Kubathandi bezingadi zasekhaya, isizini iyaqala. Kubekwa isivuno sesikhathi esizayo sezilimo eziyizintandokazi zemifino, lapho ezindaweni ezibandayo zingatshalwa kuphela ngezithombo. Ungasibeka kanjani isikhathi esifanele sokuhlwanyela imbewu ukuze uthole ngesikhathi esifanele futhi utshale izithombo ezinempilo emhlabathini ovulekile noma ku-greenhouse? Abalimi abanolwazi ngesilingo nangephutha, iminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho bazibekela izinsuku zokuhlwanyela imbewu yezilimo ezahlukahlukene zezithombo. Abaqalayo ekukhuleni kwezithombo bangasebenzisa izincomo zethu.
Uyacelwa uqaphele ukuthi izinsuku zokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo eziseleni ziyabonakala. Ukubalwa okunembe ngokwengeziwe, sebenzisa izindlela ezichazwe kokubhaliwe: "Ukubalwa kwesikhathi sokutshala imbewu yezitshalo zemifino yezithombo."
Izithombo zezitshalo zemifino.
Imifino, njengomthetho, inemvelaphi yayo emazwenikazi nasemazweni lapho isikhathi samahhala esineqhwa sifudumala sihlala cishe unyaka wonke futhi izitshalo ziyakwazi ukuqeda umjikelezo wazo wonke endaweni evulekile. E-Russia, kuseningizimu yezwe kuphela okulezi zifunda ezinjalo, lapho isizini efudumele enesilinganiso esanele sokushisa okusebenzayo kuhlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-180 ngonyaka (Ithebula 1). Insimu enkulu yeRussia ifaka izifunda lapho inani lokushisa okuhle, ubude besikhathi sokufudumala, ukuqala kwesizini efudumele kanye namaqhwa okuqala ahluka kakhulu kulokho okudingekayo ezitshalweni zemifino. Okungukuthi, isikhathi sonyaka sincike kulezi zinkomba, lapho kuzokwazi khona ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezilimo zemifino zezithombo, bese - kumhlaba ovulekile noma ovikelekile.
Ithebula 1. Ukuqalwa nesikhathi sokubandakanyeka kwesithwathwangezifunda zaseRussia
| Igama lesifunda / indawo | Inani lezinsuku ezingenayo i-frost ngonyaka | Ukuqala kwesikhathi samahhala seqhwa, usuku | Ukuqala kwesithwathwa sekwindla, usuku | Qaphela |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izifunda zaseningizimu | Cishe babe ngu-180 | Ephreli 10th | Okthoba 10th | Zonke izithombo zemifino zitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile. |
| Isifunda Esimaphakathi Somhlaba | Cishe yi-130 | Meyi 10 | Septhemba 20 | Izithombo zemifino zitshalwa emhlabathini ovulekile. Kwasekuqaleni - ngaphansi kwesiphephelo sesikhashana. |
| Indawo ephakathi nendawo | Cishe bangama-90 | NgoJuni 10 | Septhemba 10th | Izilimo zemifino enesikhathi sokukhula esidlula izinsuku ezingama-80-85 zitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukutshala kwangaphambilini kwenziwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo noma kusetshenziswa indawo yokukhosela yesikhashana. |
| Izifunda ze-Ural nezaseSiberia | Cishe bangama-65 | NgoJuni 15th | Agasti 20 | Ezinye izilimo zemifino ezingahambisani nokubandayo zitshalwa emhlabathini ovulekile, okokuqala ngqa zisebenzisa indawo yokukhosela yesikhashana. |
| EMpumalanga Ekude | Cishe bangu-120 | Meyi 20 | Septhemba 20 | Isikhathi sesikhathi samahhala seqhwa sisuka ezinsukwini ezingama-90-170. Izithwathwa zentwasahlobo ziphela ngoMeyi 10-30, kanti iqhwa lokwindla lenzeka ngoSepthemba 15-30. |
Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho nasesifundeni esiphakathi neRussia, inani lezinsuku ezingenayo iqhwa liyahlukahluka kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-65 kuye kwezingama-90, okukhawulela ukukhiqizwa kwemifino ngokutshala insimu evulekile, ikakhulukazi kulezo izilimo ezikhula ngazo isikhathi esidlula izinsuku ezingama-90 noma ngaphezulu (Ithebula 2). Ezindaweni ezibandayo, imikhiqizo yemifino yezitshalo enesikhathi eside sokukhula ingatholakala kuphela ngezithombo, okuyi-1/3, futhi ngesinye isikhathi i-1/2 yesizini yazo ekhulayo izokhula futhi ikhule ezimeni zokugcina ukushisa ezingadalwanga.
Ithebula 2. Isikhathi sezitshalo zezitshalo ezithile zemifino
| Isiko | Isikhathi semifino |
|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | 65-80 |
| Utamatisi oPhakathi | 80-130 |
| Late utamatisi | 100-150 |
| Isitshalo seqanda | 90-150 |
| I-pepper pepper | 80-140 |
| Ukhukhamba | 60-90 |
| Isaladi lekhanda | 40-70 |
| Iklabishi sekwephuzile | 180-190 |
Isikhathi esifudumele sesifunda eseningizimu asikubeki eceleni ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi evikelekile yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yemifino ngokusebenzisa izithombo ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo. Kepha kulokhu, inhloso eyinhloko ukuthola unyaka wonke kwemikhiqizo ngezinhloso zokuthengisa noma imikhiqizo yokuqala yemakethe nomndeni.
Izithombo zemifinoIthebula 3. Kulinganiselwa izinsuku zokuhlwanyela imbewu yemifino ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia neCIS
| Igama lesiko | Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, usuku | Ukuvela kwezithombo, izinsuku | Iminyaka yobudala (kusuka kwezithombo kuya ekutshaleni), izinsuku | Ukufika, usuku |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | Febhruwari 25 - Mashi 5 | 4-6 | 45-50 | Ephreli 25 - Meyi 10 |
| Utamatisi oPhakathi | Mashi 1 - 10 | 4-8 | 55-60 | Meyi 10 - 15 |
| Isitshalo seqanda | NgoFebhuwari 5 - 10 | 8-10 | 70-85 | Meyi 1 - 20 |
| I-pepper pepper | NgoFebhuwari 5 - 10 | 8-10 | 70-85 | Meyi 1 - 20 |
| Ukhukhamba | Ephreli 10 - 15 | 2-4 | 25-30 | Meyi 10 - 12 |
| Iklabishi Elimhlophe Lokuqala | NgoFebhuwari 10 - 15 | 4-6 | 45-55 | Mashi 25 - Ephreli 5 |
| Isilinganiso esimnandi seklabishi | Mashi 20 - 25 | 4-6 | 35-40 | Ephreli 30 - Meyi 5 |
| I-Zucchini, i-zucchini, u-squash | Meyi 1 - 10 | 4-5 | 20-25 | Meyi 25 - Juni 6 |
Ukuzalela izinhlobo ezintsha zezilimo zemifino, abalimi bavame “ukubopha” ezimeni zezulu zesifunda noma zesifunda. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuthuthukisa okuhlukahlukene okulethwa futhi okujwayele ukuphambuka kwesimo sezulu sendawo. Usuku lokuhlwanyela okucatshangelwe noma okucatshangelwe luhlala luvezwa kwiphakheji enezimbewu ezimibhalweni ezikhethekile zezinhlobonhlobo zemifino kanye nzalo yezitshalo zemifino.
Ezilwanyelweni ezinengqondo, isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo (i-broccoli, ilethisi enamakhanda, ukhukhamba nezinye izitshalo) kunesikhathi esikhulu sokuqalisa, okubandakanya izitshalo eziningana ngesikhathi esithile, ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokutholwa kwemikhiqizo yengadi entsha (Ithebula 4).
Ithebula 4. Kulinganiselwe izinsuku zokuhlwanyela imbewu yemifino yesiFunda esiMnyama sase-Russia
| Igama lesiko | Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, usuku | Ukuvela kwezithombo, izinsuku | Iminyaka yobudala (kusuka kwezithombo kuya ekutshaleni), izinsuku | Ukufika, usuku |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | Febhruwari 25 - Mashi 5 | 4-6 | 45-50 | Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 20 - 25 ngaphansi kokukhosela |
| Mashi 10 - 25 | Meyi 25 - Juni 10 | |||
| Utamatisi oPhakathi | Mashi 1 - 10 | 4-8 | 55-60 | Meyi 20 - 25 |
| Ephreli 1 - 10 | NgoJuni 1 - 10 | |||
| Isitshalo seqanda | Febhruwari 10 - Mashi 15 | 8-10 | 60-70 | UMeyi 05 - 25 (uSherter ngesimo sezulu esibi uzodingeka) |
| I-pepper pepper | Febhruwari 10 - Mashi 15 | 8-10 | 70-80 | Meyi 05 - 25 |
| Mashi 20 - Ephreli 05 | 60-65 | Meyi 25 - Juni 10 | ||
| Ukhukhamba (for the abamba ukushisa) | Ephreli 05 - 30 | 2-4 | 27-30 | UMeyi 01 - 25 (kuncike ekushiseni kwenhlabathi kuze kufike ku + 12 ° С). |
| Ukhukhamba (endaweni evulekile) | Meyi 01 - 15 | 2-4 | 27-30 | Kusukela ngoJuni 05 (Kuncike ekutheni umhlabathi ufudumeza uze ufike ku + 12 ° C; indawo yokuhlala isikhashana ingadingeka). |
| Iklabishi Elimhlophe Lokuqala | Mashi 01 - 15 | 2-4 | 45-50 | Ephreli 15 - Meyi 10 |
| Iklabishi Emhlophe Late | Mashi 25 - Ephreli 15 | 4-6 | 35-40 | Meyi 10 - 25 |
| I-Zucchini, i-zucchini, u-squash | Ephreli 25 - Meyi 15 | 4-6 | 25-27 | Meyi 20 - Juni 10 (Lapho kufudumeza inhlabathi ngaphezu kuka + 12 ° С). |
| Ithanga elivamile | Meyi 05 - 25 | 4-5 | 25-30 | Meyi 25 - Juni 15 (Kuncike ekutheni inhlabathi isishiswa okungenani + 11 ° С). |
| Broccoli | Mashi 01 - Meyi 25 | 4-5 | 35-40 | Ephreli 25 - Juni 30 (Ukuhlwanyela ngamagama amaningana. Indawo yesikhashana izodingeka ekubekweni indawo okokuqala). |
| Isaladi lekhanda | Mashi 15 - Julayi 20 | 4-5 | 35-40 | Ephreli 20 - Agasti 20 (Ukuhlwanyelwa ngamagama ambalwa. Indawo yokuhlala isikhashana kuzodingeka ukubekwa okokuqala). |
Isikhathi sokutshala imbewu yezilimo zemifino zezithombo ezindaweni ezibandayo zinikezwa kucatshangelwa ukuvela kwezithombo. Uma izithombo ezingaseningizimu zivela ezinsukwini ezingama-3 ukuya kwezingu-10, khona-ke ukufudumala kancane kwenhlabathi ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kunwebisa ukubonakala kwezithombo kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ukuya ku-35, okuthinta ukulungela kwezithombo zokutshala enhlabathini.
Ngokuhambisana nesikhathi esinconyelwe sokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, kubalulekile ukugxila ekuguquleni isimo sezulu endaweni. Uma intwasahlobo isesekuqaleni, ukuhlwanyelwa kungenziwa ezinsukwini ezingama-5 ukuya kwezi-5 ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezikhonjisiwe kuzinkomba. Njengoba kunentwasahlobo ebandayo ebandayo, okuhlwanyelayo kuhlehliswa kuze kamuva. Ngokuhambisana nalokho, usuku lokufika endaweni ehlala njalo luzophinde luhlelwe kabusha (ithebhu 5, 6).
Izithombo of ulethisi.
Ithebula 5. Kulinganiselwa izinsuku zokutshala imifino enkabeni yeRussia
| Igama lesiko | Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, usuku | Ukuvela kwezithombo, izinsuku | Iminyaka yobudala (kusuka kwezithombo kuya ekutshaleni), izinsuku | Ukufika, usuku | Qaphela |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | Mashi 10 - Ephreli 15 | 5-7 | 45-50 | NgoJuni 1 - 10 | |
| Utamatisi ophakathi nendawo | Mashi 11 - 20 | 5-7 | 65-70 | NgoJuni 5 - 15 | |
| I-pepper pepper | Mashi 11 - 20 | 12-14 | 65-75 | NgoJuni 5 - 10 | Kuze kube ngu-Juni 5 ku-greenhouse |
| Isitshalo seqanda | Mashi 21 - 31 | 10-12 | 60-65 | NgoJuni 5 - 15 | Kuze kube ngu-Juni 5 ku-greenhouse |
| Isaladi lekhanda | Ephreli 21-30 | 3-5 | 35-45 | NgoJuni 11 - 20 | |
| UCelery | NgoFebhuwari 12 - 20 | 12-20 | 75-85 | Meyi 21 - 30 | |
| I-Zucchini, u-squash, | Ephreli 11 - 20 | 3-5 | 25-30 | Meyi 21 - 31 | |
| Meyi 10 - 15 | NgoJuni 10 | ||||
| Ukhukhamba | Ephreli 25 - 30 | 2-4 | 25-30 | Meyi 25 - 30 | Endlini eluhlaza ngaphandle kokushisa kobuchwepheshe |
| Meyi 1 - 10 | NgoJuni 1 - 10 | ||||
| Ikholifulawa | Mashi 15 - 25 | 4-6 | 45-50 | Meyi 21 - 30 | |
| Iklabishi emhlophe, ekuseni | Mashi 15 - 25 | 4-6 | 45-50 | Meyi 21 - 30 | |
| Iklabishi emhlophe, ephakathi | Ephreli 25 - 30 | 4-6 | 35-40 | Ukufika ngemuva kweklabishi yokuqala |
Ithebula 6. Kulinganiselwa izinsuku zokutshala imbewu yezilimo zemifino zezithombo ezifundeni zase-Urals naseSiberia
| Igama lesiko | Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, usuku | Ukuvela kwezithombo, izinsuku | Iminyaka yobudala (kusuka kwezithombo kuya ekutshaleni), izinsuku | Ukufika, usuku | Qaphela |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | Ephreli 1 - 5 | 7-9 | 45-50 | NgoJuni 5 - 10 | Ngokuya ngezindawo zesifunda, ukuhlwanyelwa kwembewu kungenziwa kusuka ngoFebhuwari 20 kuya ku-Mashi 22 kanti usuku lokutshala emhlabathini nalo luzoshintsha. |
| Utamatisi ophakathi nendawo | Mashi 10 - 22 | 5-7 | 65-75 | NgoJuni 5 - 15 | |
| I-pepper pepper | Mashi 10 - 20 | 12-15 | 50-70 | NgoJuni 5 - 10 | |
| Isitshalo seqanda | Ephreli 5 - 10 | 12-16 | 55-60 | NgoJuni 5 - 15 | Ngokutshala okuhlaza okotshani, usuku lokutshala lungoFebhuwari 10-18. |
| Isaladi lekhanda | Ephreli 25 - 30 | 4-5 | 35-40 | NgoJuni 5 - 10 | |
| UCelery | NgoFebhuwari 25 - 28 | 12-15 | 75-85 | Meyi 25 - 30 | |
| I-Zucchini, u-squash, | Meyi 10 - 20 | 4-5 | 25-30 | NgoJuni 5 - 10 | |
| Ukhukhamba | Ephreli 25 - 30 | 3-4 | 27-30 | Meyi 25 - 30 | |
| Ikholifulawa, i-broccoli | Mashi 5 - 10 | 5-6 | 45-50 | Meyi 25 - 30 | |
| Iklabishi Elimhlophe Lokuqala | Mashi 5 - 10 | 5-6 | 45-50 | Meyi 25 - 30 | |
| Isilinganiso esimnandi seklabishi | Ephreli 25 - 30 | 5-6 | 35-40 | NgoJuni 1 - 10 |
Ungacacisa ngezinto eziseqedile ze-tabular ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo ngokuya ngemininingwane yezikhungo zesifunda, ngoba isikhathi sokuhlwanyela ngokwesilinganiso singashiyana ngezinsuku zokuhlwanyela kuze kube yinyanga eyi-1 ngenxa yezindawo ezinkulu zesifunda ezinezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene. Uma sibheka izici zesimo sezulu sendawo ngayinye esifundeni, isikhathi esisetshenziswa yizisebenzi zokutshala imbewu nokutshala izithombo zingahle zingahambelani kahle nezinto ezibonakalayo zetafula. Ezindeni ezibandayo, lapho kukhula izithombo, ungasebenzisa igama elilodwa elilinganayo lokuhlwanyela izithombo. Ukukhulisa imifino endaweni ebamba ukushisa, izithombo kufanele zikulungele ukutshala ngoMeyi 10-20, nasendaweni evulekile - hhayi ngaphambi kwesikhathi seqhwa, noma ngoJuni 10-15.
Ukutshala izithombo emhlabathini ovulekileIthebula 7. Kulinganiselwa izinsuku zokutshala imbewu yezilimo zemifino zezithombo zezifunda eziseMpumalanga Ekude
Isifunda SaseFar East Federal sihlanganisa izifundo eziyi-9 zeFederal, lapho kwezinye nje kungenzeka khona ukuthi kutshalwe izitshalo zemifino ezindaweni zokukhosela noma ezivulekile ngaphansi kwezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana. Isikhathi nesikhathi samahhala seqhwa esifundeni sisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-90-170. Izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zemifino ekhulayo yiPrimorsky Krai, iKhabarovsk ne-Amur Regions. Ithebula libonisa isikhathi sokutshala imbewu yezilimo zemifino eyinhloko nesikhathi esilinganisiwe sokutshala izithombo emhlabathini ovikelekile noma emhlabathini ovulekile ngaphansi kwezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana.
| Igama lesiko | Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, usuku | Ukuvela kwezithombo, izinsuku | Iminyaka yobudala (kusuka kwezithombo kuya ekutshaleni), izinsuku | Ukufika, usuku | Qaphela |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | Mashi 1 - 25 | 7-9 | 55-60 | Meyi 1 - 25 | Ngaphansi kwesembozo |
| Utamatisi ophakathi nendawo | Mashi 20 - 30 | 5-7 | 65-75 | NgoJuni 10 - 25 | |
| I-pepper emnandi | Mashi 1 - 15 | 10-12 | 60-80 | Meyi 25 - Juni 10 | Ukufakelwa emhlabathini ovulekile ngemuva kokushisa inhlabathi ibe ngu-+ 15 ° C nomoya kungabi ngaphansi kuka + 20 ° C. Kwezinye izinhlobo, isikhathi sokuhluma singaba yizinsuku eziyi-14 ukuya kwezi-20. Usuku lokwehlukaniswa kabusha luzoshintsha futhi |
| Isitshalo seqanda | Febhruwari 25 - Mashi 10 | 12-16 | 60-70 | Kusuka ngoMeyi 20 | Ngokutshala okuhlaza okotshani, usuku lokutshala, kucatshangelwa amahlumela sekwedlule isikhathi, lungahlehliswa izinsuku eziyi-10-12. Usuku lokutshala izithombo luzoshintsha futhi. |
| UCelery | NgoFebhuwari 25 - 28 | 10-15 | 75-85 | Meyi 25 - 30 | Kutshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile lokushisa komoya + 8 ... + 10 ° C. Ngokukhishwa kokuvela sekwephuzile, usuku lokwembulwa emhlabathini lungaphindiselwa izinsuku eziyishumi nambili. |
| IZucchini, iZucchini, ithanga | Meyi 15 - Juni 10 | 4-6 | 25-30 | Kusukela ngoJuni 15 | |
| Ikhukhamba | Ephreli 1 - 15 | 5-6 | 25-30 | Meyi 25 - 30 | Egreenhouse noma ngaphansi kwekhava |
| Ikholifulawa, i-broccoli | Mashi 10 - Mashi 25 | 5-6 | 45-60 (umbala), 35-45 (broccoli) | Meyi 25 - 30 | Ngaphansi kwesembozo |
| Iklabishi Elimhlophe Lokuqala | Mashi 10 - 15 | 5-6 | 45-50 | Ephreli 25 - Meyi 30 | Ngaphansi kwesembozo |
| Isilinganiso esimnandi seklabishi | Mashi 20 - Ephreli 20 | 5-6 | 35-45 | Ephreli 25 - Meyi 25 | Ngaphansi kwesembozo |
Namuhla, abalimi banikeza izinhlobo eziningi zokukhetha, izinsuku zokuhlwanyelwa zazo zezithombo ezahlukahlukene. Amaphutha ekunqumeni isikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu kungaholela ekutshaleni izithombo ezincane kakhulu noma ezikhule kakhulu endaweni ehlala njalo. Ngokusobala, isikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa kwezithombo sibalwa kucatshangelwa izichibiyelo zezimpawu zokushisa zasendaweni. Ungasebenzisa izindlela zokubala ukucacisa isikhathi sokutshala imbewu nokutshala izithombo enhlabathini, enikezwe esihlokweni esithi "Ukubalwa kwezikhathi zokutshala kwembewu yezilimo zemifino yezithombo.
Ukunaka! Sicela ubhale kumazwana akhulunywa ngalokhu, lapho uhlwanyela imifino yakho yezithombo. Ungakhohlwa ukukhombisa isiko, isifunda kanye nezimo zokutshala (indawo evulekile noma evikelekile). Ngiyabonga!
