Izifo zokukhunta nezigciwane zezihlahla ze-apula

Ingxenye 1. Izifo zokukhunta nezigciwane zezihlahla ze-apula
Ingxenye 2. Ukuvikela isihlahla sama-apula ekutheleleni amagciwane
Ingxenye 3. Izilokazane ze-Apple - izindlela zokulawula

Izihlahla ze-Apple ziyaqhakaza - isimangaliso esikhulu leso. Ngempela, kungcono ukuthi akukho mibala lapho izihlahla zama-apula ziqhakaza futhi kuthuka izinyembezi uma ingadi ingaphenduka ingenalutho phakathi nehlobo. Igcotshwe ngezithelo zezifo ibola ngaphansi komqhele wezihlahla. Eminyakeni ngomonakalo we-epiphytotic ezihlahleni, kuze kufike ku-90% yezitshalo.

Izihlahla ze-Apple, njengezinye izilimo zasengadini, zithinteka yizinhlobo ezi-3 zezifo: isikhunta, amagciwane kanye negciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unyaka nonyaka inani elikhulayo lezihlahla ezivandeni lihlushwa ukwephulwa kobuchwepheshe bezolimo bokusetshenziswa komanyolo, amanzi nezimo lokushisa, nokusetshenziswa kokuvikelwa ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni. Isitha kumele saziwe uqobo, kulapho-ke impi yomzabalazo izothweswa umqhele ngokunqoba ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yomndeni nezilwane. Isitha esijwayelekile sokutshala izingadi ukwephulwa kwemikhuba yokunakekelwa kwezolimo.

Ukushiswa kwamagciwane esihlahleni sama-apula. © Sebastian Stabinger

Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zezolimo nokunakekelwa kwezilimo zezolimo

Ingadi kumele igcinwe ngaphansi komusi noma ngopelepele. Hlakaza ngokoqobo ukhula lapho izifo nezinambuzane ziqongelela khona.

Njalo ngonyaka ngesikhathi sokukhula nasekwindla, kuyadingeka ukuhlanza izindawo ezisondelene neziqu kusuka kumaqabunga awile, izithelo nokunye udoti. Izithelo ezigulisayo ziyabhubhisa. Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezinempilo avame ukubekwa emigodini yomquba noma asetshenziselwe ukuhlanganisa amanzi.

Izihlahla ze-Apple zingenwe ngukugqwala okuvela kumjunipha ovamile. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala kwejuniper akunakubekwa eduze kwengadi.

Ekwindla, ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga, kubalulekile ukuhlola ngokuhlelekile amabheshi namagatsha wamathambo. Ukuthena okunenhlanzeko, kukhulula umqhele emagatsheni agulayo, omile, akhula ngaphakathi. Ukusula isiqu namagatsha anamathambo egxolo elidala elidala.

Kuyadingeka ukuvala imbobo, imifantu enezingoma ezikhethekile ngokungezwa kwamalungiselelo ezokwelapha. Ukupenda ukusikeka okukhulu okwenziwe ngopende noma ezinye izinto ezivikela.

Ukuthena kwenziwa kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Mashi, lapho izitshalo ziphumule (akukho ukugeleza okuyi-sap).

Izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka (hhayi kuphela entwasahlobo nasekwindla) zimhlophe isicucu kanye namagatsha anamathambo ngesisombululo esisanda kulungiswa se-lime esisanda kufakwa esihlanganiswe nodaka, i-sulfate yethusi, i-glue, amalungiselelo we-fungicidal kanye ne-bactericidal.

Ekwindla, ngaphambi kokumba, faka umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium bese ukhipha umunca umuthi usebenzisa i-sulfate yethusi, i-ammonium nitrate nemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo. Uma ingadi ibunjiwe (ingabumbeki), bese ubhala imithombo engama-5-10 emaphethelweni esiqhele, ugcwalise ingxube yamanyolo, umboze nge-turf namanzi.

Ngesikhathi sokukhula entwasahlobo, fakela izihlahla ze-apula nge-nitroammophos, ngesilinganiso esingu-50-100 g ngomqhele ngamunye. Galela ama-microfertilizer minyaka yonke.

Ehlobo (ikakhulukazi eyomile) ukuthambisa kuyadingeka okungenani izikhathi ezi-2. Ngemuva kokunisela, mulch inhlabathi noma ngaphezulu nge khaba.

Ukulawulwa Kwezifo Zokukhuphuka

Ukwehlulwa kwesihlahla se-apula kubangelwa isikhunta se-pathogenic. I-mycelium kanye nezinhlamvu zayo ebusika ngamaqabunga awileyo, izithelo ezigulile, imifantu kanye nasemigodini. Izikhala ezinamanzi amaningi, izingxenye ze-mycelium kwisimo sezulu esifudumele sentwasahlobo ziqala ukwanda ngenkuthalo, zithwebula izindawo ezinempilo zezitho zezitshalo nezikhiqizayo. Izifo zokukhunta ezivame kakhulu nezilimazayo ukubola kwezithelo, i-Powdery isikhutha, umnyama kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, uqweqwe, ukugqwala, i-cytosporosis e-brown.

Izimpawu zesifo

Uhlobo ngalunye lukhunta lunezibonakaliso zalo ezihlukile nezakhiwo zalo, ezingahlanganiswa ngokuboniswa kwezimpawu zangaphandle. Umonakalo wokukhukhumala ubonakala ngendlela yokugcotshwa kwamafutha ahlukanisiwe noma obomvu obuyimpunga, ophuzi, amabala owomile, amadiphozi amhlophe grey, ama-velvety ahlukahlukene ngokuthinta, ukwakheka okuyindilinga emaqabungeni. Ziphenduka ziphuzi, zigobeke, ziyeke ukukhula. Izindawo ezihlukanisiwe eziyindilinga ziyavela izithelo, ezikhula. Izicubu zezithelo ziqala ukubola noma zibe izinkuni, zimbozwe imifantu. Izithelo ziyamunca emagatsheni bese ziwa. Izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokusakazeka kwezifo zokukhunta yisimo sezulu esifudumele nesomswakama.

Ekhaya, uhlala ufuna ukukhulisa isivuno esinempilo emvelweni, ngakho-ke abanye abalimi bakholelwa ukuthi kungcono ukungasebenzisi izidakamizwa nhlobo. Kepha le ndlela ayilungile neze, ngoba ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa akukho okusahlala engadini ngaphandle kwezitshalo ezomisiwe noma ezinesifo ngokuphelele. Izinyathelo zokuvikela esivandeni ziyadingeka. Namuhla, amalungiselelo emvelo enziwa ngesisekelo semvelo - ama-microflora asebenzayo abhubhisa isikhunta se-pathogenic asetshenziselwa ukwelashwa engadini. Lezi zidakamizwa azinangozi ngokuphelele futhi zingasetshenziswa ngokoqobo ngosuku olwandulela ukuvuna.

Isihlahla se-Apple sishaywe yisibazi.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvikela umkhiqizo

Ekwindla, emqheleni ongenalutho wesihlahla se-apula nasentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuvuka ebusika, siphumisa ukufafaza okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngesixazululo esingu-2-3% se-sulfate yethusi.

Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqunjelwa, hlaza inhlabathi ngesixazululo se-7 urea noma isisombululo se-10% ammonium nitrate. Fafaza ngokuphelele inhlabathi ngeziqu futhi ngezinsuku ezingama-2-3 sigaya u-10-15 cm.

Esigabeni se-rose bud futhi ngokulandelana njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-7-10, sicubungula izihlahla ze-apula ngokuya ngezincomo zomunye wemikhiqizo yemvelo i-Fitosporin-M, i-Gamair, i-Integral, iMikosan, iHaupsin, i-Agat-25, i-Planriz . Zingasetshenziselwa ukuhlakulela ingadi kuze kuvunwe, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwe-Planriz kulandisa isikhathi eshalofini lemikhiqizo. Ukuze ungabangeli umlutha we-microflora emibi kumalungiselelo, umkhiqizo webhayoloji uhlala uthathelwa indawo ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwezitshalo.

Khumbula! Imikhiqizo yebhayoloji ayisisusi lesi sifo ngokuwelapha okukodwa. Ukusebenza okuhleliwe kwezihlahla kuyadingeka. Umphumela omkhulu kakhulu utholakala iminyaka emi-2-3.

Izinyathelo zamakhemikhali ukuvikela isihlahla sama-apula ezifweni zokukhunta

Kwesinye isikhathi izingadi zithinteka kakhulu yizifo kangangoba ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo akunamphumela omuhle ezihlahleni ezithintekile. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuvikela amakhemikhali.

Lapho usebenzisa amakhemikhali, qiniseka ukuthi ulandela izindlela zezempilo (okugeza, amagilavu, izibuko, ukhanda). Ngemuva komsebenzi, geza ubuso nezandla ngensipho noma ugeze.

Imisebenzi Yezobuchwepheshe

Siqala izindlela zokuzivikela ekwindla. Ngemuva kokuvuna ukhula, amaqabunga awile nezithelo, sisebenzisa ukufafaza okuluhlaza okotshani kwezihlahla zama-apula ngesixazululo esingu-3% se-sulfate yethusi.

Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kokuvunwa komqhele, ungaphinda ukufafaza okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma usebenzise isisombululo esingu-1% se-DNOC.

Esikhundleni se-zethusi sulfate ne-DNOC, kungenzeka ukufafaza umqhele, kanye nesiqu kanye nenhlabathi yeziqu, nesixazululo somanyolo wamaminerali ngezinhloso zokuzivikela. Siphatha ngokucophelela umqhele nge-5% urea solution, nenhlabathi ngesisombululo sokuhlushwa okungu-7%. Ungasebenzisa isisombululo esingu-10% se-ammonium nitrate noma isisombululo esingu-15% se-ammonium sulfate ukuphatha isiqu namagatsha wamathambo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, inhlabathi ephathisiwe kufanele ibunjiwe ngokujula kuka-10-15 cm.

Esigabeni se-cone eluhlaza yamaqabunga eqabunga, ngaphambi nangemva kokuqhakaza, umqhele uphathwa nge-1% Bordeaux ewuketshezi. Uketshezi lweBordeaux luvikela kahle izihlahla kwisibanda, i-moniliosis, i-powdery hlobo kanye nezinye izifo zesikhunta. Akukhona okokulungiselela okunobuthi, ngakho-ke kuvunyelwe ukuphatha izihlahla ngesisombululo sazo ngemuva kokuqhakaza.

Kusukela esigabeni sama-rose e-rose, izihlahla zama-apula ziphathwa njalo emavikini ama-2-3 ngokuya ngemiyalo nge-"Chorus", "Flint", "Skor", "Strobi", "Rayek". Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ukufafaza kuyamiswa. Ukwelashwa kokugcina kwenziwa inyanga ngaphambi kokuvunwa noma esigabeni sokuhlelwa kwezithelo.

Ukwehlisa umthwalo ngenani lezindlela zokwelapha, kungenzeka ushintshele ekwelashweni kwezihlahla ngokuxutshwa kwamathangi ohlelweni lokuvikela, lapho uke wahlola ukuhambisana kwamalungiselelo.

Izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvikela

Amagciwane ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu zeprotheni, ezingabonakali ngesibonakhulu esivamile, kepha zilimaza ngokwanele izitshalo eziphilayo. Zithwalwa yizinambuzane lapho kusebenza izicubu zezitshalo ezivulekile (imigomo), amanzi nomoya.

Izimpawu zangaphandle zalesi sifo

Ekuqaleni kokufakwa kwaleli gciwane, umsebenzi walo wokubhubhisa awubonakali futhi lesi sitshalo siyaqhubeka sisebenza njengophilile. Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo ngezimpawu zangaphandle kufana nokutheleleka ngesikhunta. Kuvela izithombo emaqabungeni, izithelo zingonakali. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umehluko uyavezwa. Izindawo ezihlukanisiwe emacembe zihlangana zibe yiphethini elinemibala eluhlaza okotshani nemithunzi. Izingxenye ezincitshisiwe zamaqabunga amaqabunga ziba ama-necrotic, amaqabunga athintekile awawa. Flattening, ukuthopha amahlumela, ukuthambisa izinkuni kuyabonakala. Amagatsha aba ithambile ngokungajwayelekile, i-gutta-perchy, ephuka kalula ngaphansi komthwalo wesilimo. Izimbali zomuntu ngamunye kanye nama-inflorescence akhubazekile ngokuqinile, thola amafomu amabi. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwentwasahlobo, izigaxa zezimvuthu ezimfishane ezinamaqabunga noma amaqabunga kuphela wesimo esingajwayelekile nombala ongajwayelekile akhiwa emaphethelweni amahlumela amancane. Kukhiwa iziqu zamahlumela okhuluphele (izindandatho zabathakathi) emagatsheni amadala. Izithelo ziyaqhekeka, zakha izindawo ezifana nokugqwala nokukhula, zilahlekelwe ukunambitheka kwazo, futhi ziyawa.

Ukubonakaliswa kwe-mottling esihlahleni se-apula

Ukuvezwa kwangaphandle kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kukhombe amagama abo. Izifo ezivame kakhulu ezibangelwa amagciwane esihlahleni se-apula: i-mosaic, ukuqhekeka kwenkanyezi yezithelo, ukwethuka (umshanelo womthakathi), irosette, ukwanda noma ukwanda kwezitho zezitho ezikhiqizayo nezikhiqizayo (ukukhohlakala), ukuqhuma kwendandatho ye-chlorotic.

Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuvikela ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane

Azikho izidakamizwa ezonakalisa leli gciwane njengomthombo wokutheleleka kuze kube manje. Ngakho-ke, izindlela eziyinhloko zokulawula ubuchwepheshe bezolimo besiko.

Izinyathelo ze-Agrotechnical ziyefana nalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukulwa nezifo zokukhunta. Qikelela ikakhulukazi lapho wenza umsebenzi olandelayo.

Ukuthena kufanele kwenziwe kuphela lapho izitshalo zimanzi kakhulu (ngoFebhuwari).

Lapho izihlahla, zonke izingxenye zesifo nomuthi zizonke kufanele zichithwe. Akunakusho ukuthi kufanele kusetshenziswe umquba womquba.

Ngokubonakaliswa kwezifo ezivame kakhulu ze-rosette ne-paniculata yezihlahla zama-apula, kuyadingeka ukwehlisa umthamo lapho usebenzisa izindlela ezilula ze-phosphorus kanye nomanyolo we-nitrogen. Shintshela kumanyolo ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho izakhi zisesilinganisweni esifanele sezilimo ezitshaliwe.

Yethula micronutrients, kufaka phakathi i-zinc sulfate, ekugqokeni, ikakhulukazi ngesibonakaliso esicacile se-rosette.

Sebenzisa ukufafaza i-phytohormones Epin noma iZircon, okwandisa ukungavikeleki kwezitshalo kuya kumagciwane. Le mishanguzo isebenza ngempumelelo kwizindlela zokuvimbela izifo. Abaziyeki lesi sifo esikhulayo.