Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bebelokhu bedla ama-apula futhi bawagcinela ikusasa: lapho bemba ezinye izingosi ze-Stone Age, ngokwesibonelo, eSwitzerland, kutholakale izithelo eziningi ezihle zemithi yama-apula asendle. Njengesitshalo esitshaliwe, kwakhula isihlahla sama-apula eGibhithe lasendulo naseBabiloni (ezivandeni ezilengisiwe zeBabiloni, lalingathathi indawo yokugcina). Izincazelo namagama ezinhlobonhlobo zama-apula asemisebenzini yesazi sefilosofi esingumGrikhi kanye nesazi semvelo uTheophparus nombhali ongumRoma nesazi sezinkanyezi uCato.
Izinganekwane ezindala ezakhiwa umuntu nazo zihambisana nesihlahla sama-apula: khumbula okungenani umfanekiso womuthi wolwazi lokuhle nokubi, noma inganekwane yesiGreki ye-apple discord, eyayiyimbangela yeMpi yeTrojan.
Imininingwane yokuqala ngezihlahla zama-apula ezitshaliwe eRussia, eza kithi ezincwadini zamaphephabhuku, zivela ku-1051. Emakhulwini eminyaka we-XIV-XV, izihlahla ezinkulu zama-apula zazizungeza iMoscow, Novgorod, Pskov. Izingadi zaseKursk, Tula nase-Oryol zazidumile ngezithelo zazo. Abantu abaningi bakwamanye amazwe ababejikeleza iRussia ngaleso sikhathi bamangala “ngama-apula enqwaba” akhethekile aseRussia engakaze ibonwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Abafuyi be-Folk, abahlala bengaziwa, bakha izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu njenge-Antonovka, Aport, ukugcwaliswa okumhlophe namanye ama-aphula amaningi, manje asedume umhlaba.
Isihlahla se-Apple "I-Golden Hornet - I-Gold Hornet" (i-Apple Tree Gold Hornet)© M. Martin Vicente
E-Russia kwakuyisihlahla sezithelo sama-apula esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Esiqhingini saseValaam, esisenyakatho nentshonalanga yeLake Ladoga, cishe izihlahla ezingama-apula ezingaba ngu-400 zezinhlobo ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha zakhula emadwaleni e-granite.
Ngaphansi kukaPeter I, eSt. Peterser Summer Garden, phakathi kwezinye izitshalo zokuhlobisa, kwakukhona izihlahla zama-apula. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-herbarium manje sezigcinwe eBotanical Institute. V. L. Komarova eSt. Petersburg. Cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili zezihlahla zama-apula ziyaziwa - URuby, Yakhontovy ... - ngezimbali ezibomvu ezikhanyayo nezimfusa .. Entwasahlobo, lezi zihlahla zibonakala zigcwele amalangabi. Kukhona izihlahla zama-apula ezinezimbali eziphindwe kabili futhi nezimbali ezinjenge-rose encane.
Manje izihlahla zama-apula sezitshalwe emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezishisayo. Isitshalo sama-apula emhlabeni singaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-23 ngonyaka. Kungokwesibili kuphela kwimikhiqizo yezilimo zamawolintshi. Cishe wonke amazwe anezinhlobo zawo zezwe, kepha kunamazwe aphesheya angatholakala eYurophu, eMelika, e-Australia, eJonathan, eDel Delhes, e-Red Deliches nakwamanye. Zithokoziswa yonke indawo ngezithelo ezinkulu ezinzinzile, ukunambitheka, ikhwalithi nokugcinwa kwezithelo. Futhi isiyonke, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-15 zemithi yama-apula kanye nezithombo zokukhiqiza ezi-hybrid eziyizigidi eziningana ziyaziwa. Izithelo zabo ziyahlukahluka ukunambitheka nephunga, ngombala, ukwakheka nosayizi. Kukhona ama-apula, uginindela wawo obomvu, onjenge-cherry. Kukhona okumile okwenziwe ngethanga. Izithelo ezincane kunazo zonke - isihlahla sama-apula saseSiberia - usayizi wenduku. UCarl Linney wamqamba igama elithi "baccate", okusho ukuthi "i-berry". Kepha izithelo ezinkulu kunazo zonke - izinhlobo iKnysh neRambour - amagremu angaphezu kuka-900. Noma kunjalo, kubathengi isisindo esifanele se-apula ngamagremu ayi-120-180; noma yini enkulu ivame ukwenziwa kabusha.
Isihlahla se-Apple (i-Apple)Ama-apula anemibala ekhanyayo, izinguquko zezinhlobo eziphambili zezimboni, manje afuneka kakhulu emakethe yomhlaba. Ngokokuqala ngqa, kwavela i-mutation ethinta umbala ezinhlobonhlobo ezaziwayo zeDelative, izithelo zazo zivame ukumbozwa ngesigaxa esincane. Kwake kwenzeka ngengozi kwakukhona igatsha elinezithelo ezinemibala egqamile esihlahleni. Izilimo ezivela kuleli gatsha zaveza uhlobo olusha lwezithelo ezinemibala ekhanyayo, ebizwa ngokuthi yiStarking. Akukho lutho ngaphandle kombala, ukuvela ku-Delicious akuhlukile. Kamuva, izinguquko eziguqukayo ezifanayo zatholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zama-apula - ngoba engadini kulula ukukuqaphela kunokwenziwa okuguqukayo okuthinta, uthi, ukunambitha. Manje izakhi zofuzo ezinemibala ekhanyayo ziye zalifaka esikhundleni sokudalwa kombala obuthaka emakethe yomhlaba. Kungenxa yabo ukuthi ingadi yesimanje yezimboni ibhekiswe phambili.
Emasimini amadala endabuko, izihlahla zama-apula zazivame ukutshalwa ezitshalweni zomdlalo omude kakhulu. Izihlahla zakhula zaba zinde, ngakho-ke zazitshalwa kude ngamamitha ayishumi ukusuka komunye nomunye. Ehektheleni linye lengadi kwakuvame ukuba khona izihlahla ezingaba yikhulu zama-apula. Baqala ukuthela izithelo ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili kuya kwesishiyagalolunye. Ukuvunwa kwengadi enjalo - amathani angamashumi amathathu ihektha ngalinye. Manje sekutshalwe izitshalo ezincane zemifino nokufiphala okuyimifino encane: kuya ezihlahleni ezingama-420-500 esevele zikulungele ngehektare. Ezihlahleni zama-apula, ukuphakama kwesiqu kanye nethamo lomqhele kunciphile, kulula kakhulu ukubanakekela, kulula ukuvuna. Izihlahla ezikhula kancane zithela izithelo ngonyaka wesine noma wesihlanu. Kepha inzuzo eyinhloko yengadi enjalo ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke kumathani angama-50-70. INew Zealand ibambe irekhodi lomhlaba: Amathani angama-150 ama-apula ngehektha ngalinye lezithelo. Yilokho isimo sezulu esihle, inhlabathi evundile nokungabikho kwezifo kusho lokho! Shono lezi zingxenye zibizwa nge- "apple Paradise."
Futhi irekhodi elithi "skating single" lingelesihlahla sama-apula esineminyaka engu-27 sokwahlukahluka kukaSara synap okhula eCrimea: Amathani amabili ama-apula asuswa emagatsheni awo.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu aguqukile ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zokomoya okwatholakala ezihlahleni zama-apula; banika izihlahla ezinemifino emincane noma eyindilinga engadingi ukuthi ihlanganiswe ezitokisini ezimfishane. Ngo-spurs, ama-internode asebondeni amafushane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, amahlamvu mikhulu kunasezihlahleni ezijwayelekile. Lokhu akuyona iqiniso nje elineqiniso: lapho amaqabunga amaningi esesihlahleni, lapho uthela izithelo.
Ngokukhethwa okuhle kakhulu kwezinhlobo zama-apula nesikimu esinengqondo kunazo zonke sokubekwa kwazo engadini ehektheleni elilodwa lomhlaba, akukho zihlahla ezingaphezu kuka-600 ezinganela. Lo mkhawulo uncike emandleni emvelo emithi: imiqhele idinga ukukhanya, mnyama umqhele kunciphisa isivuno. Ngakho-ke isiphetho sokuthi kunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukukhulisa izihlahla zama-apula ngaphandle komqhele nakancane, njengokolweni: entwasahlobo ukuhlwanyela imbewu, futhi ekwindla ukuze kulungiswe isivuno ngenhlanganisela. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzokwazi ukwandisa usizi lokutshala, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kungaba lula ukuqoqa izithelo.
Isihlahla se-Apple "I-Golden Hornet - I-Gold Hornet" (i-Apple Tree Gold Hornet)Isinyathelo sokuqala salesi sinyathelo sabuyiselwa emuva ngonyaka we-1968. Kwakhiwa indawo yokuma engadini eSiteshini Sokuhlola Eside sase-Long Ashton eNgilandi. Izithombo zezimpondo zomdalo zatshalwa kubude obungama-30 cm ukusuka komunye nomunye, zibeka izitshalo eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngehektha elilodwa. Lapho le minyaka ifinyelela ukuphakama okungama-80 cm, afafazwa nge-retardant - into engavimba ukukhula kwamahlumela ukuphakama, kepha kuvuselele ukwakheka kwenqwaba yezimbali zezimbali kulo lonke ubude behlumela. Ngonyaka olandelayo, amahlumela entwasahlobo aqhakaza kakhulu. Ekwindla, babenamachaphaza. Lapho izithelo sezivuthiwe, zaqala ukuvuna, ezazigunda izitshalo futhi zahlukanisa ama-apula kusuka amahlumela namaqabunga. Futhi entwasahlobo elandelayo, amahlumela amasha akhula kusuka ku-hemp.
Ingadi enjalo-umhlobiso uthela izithelo njalo emva kweminyaka emibili, kodwa kakhulu: amathani angama-90 ama-apula ngehektha ngalinye.
Manje abalimi bomhlaba wonke babhekene nomsebenzi wokugcina wonke ama-aphula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa uhlobo olulodwa. Lapho izinhlobo ezintsha zifika engadini, ezindala, uma zinganakekelwa, zingafa unomphela. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi i-apula elincane, elingelona elenziwa kahle, elingenazimpawu lithwala izakhi zofuzo ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe olunye uhlobo.
Ezweni lethu, izinhlobo eziningi ziyakhula ezingalingani emhlabeni. Lokhu kuchazwa yizimo zezulu zezulu ezahlukahlukene ezweni kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu nezinhlobo zezihlahla zasendle zama-apula asendle. ESiberia nase-Urals, izinhlobo ezingamelana kakhulu nesithwathwa emhlabeni zithwala izithelo; eTurkmenistan, uhlobo oluvimbela isomiso kakhulu futhi oluvimbela ukushisa kakhulu. Umuthi wama-apula nawo ukhule ezintabeni: mhlawumbe izihlahla “ezinde” kunazo zonke ezitshaliwe ezweni lethu - eNtshonalanga Pamirs, edolobhaneni laseLyangar, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Akumangazi ukuthi iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke lomhlaba lama-apula ezihlahla eziqhakaza ezingadini ze-Institute of Plant Production. I-N.I. Vavilova - amasampula angama-5500. Ibuye iqhutshwe iminyaka ngeminyaka ngemuva kokuphuma ezweni lethu naphesheya kwezilwandle. Le phuli yesihlahla se-apula iyinto ebalulekile yokukhetha. Namuhla nangokuzayo.
