanzi ezweni elinenkungu) ngokuvama kwamaminithi ayi-5 ngemuva kwehora eli-1. Ukufafaza kuvumela amaconsi ukuthi angamanzi, kepha ukuze uhlale ebusweni bezitshalo, abuyisele i-hydration yawo bese, kancane kancane ehwamuka, apholise izicubu zawo kanye nobubanzi bomoya.

Ukunisela okunjalo kwenziwa noma ngosizo lwama-nozzles akhethekile noma ngesibhamu sokufafaza (esidla isikhathi esiningi).

Ukunisela ngomanyolo ngasikhathi sinye

Lolu hlobo lokunisela lunomnotho ngaphezu kokunisela nokufaka umanyolo ngokuhlukile. Inzuzo ichazwa iqiniso lokuthi izakhi ezihlakazwa emanzini zingena endaweni yezimpande ngokushesha futhi zithakwa kangcono yizitshalo.

Ukunisela okunjalo kwenziwa ngokufaka umanyolo ongaphambi kokuhlakazwa noma othelelekile emanzini wokunisela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukujula kokubekwa komanyolo kulawulwa ngesikhathi sesicelo sabo: uma kunesidingo ukufaka umanyolo kunethafa elingaphezulu, isixazululo siniselwa ekugcineni kokunisela, uma kujule - ekuqaleni.

Yini engasetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye ngamanzi okunisela? Amaconsi enyoni abilisiwe, i-slurry, i-herbal noma i-compost itiye, i-potassium, i-ammonium nitrate, njll. Umanyolo womanyolo we-organic kumele ube yi-1: 10 (ngamanzi), kanti nezimbumbulu zezimbiwa kufanele zibe ngu-1: 100, ngoba izitshalo zizoshiswa lapho kukhulunywa kakhulu khona.

Ngokuvamile, ukuchelela nge ukusetshenziswa kanyekanye umquba kwenziwa kanye emiseleni noma kusuka ukuthambisa can. Uma ngokufafaza, khona-ke emva kwalokho kufanelekile ukuhlanza izitshalo ngamanzi ahlanzekile.

Ukunisela ngama-grooves akhethekile. © I-FAO Kenya

Izimpawu zamanzi okunisela

Akuwona wonke amanzi anomthelela omuhle ezitshalweni. Esikhundleni salokho, kwamanzi okunisela kunezincomo zokushisa nekhwalithi.

Amanzi abandayo kakhulu, njengokufudumele kakhulu, athinta kabi umsebenzi obalulekile wama-microorganisms omhlabathi kanye namandla okufaka uhlelo lwempande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho unisela ngeqhwa noma ngamanzi ashisayo, izitshalo zizwa ukushaqeka okushisa, okuzibonakala ngokufiphala, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukulahla amahlamvu. Ukusabela okunjalo kuhlobene neqiniso lokuthi ukucindezela kuvimbela ukusebenza kwensiza yokusebenza kwezimpande, ngenkathi inqubo yokuguquguquka (ukuhwamuka komswakama ngamaqabunga) ihlala isezingeni elifanayo lokuqina.

Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa lamanzi wokunisela kufanele liqondiswe ekushiseni kwenhlabathi okuphelele, lapho intuthuko enhle kakhulu yezitshalo yenzeka khona, futhi ngenxa yalokho ilingana no- + 15 ... 25 ° C. Ngakho-ke, uma kukhiqizwa amanzi okunisela emthonjeni noma emthonjeni, kufanele kufakwe kusengaphambili ethangini elibekelwe lokhu, kufakwe endaweni ephezulu kakhulu yendawo.

Okubaluleke ngokufanayo ikhwalithi yamanzi okunisela. Kuyenqatshelwa ukufaka amanzi ngenqwaba yezithelo zikasawoti ekuniseleni (usawoti ophezulu uvame ukubonwa emanzini asemanzini kanye nasemayini yemayini), okungafanelekile ukuthi uqukethe inani elinyukayo lezinhlayiya ezimisiwe (umfula ongcolile noma ichibi). Ungathola ikhwalithi yamanzi ngocwaningo lwelabhoratri nangesisekelo sezinkomba, ungaluvikela, noma uluhlanze ngezindlela zamakhemikhali, noma ulithulule ngamanzi kampompi, ngoba imvamisa inezinkomba eziphakathi nendawo lapho kukhona usawoti nasekungcolisweni izinhlayiya ezimisiwe. Kodwa-ke, kukhona "ukundiza emafutheni" - ubukhona be-bleach kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi impela, kepha futhi lapho kuxazululwa kungabhekana nakho.

Ithangi lokuqoqa amanzi emvula. © Tanksalot

Izinga lokunisela le-Optimum

Ezinye izingozi ezihambisana nokunisela ukuthambisa kabi kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi. Owokuqala awuvumeli umswakama ongena enhlabathini ukuze ugcwalise ungqimba ngokwanele, ngenxa yalokho ukunqampulwa kwekhambi kwenhlabathi kukhuphuka ngokunamandla futhi izakhamzimba ziyeke ukungena ezitshalweni ngenani elifanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthambisa okungatheni komhlaba okungaphezulu komhlaba kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi iningi lezimpande zezitshalo ligxilisiwe ebusweni, ngenxa yalokho abakutholi umswakama owanele kanye nokudla okunempilo.

Ukuchelela ngokweqile kugcwalisa inhlabathi ngamanzi, okubuye kukhule nezimo zomsebenzi othambile wohlelo lwezimpande futhi kubangele izithiyo zokuvimbela izitshalo. Ngomswakama omningi emhlabathini, inani le-oksijini liyancipha, iphesenti lekhabhoni dioksijini liyakhuphuka, izinwele zezimpande (ezithatha amanzi nezakhi zomkhondo) zichithwa, kanti futhi nengozi yezinqubo ezibambekayo ziyanda.

Ukuntuleka okungapheli komswakama, kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi njalo, kunciphisa indawo yokubamba izimpande, kuholele ku-chlorosis, ukubola kwamaqabunga, ukuvimbela izinqubo zokukhula, ukwehla kwesibalo kanye nekhwalithi yesitshalo, kanye nokwehla kobulukhuni busika ebusika nezilimo zezithelo.

Unganquma kanjani isilinganiso sokunisela esifanele? Ku-agronomy, kubalwa ngokuya ngemininingwane ekhethekile ngokubhekisisa isimo senhlabathi. Engadini, vele, akekho noyedwa ozokwenza lokhu. Kepha usengaqondiswa yimithetho ethile.

Okulula kunazo zonke kubo ukwazi ukuthi kungakanani ukujula okudingekayo ukumanzisa inhlabathi ngaphansi kwesilimo esithile. Kwimifino kungamasentimitha angama-30 (ngesikhathi sezithombo 5 - 15 cm), kuma-sitrobheli ama-35 - 40 cm, ama-raspberries aze afike ku-40 cm, ama-currants nama-gooseberries aze afike ku-50 cm, ngezithelo nangezivini - 100 cm.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo samanzi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokuphila ezitshalweni asifani. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, izithombo kanye nesikhathi sokuqhakaza zidinga umswakama ozinzile, kepha lapho kuphela isikhathi sokukhula, ukusetshenziswa komswakama yizitshalo kuncishiswa.

Izici zezitshalo

Lapho unisela engadini, kubalulekile ukuba unake izici zezilimo ngazinye.

Ngakho-ke amakhabe, ikhabe, ithanga, ummbila, i-beetroot yedoti, ubhontshisi anekhono lokukhipha umswakama ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi futhi azisigaba sesitshalo esingamelana nokushisa. Amakhambi amaningi nawo akuleli qembu.

Izaqathi kanye no-anyanisi bafuna kakhulu ekuniseleni engxenyeni yokuqala yesikhathi sokukhula, esikhathini esizayo esizayo umswakama onakalisa ikhwalithi yokuvunwa kwabo.

Ukhukhamba, iklabishi, isiraphu, ulethisi, upelepele, isitshalo seqanda kudinga umswakama womhlabathi oqhubekayo. Amazambane ayadingeka ukunisela ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza. Utamatisi ungazijwayeza ukungabi umswakama onganele futhi njengokuthambisa ngaphansi kwempande.

Ngokwesiko elilodwa, phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo, umehluko maqondana nomswakama nawo uyabonakala. Izinhlobo ezifuna kakhulu zokuvuthwa kokuqala, okuncane - sekwephuzile.

Kunezintandokazi zezitshalo zasengadini. Okuzwela kakhulu ukunisela ama-sitrobheli, kulandelwe ama-currants amnyama, bese kuba ngama-raspberries, ama-gooseberries, ama-currant abomvu, amaplamu, izihlahla ze-apula, amapheya kanye nama-cherries. Ngasikhathi sinye, izithombo zezithelo nezamatshe ezikhule ngokuchelela okujwayelekile zidinga umswakama omkhulu kunalezo okwakudingeka zijwayele ukusilela kwazo ekuqaleni.

Imithetho yokuthambisa ejwayelekile

Uma yonke imithetho yokunisela incishiswa ohlwini olulodwa lokuncoma, okulandelayo kuzovela:

kungcono ukunisela izitshalo ekuseni (ngaphambi kokushisa) noma kusihlwa (phakathi nobusuku obubandayo, kufanele unikeze ukukhetha ekuseni);
ukuchelela kufanele kube ngesikhathi futhi kuvamile;
Ukunisela kwentwasahlobo kufanele kugxile ekujuleni kwenhlabathi okuncane (cishe amasentimitha ayishumi), ngoba izitshalo ezinqwabelene ngalesi sikhathi zisenomswakama ogcwele emhlabathini;
izinga lokushisa liphezulu, kukhuphuka izinga lokunisela;
esimweni sezulu esinamafu, isilinganiso sokunisela kudingeka sincishiswe, kepha awukwazi ukuthembela ngokuphelele kwimvula;
ngaleso sikhathi kusuka kokuqhakaza kuye kwezimbali, izitshalo zithinta kakhulu ukuntuleka kwamanzi, ngakho-ke, kuyingozi kakhulu ukunganaki ukujulwa kokunisela ngalesi sikhathi;
lapho ubungakanani bokutshala buba ngaphezulu,
ukuthambisa okuvame kakhulu kuyadingeka ezitshalweni ezitshalwe enhlabathini enesihlabathi;
ukuze uhlelo lwezimpande lusebenze ngempumelelo, izitshalo zidinga hhayi kuphela umswakama, kodwa futhi nomoya-mpilo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ngemuva kokunisela kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwakheka kokuqothuka kwenhlabathi, ukukubhubhisa ngokukhulula, okuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kusize nokugcina umswakama enhlabathini;
ngaphezu kokukhulula, ukufakwa mulching kunomthelela ekugcinweni kokuswakama kwenhlabathi.

I-mulching igcina umswakama womhlabathi

Ungawonga kanjani amanzi?

Ukuze ukuchelela kukhule, kufanele wazi futhi ulandele imithetho ethile:

nakekela ukugcinwa kweqhwa, ukuqoqa ukuncibilika, amanzi emvula ezitsheni ezikhethekile;
tshala izithombo ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, ngenkathi inhlabathi inomswakama wemvelo oqoqiwe ngemuva kobusika;
Ukuchelela akuvamisile, kepha kuningi, ukuze uhlelo lwempande lukhule ngaphakathi;
ngemuva kokunisela, mulch inhlabathi noma ukhulule, ubhubhisa capillaries ungqimba inhlabathi engenhla (agrofibre lungasetshenziswa njengefilimu mulching);
khetha uhlobo olunomnotho oluningi kakhulu lokunisela ngezimo ezinikezwe: endaweni ephansi - emiseleni, emthambekeni - ngokufafaza, noma ubuchwepheshe obusha obusha - ukuvuza, indawo, ukunisela okungaphansi.

Uhlelo lokunisela izihlahla zensimu

Ukusetshenziswa kwawo wonke lawa makhono ngokuhlangana kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okusetshenziselwa ukuchelela ngesikhathi sonyaka kuye ku-50-60%, kanye nokunisela okujwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa ukunisela ngenkasa) - kuze kufike ku-80%.