Umkhiwane

“Imvelo enamandla igcwele izimangaliso!” Kubabaza uMdala uBerendey eqhamuka enganekwaneni yasentwasahlobo ethi “The Snow Maiden” ka-A. N. Ostrovsky. Enye yalezi zimangaliso ukubumbana ngokusebenzayo noma, ngokuqondile, umphakathi odinganayo wezitshalo nowezilwane.

Abaningi, ngokusobala, njengamakhekhe ama-amber amakhiwane omisiwe. Izithelo zayo ezintsha zinhle kakhulu futhi zinempilo, zigcwalisa izimakethe zaseningizimu ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, zibonakala zimnandi ngokweqile, kepha lokhu, njengoba besho, kuyindaba yokunambitha.

Amakhiwane (Umkhiwane ojwayelekile)

Amakhiwane - umuthi omncane noma ophakathi nendawo onomqhele osabalalisa kanye nokukhanya okugrey okusobala okukhanyayo. Kwenzeka esifundeni sethu sasendle noma sasendle eCaucasus, eCrimea naseCentral Asia. Unamaqabunga amakhulu, abomvu kakhulu ngemuva, esihlahleni sawo wonke aphelele futhi asikiwe emabeleni.

Ama-inflorescence e-fig ahlukile. Ngokubukeka kwabo okungajwayelekile, bazehlisa isithunzi sembusazwe yamanje yezomnotho, uCarl Linnaeus, ongazange aqhubeke nokudalula imfihlo yabo. Ama-inflorescences, anjengezithelo zamakhiwane, noma amakhiwane, njengoba abizwa kanjalo, anombala obunjiwe, onomgodi ophahleni phezulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, eSukhumi Botanical Gardens, iManagadze yezemithi yangiholela ezihlahleni ezimbili ezazingaziwa ukuthi zingaqhekeka futhi yangicela ukuthi ngiqagele ukuthi yimuphi owesilisa nowesifazane. Akunandaba ukuthi ngizame kanjani ukuthola umehluko phakathi kwamakhiwane ansomi onsomi, angizange ngiphumelele. Ngemuva kwalokho umngani wami waklebhula izithelo zesitshalo ngasinye. Njengoba ngithathe enye yayo ngentshisekelo, ngezwa ukunambitheka kwayo, futhi ngiyilume, ngagculiseka ukuthi isithelo sifana nesikhwama esinoshukela omnandi, njengokuthi ujamu olungiselelwe, uginindela. Umkhiwane wesibili, ongaphandle okufanayo, ukuthinta kokuqala kwakubhebhethekisa, kungenalutho. Ukungcola emunweni wakhe kwahlala esikhunjeni sakhe esimnandi. Lapho nje isikhumba sesibeletho sidwengulwe kancane, kungathi kuqhamuka esidlekeni esiphazamisekile sezinyosi, izinambuzane ezincane ezifakwe kuwo zingene ngokukhululeka. Kungemva kwesifundo esibonakalayo kuphela lapho uManagadze angitshele imfumbe yamakhiwane.

Umuthi wesilisa waphendulwa amakhiwane enamakhiwane avuthayo, kwathi owesifazana waba nezithelo ezinomnandi, ezidliwayo. Kuvele nokuthi le mfumbe yobuqili yaxazululwa kwasendulo, kepha umongo wayo oyinhloko watholakala kamuva.

Amakhiwane (Umkhiwane ojwayelekile)

Kwezinye izihlahla, impova yenziwa ngumoya, kwezinye ngamabutho amakhulu ezinambuzane, nokufakwa kumanyolo emakhiwaneni kungenziwa kuphela ngosizo lwamadwala amnyama amnyama - i-blastophagus, edlulisa impova isuka ezihlahleni zesilisa iye kowesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kudla, ngeke kukwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kosizo lwamakhiwane.

Indlela yokusebenza yokuhlangana okunjalo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Amakhiwane akha izinhlobo ezintathu zama-inflorescence. Kokunye kwako, okuvela ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, amasende nezibungu zobusika obuqhuma kakhulu. Lapha, entwasahlobo, kuzalwa isizukulwane sabo esisha, sidle futhi sishade. Kamuva, izintokazi, ezizidumbu zazo zifafazwe ngobuningi, ziqala ukufuna indawo yokubeka amaqanda bese zizama ukuvela ngohlobo lwesibili lwama-inflorescences, lapho izithelo zomkhiwane zikhula khona. Lezi inflorescence, noma kunjalo, zihlelwe ukuze ama-wasps angakwazi ukubeka amasende kuzo. Ngenkathi umgqomo ushubile ku-inflorescence, uzama ukuzinza kuwo, uyakwazi ukuphatha izimbali zowesifazane, kepha ubeka amasende ngohlobo lwesithathu lwama-inflorescence aklanyelwe le nhloso ngokwemvelo. Isizukulwane esisha sabantu besifazane, abavela kulezi inflorescence ekuqaleni kwekwindla, nabo babeka amasende, obusika endlini yezimbali kuze kube sentwasahlobo.

Ngakho-ke kuma-inflorescence amakhiwane abunjiwe amakhiwane, abalingani bakhe abathembekile, ama-blustophages, bahlala bethola "itafula nendlu." Ziphila, zondla, zizalela, zivikela izizalo zazo esimeni sezulu, futhi zibonga ngokunakekela okunjalo ngokunembeza kwezimbali zalo. Inqubo yokucoliswa kwezimbali yi-blastophages of botany yabizwa ngokuthi i-caprice.

Amakhiwane (Umkhiwane ojwayelekile)

ECaucasus naseCrimea, ungezwa izinguqulo eziningana zenkolelo yokuthi umthengisi othile wanquma kanjani ukuceba kumakhiwane. Nasi esinye sazo. Ebona ukuthi izithelo zamakhiwane zidingeka kakhulu, wazitholela insimu enkulu yamakhiwane. Ngesikhathi sithatha isithelo, umakhelwane onobuqili, nomona weza kuye. Wabuza umthengisi, wathi: "Kungani ugcina le mithi engenamsebenzi esivandeni?" Wakhombisa onobuhle besidoda samakhiwane. "Ngazisika isikhathi sami isikhathi eside ngitshala okuhle." Isimenywa sahamba, futhi umthengisi wabamba imbazo wasika izihlahla "ezingenamsebenzi".

Ubusika budlulile, intwasahlobo, isikhathi sesifikile sokuvunwa, kepha akukho ukuqoqa. Izithelo ezivele kusukela entwasahlobo, zilenga kancane ezingenalutho, ziwile. Indaba efanayo yaziphindaphinda eminyakeni eyalandela, kuze kube yilapho umthengisi oyisiphukuphuku onakalisayo egawula yonke ingadi ngokuthukuthela.

Kodwa-ke, amakhiwane awela ekuhlanganyeleni futhi abantu bangososayensi. Ngemuva kukaLinnaeus, uchwepheshe wezezitshalo uCasparrini waduma "ngokutholwa" kwakhe okusha, ahlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa lwamakhiwane ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: waqagela izibonakaliso zowesilisa komunye wazo, kwathi owesibili waba yizimodeli zabesifazane. Ngokubonga i-nerd engathandeki, washeshe walivuma iphutha lakhe.

Amakhiwane (Umkhiwane ojwayelekile)

Ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhona nababusi ababi ababi ababeqhubeka nokuhlambalaza abelungu bokufakelwa - ukutholwa okudumile okudumile, bakubiza ngokuthi kungafundile. Futhi ukufakwa kwamakhompiyutha kwakubandakanya ukulengiswa kwe-kaprigig ezihlahleni zabesifazane ezitshalwe ngentambo (amakhiwane ezihlahleni zesilisa) Lokhu kwakubonakala sengathi kwakukhona ukuntuleka kwezihlahla zamakhiwane abesilisa futhi kunikeze izimbali zezimbali abesifazane kangcono. UCaprifigi waba ngowokuqala ukuqala ukuqoqa amaGrikhi asendulo. Babazi kahle ukuthi zingagcinwa kanjani emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ezithuthwa ngamabha amakhulu ezikebheni phakathi kweziqhingi zase-Aegean, baze bazithengisa. AmaGrikhi, okokuqala ngqa, aqala ukulengiswa ngentambo emithini yamakhiwane abesifazane.

Kube nokungaqondani okuthile lapho amakhiwane ethuthela eMelika. U-Ezen, isazi semvelo eletha amakhiwane asuka eTurkey aye eCalifornia, waqolwa ngabalimi baseMelika lapho eqala ukubakholisa emhlanganweni okhethekile ngesidingo sokuletha namakhiwane umlingani wakhe osemqoka, isppropgege.

Noma kungaba njalo, kepha "umuthi ongaxakile" njengesitshalo sezithelo uyaziwa futhi uyahlonishwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kukholakala ukuthi uhlobo lwamasiko amakhiwane livela "e-Arabia ejabule" - e-Yemen, lapho amaFenike asendulo, amaSyria, nalapho abaseGibhithe babeyiboleka. Isiko lamakhiwane asendulo eGibhithe lifakazelwa yimidwebo yesisekelo etholwe ososayensi iqoqo lamakhiwane. Lokhu kudalwa kwamakhosi asendulo aseGibhithe kwaqedwa ngaphezulu kuka-2500 BC.

Amakhiwane (Umkhiwane ojwayelekile)

Ukusuka eGibhithe, ukutshalwa kwamakhiwane kwasakazekela eziqhingini zase-Aegean, futhi ukusuka lapho (cishe ngekhulu lesi-9 BC) kuya eHellas. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isazi sefilosofi esikhulu u-Aristotle wayesazi vele ngokuba khona kwama-wasps ahambisana namakhiwane (abizwa ngokuthi yi-psen), kodwa wayengazi iqhaza lawo eliphelele. Wayebonakala sengathi uqagela ngosizo lwabo emkhiwaneni, ekholelwa ukuthi ukuqhuma, ukungena kwezithelo zalo ezingavuthiwe, kunomthelela ekugcineni kwawo esihlahleni.

Ezifundeni eziseningizimu zezwe lethu, amakhiwane abelokhu elinyiwe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ezindaweni eziningi zeCaucasus neCentral Asia, izithelo zayo azisebenzisi kuphela njengekhambi, kodwa futhi njengokudla okubalulekile okunempilo. Zinokufika emaphesheni angama-20 ushukela, uvithamini C, i-carotene, i-iron, i-calcium nezinye izinto ezizuzisayo.

Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, izithelo zomkhiwane zome kuphela, ngoba amakhiwane amasha asha kalula kalula kumonakaliso omncane futhi ngenxa yalokho kunzima ukuhambisa. Izitsha eziningi ezintsha zilungiswa kusuka kuzithelo zomkhiwane ezintsha: i-compote, i-marmalade, ipasta, ujamu.

Imvamisa, amakhiwane awadumile ngokuphila isikhathi eside, izihlahla zawo akuvami ukuthi ziphile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, kepha eNdiya kwakhiwa umkhiwane oyingqayizivele, ubudala bawo bungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3000.

Amakhiwane (Umkhiwane ojwayelekile)

ECrimea, eCaucasus naseCentral Asia, amakhiwane ahamba kalula endle, ahlala ezintabeni, ezindaweni eziqoshwe emadwaleni amatshe nasemadwaleni amatshe angenamabala. Izimpande zalesi sihlahla zingena kalula enhlabathini enzima, akukho kubi kakhulu uma izendlalelimbi zensimbi zingena emifantwini emincane kakhulu, ziqinise ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka kalula. Isibonelo, ku-Adler, izihlahla ezimbili zamakhiwane zahlala ku-cornice wesitini wekomiti lesifunda yendawo, kwathi elesithathu laze lagibela esontweni lesonto elidala.

Isiko lamakhiwane linqoba izindawo ezintsha zezindawo, lithuthuka enyakatho ekude. Lapho uyifaka ezindaweni ezibandayo, ngeshwa, ukuqhuma kungasilandeli njalo. Izwela kakhulu ukushisa futhi ayikubekezeleli nakancane ukubanda kweNyakatho Caucasus. Ezimweni ezinjalo, baphendukela ezinkonzweni zamakhiwane, ezingakwenza ngaphandle komngane wabo waphakade. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwamakhiwane (ngendlela, futhi lufanelekile isiko elingaphakathi endlini) ulahlekelwa amandla okukhiqiza imbewu, lungasakazwa kuphela ngokuveza imbala - ngokusikwa okuluhlaza noma ukulungiswa.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi umkhiwane omangalisayo ungenye yezihlobo eziseduzane zefiks yethu engaphakathi nesihlobo esikude somuthi kamalibhele - umalibhele. Ngokusekelwe ebuhlotsheni babo, ososayensi bachitha umsebenzi omningi bezama ukuwela amakhiwane nge-mulberry engamelana nesithwathwa kuphela. ECalifornia, uLuther Burbank wayengekho ngempumelelo ekuphumeni kulo mqondo olingayo. Njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, uJ. I. UBomyk, uchwepheshe wezemvelo onesizotha waseCrimea, wakwazi ukwenza lokhu. Ebusika obunzima be-1949-1950 eCrimea, lapho iqhwa laseYalta lafika kuma-degree angama-20 kanti amakhiwane ajwayelekile acishe aqothuka ngokuphelele, i-Bomyka eqhubekayo i-hybrid yasinda. Umlondolozi wemvelo ophumelelayo, osebenza kanzima unethemba elikhulu le-nzhi-mulberry hybrid yakhe emnyama iBomyka-4. Kuthatha umsebenzi omude futhi onzima ukuze umuthi wamakhiwane omangalisayo uthathe isinyathelo esisha esiya enyakatho.