Umlando wokusabalala kwamazambane emhlabeni wonke waqala maphakathi nekhulu le-XVI, lapho abanqobi baseSpain befika ogwini lwePeru yanamuhla. Abanqobi bahehwa ingcebo yamazwe angaziwa. Babengacabangi ukuthi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ukubizwa kwamagama abo ngeke kuhlotshaniswe nokunqoba ezimpini, kodwa ngokutholwa nomlando wamazambane, isitshalo esithobekile esivela emndenini omncane.
Umsuka wamazambane waseNingizimu Melika
Ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-99 amazambane anembewu anamuhla anezici ezivamile. Zonke izinhlobo ezitshaliwe, ngandlela thile, zingezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlobene.
Le yi-S. Tuberosum ixazululwe emhlabeni wonke futhi waziwa kangcono ezweni lakwa S. Andigenum, elitshalwe phezulu e-Andes eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana. Ngokusho kwe-botanists kanye nesazi-mlando, siyabonga ekukhetheni okwenziwe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-6 eyedlule ukuthi amazambane anamuhla awafani nokhokho bawo basendle ngokubukeka nokunambitha.
Namuhla, izinhlobo eziningi zeSolanum tuberosum noma i-nightshade tuberosum sezitshalwa ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Amazambane asephenduke isivuno esikhulu sokudla nezitshalo zobuchwepheshe zezigidigidi zabantu, kwesinye isikhathi angazi imvelaphi yamazambane.
Noma kunjalo, kusuka ku-120 kuya ku-200 izinhlobo zezinhlobo zasendle zisakhula ezweni lesiko. Lokhu kugcwele amaMelika kuphela, iningi lawo aligcini nje ngokudla, kodwa futhi linobuthi ngenxa yama-glycoalkaloids aqukethe nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Umlando wamazambane weNcwadi ngekhulu le-16
Ukutholakala kwamazambane kubuya emuva kokutholakala okukhulu nokunqoba kwendawo. Izincazelo zokuqala zezilimo eziyizigaxa zazingezabantu baseYurophu, amalungu ohambo lwamasosha luka-1536-1538.
Omunye wabalingani bomnqobi uGonzalo de Quesada endaweni yasePeru yaseSorocota wabona amashubhu abukeka njengama-truffles aziwa ku-Old World noma, njengoba ayebizwa nge- "tartuffoli". Ngokunokwenzeka, leli gama laba ngumzekelo wokuqala wokubizwa kwesimanje kwamagama esiJalimane nesiRussia. Kepha inguqulo yesiNgisi yokuthi "amazambane" ingumphumela wokudideka phakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibonakala zifana namazambane ajwayelekile futhi amnandi, ama-Incas awabiza ngokuthi "amazambane amnandi".
Umbhali wesibili emlandweni wamazambane wayengumcwaningi wesayensi yemvelo nomcwaningi wezitshalo uPedro Ciesa de Leon, owathola nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinamanzi endaweni engenhla yoMfula iCauca, owabilisayo wamkhumbuza amathumbu. Ngokunokwenzeka, bobabili abahambi bapenda amazambane ase-Andean.
Ukujwayelana ngokugcwele nesikhathi sokuqhakaza imbali engadini
AbaseYurophu, sebezwile ngamazwe ayingqayizivele nangomcebo wabo, bakwazi ukuzibona mathupha izitshalo zaphesheya kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu kuphela kamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezafika eSpain nase-Italy zazingaveli ezifundeni ezinezintaba zasePeru, kodwa zazivela eChile, futhi zazingezolohlobo oluhlukile lwesitshalo. Umuthi omusha awuzange uhambisane nokunambitheka kobukhosi baseYurophu nokuthi ilukuluku lokuxazulula indawo lalungiswa kanjani ezindlini zokugcina izingadi kanye nasezingadini.
Indima ebalulekile emlandweni wamazambane yadlalwa nguKarl Klusius, othi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 asungula ukutshala lesi sitshalo e-Austria, naseGermany. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20, amabhasi amazambane ahlobisa amapaki nezingadi zaseFrankfurt nakwamanye amadolobha, kepha kwakungamiselwe ukuba abe yisiko lengadi kungekudala.
E-Ireland kuphela lapho amazambane angeniswa ngo-1587 aqala ukumila ngokushesha futhi aqala ukubamba iqhaza elibalulekile kwezomnotho nempilo yezwe, lapho i-acreage eyinhloko yayihlala inikezwa khona okusanhlamvu. Ekwehlulekeni okuncane kwezitshalo, inani labantu lalisongelwa yindlala embi. Amazambane angavuniwe angenasisekelo amukelekile lapha. Eminyakeni eyikhulu ezayo, amasimu wamazambane wezwe angondla izinkulungwane ezingama-500 zase-Ireland.
Futhi eFrance nangekhulu le-17, amazambane ayenezitha ezingathi sína ezazicabanga ukuthi ama-tubers angadliwa kuphela ngabampofu noma anobuthi. Ngo-1630, ukulinywa kwamazambane kwavalwa ezweni ngesimemezelo sePhalamende, noDidro nabanye abantu abakhanyiselwe ngasohlangothini lwabenzi bezomthetho. Kepha namanje eFrance kwavela owesilisa onesibindi sokungena kulesi sitshalo. Usokhemisi A.O., owayethunjelwe ePrussia UParmantier waletha nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezamsindisa ekufeni yindlala eParis futhi wanquma ukukhombisa isithunzi sabo isiFulentshi. Wahlela isidlo samazambane esimnandi kakhulu ngombala womphakathi wamadolobha amakhulu nezwe lesayensi.
Ukuqashelwa okulindelwe isikhathi eside yiYurophu nokusatshalaliswa eRussia
Yimpi yeminyaka eyisikhombisa kuphela, incithakalo nendlala okuphoqelelwe ukuthi kuguqulwe isimo sengqondo ngesiko lezwe elidala. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka maphakathi nekhulu le-XVIII kuphela. Ngenxa yengcindezi nobuqili benkosi yasePussian uFrederick the Great, amasimu amazambane aqala ukubonakala eJalimane. AmaBritish, amaFulentshi kanye nabanye abantu baseYurophu ababengavumelani ngaphambili babona amazambane.
Isikhwama sokuqala sezilimo eziyizigaxa eziyigugu nomyalo oqinile wokuzibandakanya kulimo kule minyaka samukelwa uPeter I yiRussian Count Sheremetyev. Kodwa leso sinqumo sombuso asizange sivuse umdlandla eRussia.
Kungabonakala ukuthi umlando wamazambane kule ngxenye yomhlaba ngeke ube bushelelezi. U-Catherine II waphinde wagqugquzela isiko elisha kubantu baseRussia waze wasungula nensimu eGadini likhemisi, kodwa abalimi abajwayelekile baphikisana kakhulu nesitshalo esitshaliwe kusuka phezulu. Kuze kube ngawo-1940s, iziyaluyalu zamazambane zaziduma ezweni lonke, isizathu salokho kwakulula. Abalimi abatshala amazambane bashiya isivuno ukuthi sigcinwe ekukhanyeni. Ngenxa yalokho, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zaphenduka zaba luhlaza zaba ezingafaneleki ukudla. Umsebenzi wesikhathi sonke wehla wehla, abampisi bavuthwa. Uhulumeni uthathe inkampani ebucayi ukuchaza ubuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamazambane. E-Russia, ngentuthuko yezimboni, amazambane asheshe aba "isinkwa" sesibili. Ama-Tubers akagcinanga ngokuzisebenzisela wona kuphela kanye nokudla kwemfuyo; kwakhiwa kubo utshwala, izicubu, nesitashi kubo.
Usizi Lwamazambane WaseIrish
Futhi e-Ireland, amazambane awaphenduki nje isiko lesiningi, kodwa futhi ayinto ethinta ukuzala. Amandla okondla imindeni eshibhile futhi enenhliziyo enhle kuholele ekwandeni okukhulu kwabantu base-Ireland. Ngeshwa, ukuthembela okwavela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19 kwaholela enhlekeleleni. Ubhubhane lwe-phytophthora olungalindelekanga, olwaqothula amahlathi amazambane ezindaweni eziningi zaseYurophu, lwabangela indlala embi e-Ireland, eyamisa abantu bezwe.
Abanye abantu bafa, kwathi abaningi bafuna impilo engcono baphoqeleka ukuthi baye phesheya. Ngokubambisana nabafuduki, ama-tubers amazambane afinyelela ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika, okwenza ukuthi kube nokutshala okuqala ukutshalwa kulawa mazwe kanye nomlando wamazambane e-USA naseCanada. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, i-phytophthora yahlulwa ngo-1883 kuphela, lapho kutholakala isikhunta esisebenzayo.
Amakoloni aseBrithani nomlando wamazambane aseGibhithe
Ngasikhathi sinye, amazwe ase-Europe aqala ukukhulisa ngentshiseko ukulinywa kwamazambane emakoloni awo kanye nokuzivikela. Leli siko lafika eGibhithe nakwamanye amazwe asenyakatho ye-Afrika ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kepha baba ngababazekayo ukubonga kwabaseBrithani ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izimbiza zaseGibhithe zazisetshenziselwa ukondla ibutho, kepha ngaleso sikhathi abalimi bendawo babengenalo ulwazi noma ulwazi olwanele lokuthola izitshalo ezingathi sína. Kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho kufika ithuba lokunisela amasimu okunisela nezinhlobo ezintsha, lapho amazambane aqala ukukhiqiza izilimo eziningi eGibhithe nakwamanye amazwe.
Ngempela, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zesimanje zifana kakhulu nalezo ezazike zenziwa zivela eSouth America. Mikhulu kakhulu, inesimo esiyindilinga nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu.
Namuhla, amazambane ekudleni kwabantu abaningi awathathelwa kalula. Abantu abacabangi noma futhi abazi ukuthi ukwazi okwangempela kwesintu ngale nkambiso kwenzeka ngaphansi kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu edlule. Abayazi imvelaphi yamazambane asepulini. Kepha kuze kube manje, ososayensi bakhombise intshisekelo enkulu ngokunembile ezinhlotsheni ezikhula zasendle abangazesabi izifo eziningi nezinambuzane zemvelo. Izikhungo ezikhethekile zokucwaninga zisebenza emhlabeni wonke ukugcina nokufunda ngamathuba ezitshalo ezingakacwaningwa. Emkhakheni wezamasiko, ePeru, i-International Potato Center yakha amasampula ezinkulungwane eziyi-13 zezinhlamvu zembewu nezilimo eziyizigaxa, osekuyisikhwama segolide sabafuyi bezitshalo emhlabeni wonke.
